MAK4462 Machine - Tools Lecture - Notes 3

MACHINE TOOLS
LECTURE NOTES 3
Drive Systems and Mechanisms in Machine
Tools
1
MOTIONS IN A MACHINE TOOL
To obtain a machined part by a machine tool,

coordinated motions must be imparted to its
working members.
These motions are either working (cutting and
feed) motions, which removes the chips from the
workpiece or auxiliary motions that are required
to prepare for machining and ensure the
successive machining of several surfaces of one
workpiece or a similar surface of different
workpieces.
A. Working Motions
A1. Primary Cutting Motion or Drive Motion

A2. Feed Motion
B. Auxiliary Motions
3
Primary Cutting Motion
1. Rotary primary cutting motion

2. Reciprocating primary cutting motion
4
In machine tools, there are two types of primary

motion: rotary and linear.
In some machine tools, this motion is a

combination of rotating and reciprocating motions.
The most effective factor in rotary movements is

the revolution speed (rpm).
In a machine tool, the revolution speeds (rpm)

need to provide the optimum cutting speed
according to the characteristics of the workpiece.
Linear motions are mostly used for the feed

movement. And feed movement may be
continuous (lathes, milling machine, drilling
machine) or intermittent (shapers, planers).
The speed adjustment in the linearly moving

machine parts is possible by adjusting the
revolution speeds of the rotary motion that drive
these parts.
Machine Tool Working Motions
Drive motion: Rotary motion of workpiece
LATHE
Feed motion: Linear motion of cutting tool in axial or
BORING MACHINE TOOL
radial direction
Drive motion: Rotary motion of drill
DRILLING MACHINE TOOL
Feed motion: Linear motion of drill in axial
Drive motion: Rotary motion of cutter
MILLING MACHINE TOOL
Feed motion: Linear motion of workpiece
Drive motion: Reciprocating motion of cutting tool

SHAPER/PLANER/SLOTTER
Feed motion: Intermittent linear motion of workpiece
GRINDING MACHINE Drive motion: Rotary motion of grinding wheel

TOOL Feed motion: Rotary or linear motion of workpiece
Drive motion: Reciprocating motion of cutting tool

BROACHING MACHINE 8
Feed motion: Linear motion of cutting tool in axial
DRIVING MECHANISMS
DRIVING MECHANISMS
STEPPED DRIVING STEPLESS DRIVING

MECHANISMS MECHANISMS
BELT (SLIP) MECHANICAL

MECHANISMS
HYDRAULIC
GEARING (POSITIVE)
MECHANISMS ELECTRICAL 9
DRIVING MECHANISMS
1. Stepped Driving Mechanisms
The revolution speeds vary gradually.
Application areas are wide.
Gearing mechanisms and belt mechanisms

are included in this group.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
2. Stepless Driving Mechanisms

They are the mechanisms in which each required
speed can be achieved.
Although they are ideal, they are not widely used
due to being expensive and quickly deformed.
Mechanically stepless mechanisms, hydraulic
stepless mechanisms and electrical stepless
mechanisms are included in this group.
STEPPING OF REVOLUTION SPEEDS
In the design of a machine tool, firstly, the “working

zone” must be determined. No matter whether the
drive mechanism is rotary or linear, the main drive
unit is the rotary.
In determining the working zone of the machine tool;

firstly the largest diameter and the smallest
diameter are determined with the maximum
cutting speed and the minimum cutting speed.
Here, the workpiece material, cutting tool

material and machining parameters are the
important.
Based on these, the minimum revolution speed

and the maximum revolution speed can be
determined.
If the main drive mechanism of the machine tool is a

stepless speed adjustment mechanism, the
machine tool ensures each revolution between these
revolution speeds.
If it is a stepped speed adjustment mechanism,

it is necessary to perform the optimum stepping in
this range.
The formulations of the cutting speed (V, m/min),

diameter of workpiece or cutting tool (D, mm) and
revolution speed (N, rpm) are used for stepping of
revolution speeds.
According to these three factors (V, D, N), the

“Working Zone of the Machine Tool” is
determined as follows.

STEPPING METHODS OF REVOLUTION SPEEDS
In the stepped speed adjustment mechanisms,

diagrams with diameters in x-axis and speeds in
y-axis are used.
These diagrams look like sawteeth and therefore

called as sawtooth diagrams.
• ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
• GEOMETRIC PROGRESSSION
• CORRECTED GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
• HARMONIC PROGRESSION
• LOGARITHMIC PROGRESSION
Arithmetic Progression
n1=nk
n2=n1 + 
n3=n2 +  = n1 + 2
n4=n3 +  = n1 + 3
n5=n4 +  = n1 + 4
…..
…..
nz=n(z-1) +  = n1 + (z-1)
Let n1, n2, … nz be arranged according to the arithmetic
progression. Then
n1 – n2 = n3 – n2 = constant
Accordingly, for an economical cutting speed Vmax, the

lowest cutting speed V1 is not constant; it decreases with
increasing diameter. Therefore, the arithmetic progression
does not permit economical machining at large diameter
ranges.
The main disadvantage of such an arrangement is that the
percentage drop from step to step decreases as the speed
increases.
Thus the speeds are not evenly distributed and more

concentrated and closely stepped in the small diameter
range than in the large one. Stepping speeds according to
arithmetic progression are used in Norton gearboxes or
gearboxes with a sliding key when the number of shafts is
only two.
Geometric Progression
The percentage drop from one step to the other is
constant, and the absolute loss of economically expedient
cutting speed ΔV is constant all over the whole diameter
range.
The relative loss of cutting speed ΔVmax/V0 is also
constant. Geometric progression, therefore, allows
machining to take place between limits V0 and Vu
independent of the workpiece diameter, where V0 is the
economical cutting speed and Vu is the allowable minimum
cutting speed.
n1=nk
n2=n1 . 
n3=n2 .  = n1 . 2
n4=n3 .  = n1 . 3
n5=n4 .  = n1 . 4
…..
…..
nz=n(z-1) .  = n1 . (z-1)
Corrected Geometric Progression

In geometric progression, there is also a congestion at
small diameters and large revolution speeds. But in
corrected geometric progression, two different
geometric series factors namely a diagram
consisting of two geometric series is used. Thus, a
homogenous progression can be provided according to the
diameters.
Nowadays, the corrected geometric progression is the

most widely used method.
28
29
STANDARDIZATION OF REVOLUTION SPEEDS
In the stepping of revolution speeds, certain standards

need to be complied.
This standardization is specified in EN DIN 804.
The standard revolution speeds consist of a decimal

geometric series and are indicated by:
In these equations, A = 10.
Series are developed as k = 5, 10, 20 and 40.
These series;
The standard number sequences are obtained by rounding

the numbers comprising of the value of ϕ = n 10.
The number sequences are obtained by multiplying the

numbers obtained from the R5, R10, R20, R40 series by
10 or 100.
The standard series of the R20 is accepted as standard

revolution speed and feed values adapting to the machine
tools.
TOLERANCES OF REVOLUTION SPEEDS
The revolution speed of the electric motors is accepted as

the input value. There is a loss of about 6% and the
revolution speed is generated according to this loss.
Considering that the machine tools are not generally

operated under 100% load, the revolution speeds rotate
above the values shown in the tables.
In fact, the actual loss is between 1-4%.

TOLERANCES OF REVOLUTION SPEEDS
Accordingly, there is a electrical tolerance about the

ratio of 6% - 4% ≈ +(2~2.5).
Additionally, in the machine tools, there is a mechanical

tolerance about ±2%.
So; in a machine tool, there sould be a tolerance between

+4.5% ~ -2%.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
STEPPED DRIVING MECHANISMS
As stepped driving mechanisms;
• Belt type mechanisms

• Gear type mechanisms
• Chain type mechanisms
Stepped driving mechanisms are either two-axis main

mechanisms or their combinations.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
Belt Type Mechanisms

A belt type mechanism consist of a belt and pulley. It is
possible to change the location of the belt according to the
selected revolution speed.
DRIVING MECHANISMS

In such mechanisms, the revolution speeds are provided
by four or more stepped pulley pairs. To change the
revolution speed, the pulley pair must be replaced. The
belt type mechanisms are simple and inexpensive
systems. Highly elastic belt meets the impacts and
operates without vibration. There is no vibration marks on
the part.
DRIVING MECHANISMS

DRIVING MECHANISMS

DRIVING MECHANISMS

DRIVING MECHANISMS
Gear Type Mechanisms
A wide variety of gearboxes utilize sliding gears or friction

or jaw coupling.
The selection of a particular mechanism depends on the

purpose of the machine tool, the frequency of speed
change, and the duration of the working movement.
DRIVING MECHANISMS

The advantage of a sliding gear transmission is that it is
capable of transmitting higher torque and is small in radial
dimensions. Among the disadvantages of these gearboxes
is the impossibility of changing speeds during running.
Clutch-type gearboxes require small axial displacement

needed for speed changing, less engagement force
compared with sliding gear mechanisms, and therefore
can employ helical gears.
DRIVING MECHANISMS

1. Norton gearbox mechanisms
2. Gear mechanisms with couplings
3. Gear mechanisms with sliding key
4. Gear mechanisms with sliding gears
5. Multi-shaft gear mechanisms

DRIVING MECHANISMS
Norton gearbox mechanisms
These gearboxes provide an arithmetic series of feed

steps that is suitable for cutting threads and so are widely
used in engine lathe feed gearboxes.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
Norton gearbox mechanisms

There are 5-6 gear steps on the shaft I and two
synchronous gears on the shaft II.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
Gear mechanisms with couplings

In this system, the gears of 1 and 2
and the gears of 3 and 4 are in
continuous clutch condition.
The gears of 2 and 4 are idle on shaft

II. These gears are connected to the
shaft II with k1 and k2 couplings. The
driver shaft is II and the driven shaft
is I.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
Gear mechanisms with sliding key

These systems are preferred in
case of small areas since they
occupy very little volume.
However, small powers can be
transmitted.
Because, the leaning (contact)
surface of the displacement
wedge is small.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
Gear mechanisms with sliding gears
These gearboxes are widely used in general-purpose

machine tools, transmit high torques, and operate at high
speeds.
The sliding key engages any gear on the driven shaft. The
engaged gear transmits the motion to the driven shaft
while the rest of the gears remain idle.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
The main drawbacks of such feed boxes are the power

loss and wear occurring due to the rotation of idle gears
and insufficient rigidity of the sliding key shaft.
Feed boxes with sliding gears are used in small and

medium size drilling machines and turret lathes.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
On the shaft II, the gears of 2, 4

and 6 are fixed. The gears of 1 , 3
and 5 on the shaft I can be axially
displaced.
DRIVING MECHANISMS

DRIVING MECHANISMS
Multi-shaft gear mechanisms
Biaxial mechanisms are connected one after the other to

increase the number of steps and expand the range of
revolution speed. An increase in the number of steps
increases the range of revolution speed.
DRIVING MECHANISMS

DRIVING MECHANISMS

DRIVING MECHANISMS
STEPLESS DRIVING MECHANISMS
By adjusting of revolution speeds as stepless, proper

cutting speed can be supplied;
• according to the workpiece,
• according to the applied process,
• according to the workpiece dimensions,
• according to the working conditions,
• for the most effective utilization of machine tool and
cutting tools
DRIVING MECHANISMS
Infinitely (continuously) variable speed (stepless) driving

mechanisms provide output speeds, forming infinitely
variable ratios to the input ones.
Such units are used for main as well as feed drives to

provide the most suitable speed or feed for each job,
thereby reducing the machining time.
They also enable machining to be achieved at a constant

cutting speed, which leads to an increased tool life and
ensures uniform surface finish.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
The easy and smooth changing of the speed or feed,

without stopping the machine, results in an appreciable
reduction in the production time that raises the
productivity of the machine tool.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
The selection of the suitable driving mechanism depends on;
• purpose of the machine tool,
• power requirements,
• speed range ratio,
• mechanical characteristics of the machining operation,
• cost of the variable speed unit.

DRIVING MECHANISMS
In most stepless driving mechanisms, the torque

transmission is not positive.
Their operation involves friction and slip losses.
However, they are more compact, less expensive, and

quieter in operation than the stepped driving
mechanisms.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
Stepless driving mechanisms are generally more expensive

than the stepped types.
However, they have certain features which make their

application economically feasible in some cases.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
These features;
1. Possibility of carrying out machining operations at

optimum cutting speed. This not only improves
productivity, but also increase the tool life.
This factor is particularly important in high speed machining

with carbide cutting tools, because at cutting speeds
exceeding the optimum value, the increased productivity is
often off-set by sharp decrease in tool life; on the other
hand, machining at speeds less than the optimum reduces
productivity as well as tool life.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
These features;
2. Ease of changing the speed or feed rate without stopping

the machine tool. This helps in increasing productivity as
it cuts down the non-productive time.
3. Noiseless and more smooth rotation and absence of jerks

which are characteristic of geared drives.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
It has been generally

observed that in machine
tools requiring fine
gradation of speed or
feed-rate steps, it is
economically more feasible
to combine a stepped
geared driving mechanism
with a stepless regulation
type.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
In such arrangement, between the discrete steps obtained

from the geared drive, a fine continuous adjustment is
provided by means of the stepless regulation device.
Thus the stepless regulation is achieved in the entire range

of speed.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
STEPLESS DRIVING MECHANIMS
• Mechanical stepless driving mechanisms

• Hydraulic stepless driving mechanisms
• Electrical stepless driving mechanisms
DRIVING MECHANISMS
Mechanical Stepless Driving Mechanisms

They are commonly used in small- and medium-sized
machine tools than hydraulic and electrical stepless
driving mechanisms.
Mechanical stepless driving mechanisms are also known as

“variators”. They are mostly friction type, and therefore,
their application is restricted to power transmission of up
to 15 kW. This is due to large torques requiring high
pressing forces and variator dimensions become unwieldy.
DRIVING MECHANISMS

Classification of Variators;
1. Friction Types
I. Faceplate variators,
II. Cone variators without intermediate member,
III.Spheroidal and cone variators with
intermediate member,
IV.Variators with axially displaceable cones and
intermediate member of the belt, ring or chain.
2. Positive Infinitely Variable (PIV) Driving Mechanisms
DRIVING MECHANISMS
1. Friction types
I. Faceplate variators
These gearboxes are widely used in general-purpose
machine tools, transmit high torques, and operate at high
speeds.
The sliding key engages any gear on the driven shaft. The
engaged gear transmits the motion to the driven shaft
while the rest of the gears remain idle.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
1. Friction types
The ratio d/D can be changed
by axially moving the roller.
A certain amount of slip can

not be avoided in view of the
relatively small area over which
the friction force is transmitted.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
1. Friction types
The discs are made of steel or cast iron while the roller is
made of cast iron and covered with a leather or plastic
band.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
1. Friction types
Faceplate variators are simple in design and cheap. They

are used in the spindle drive of cutting-off machines and
in the cam-shaft drive of multiple-spindle automats. They
are, in some cases, indispensable as probably the only
frictional drive that provides transmission between
perpendicular shafts.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
1. Friction types
II. Cone variators without

intermediate member
They have the same speed-

variation range as faceplate
variators, but have better
velocity distribution.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
1. Friction types
II. Cone variators without intermediate member
They have different application types.
The cone is made of steel or cast iron and the friction disc
is tekstolite. They are compact in design and widely used
in the spindle drive of small- and medium-sized vertical
and radial drilling machine tools.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
1. Friction types
III. Spheroidal and cone variators with intermediate

member
a. Wulfel-Kopp variator
It is also known as “cone variator with spheres

supported on shaft”.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
1. Friction types

member
The transmission ratio is varied by changing the angular

positions of the shafts, which leads to a change in the
effective driving radii of the spheres acting as the
intermediate members.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
1. Friction types
member
DRIVING MECHANISMS
1. Friction types
member
b. Toroidal mechanisms
They are also known as “SVETOZAROV VARIATOR”. The

transmission ratio is changed by tilting the discs about
their axes.
The spheroids are made of hardened steel and the discs of
tekstolite.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
1. Friction types
member
b. Toroidal mechanisms
DRIVING MECHANISMS
1. Friction types
IV. Variators with axially
displaceable cones and
intermediate member of the belt,
ring or chain
They are also known as “Reeves

Mechanisms”.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
1. Friction types
IV. Variators with axially displaceable cones and

intermediate member of the belt, ring or chain
a. V Belt
Both narrow and wide V belts may be used. The narrow V

belt is used in spindle drives of small sized lathes and
drilling machines.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
1. Friction types

a. V Belt
The wide V-belt is used in drives of small- and medium-

sized lathes and drilling machines and in the cam-shaft
drive of single-spindle automats.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
1. Friction types

b. Steel Ring
A rigid steel ring made of hardened ball bearing steel can

also act as an intermediate member. In this case cone
pulleys are also made of hardened ball bearing steel.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
1. Friction types

b. Steel Ring
This variator with a steel ring is used in the drive of small-

and medium-sized drilling machines, grinding machines,
single-spindle automats and also in the feed drive of
lathes, turrets, and drilling and milling machines.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
1. Friction types
b. Steel Ring
This variator is simple and easily adaptable for mounting in
speed boxes of machine tools. However, it suffers from
unfavorable velocity distribution over the area of contact. It
is also expensive because the ring and conical pulleys must
be hardened to improve their wear resistance and must be
manufactured very accurately to ensure proper assembly.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
1. Friction types
c. Chain
The chain can be employed as an intermediate element in
two ways: to provide a friction-type drive or to provide a
positive drive.
The cone pulleys of this variator are made of low carbon

steel which is case-hardened.
DRIVING MECHANISMS

2. Positive Infinitely Variable (PIV) Driving
Mechanisms
A positive torque transmission arrangement that consists of

two chain wheels, each of which consists of a pair of cones
that are movable along the shafts in the axial direction.
DRIVING MECHANISMS

Mechanisms
The teeth of the chain wheels are connected by a special
chain. By rotating the screw, the levers get moved thus
changing the location of the chain pulleys, and hence the
speed of rotation provides a speed ratio of up to 6 and is
available with power rating up to 50 hp. The use of infinite
variable speed units in machine tool drives and feed units is
limited by their higher cost and lower efficiency or speed
range.
DRIVING MECHANISMS

Mechanisms
DRIVING MECHANISMS

Mechanisms
DRIVING MECHANISMS
Hydraulic Stepless Driving Mechanisms
The speeds of machine

tools can be hydraulically
regulated by controlling
the oil discharge circulated
in a hydraulic system
consisting of a pump and
hydraulic motor, both of
the vane type.
DRIVING MECHANISMS

The vane pump running approximately at a constant
speed delivers the pressurized oil to the vane type
hydraulic motor, which is coupled to the machine tool
spindle.
To change the direction of rotation of the hydraulic motor,

the reversal of the pump eccentricity is preferred. Speed
control in hydraulic circuits can be accomplished by
throttling the quantity of fluid flowing into or out of the
hydrocylinders or hydromotor.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
They are notably for great complexity and large

dimensions. Hydraulic drive mechanisms for rotary motion
were designed around 1940’s, but they have not found
wide application. However, hydraulic drives for translotary
motion have been extensively employed in machine tools
for stepless regulation of speed and feed rate.
DRIVING MECHANISMS

The advantages of the hydraulic systems are as follows:
1. Has a wide range of speed variation
2. Changes in the magnitude and direction of speed can

be easily performed
3. Provides smooth and quiet operation
4. Ensures self-lubrication
5. Has automatic protection against overloads

DRIVING MECHANISMS

DRIVING MECHANISMS
The major drawback to a hydraulic system is that the

operation of the hydraulic drive becomes unstable at
low speeds.
Additionally, the oil viscosity varies with temperature

and may cause fluctuations in feed and speed rates.
Oil leakage is another problem.

DRIVING MECHANISMS
Types of Hydraulic Stepless Driving Mechanisms
Open looped: Oil turns back to tank
Closed looped: Oil travels on the

system without turning back to tank.
DRIVING MECHANISMS

Open looped hydraulic cycle
1. Worktable of the
machine tool
2. Safety valve
3. Pump with
adjustable flow
4. Tank
5. Cylinder
6. Counter valve
DRIVING MECHANISMS

Open looped hydraulic cycle with directional valve
1. Pump with adjustable

flow
2. Safety valve
3. Counter pressure
valve
4. Tank
5. Cylinder
6. Directional valve
DRIVING MECHANISMS

In open looped hydraulic systems, the flow rate provided by the

pump determines the speed of the piston.
The pressure in front of the piston is self-created. If this pressure

drops suddenly, impact motion may occur.
To prevent this, a counter pressure control valve is placed on the

oil return path.
DRIVING MECHANISMS

Thus, the total pressure in the system is increased and the

pressure differences are eliminated. There is also a safety valve
for excess loads.
Cooling the oil is good. As the oil returns to the tank, the particles
can be precipitated. The system can be used for small powers
such as shaper, surface grinding, broaching.
DRIVING MECHANISMS

Open looped hydraulic cycle in shaper
DRIVING MECHANISMS

Closed looped hydraulic cycle
1. Pump with
constant flow
2. Transferring valve
3. Oil tank
4. Cylinder
5. Pump with
adjustable flow
DRIVING MECHANISMS

In these systems, the piston speed is adjusted by the flow rate of

the oil behind the piston.
In closed looped hydraulic systems, cooling is not good because

the oil does not return to the tank.
There is a high pressure throughout the system.

DRIVING MECHANISMS

Feed rate is more regular.
In the system, there are two pumps as constant flow rate

and adjustable flow rate.
The system can be used in milling machine tools.

DRIVING MECHANISMS

Closed looped hydraulic cycle in milling machines
DRIVING MECHANISMS
Components of Hydraulic Stepless Driving Mechanisms
A. Pressure producing unit (pumps)
B. Controlling/adjusting components (valves)
C. Directional components (cylinder, piston)
D. Storage and transmission components (tank, pipeline)
E. Hydraulic pumps
DRIVING MECHANISMS

A. PUMPS
1. Gear pumps
2. Adjustable pumps
a) Vane pumps
b) Piston pumps
I. Radial piston pumps
II. Axial piston pumps
DRIVING MECHANISMS
A. PUMPS
1. Gear pumps
The flow rate is constant. It works impulsively due

to compressing the fluid between the teeth. For this
purpose, either the axis is shifted or thin channels
are produced to the bottom of the teeth.
DRIVING MECHANISMS

A. PUMPS
2. Adjustable pumps
a) Vane pumps
The flow rate can be adjusted

by eccentric adjustment.
DRIVING MECHANISMS

A. PUMPS
2. Adjustable pumps
b) Piston pumps
I. Radial piston pumps
The pump flow rate can

be adjusted by eccentric
adjustment.
DRIVING MECHANISMS

A. PUMPS
2. Adjustable pumps
b) Piston pumps
II. Axial piston pumps
The pump flow rate can be adjusted by

changing the axis angles.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
B. CONTROLLING/ADJUSTING COMPONENTS
1. Gates
2. Valves
DRIVING MECHANISMS

C. DIRECTIONAL COMPONENTS
1. Manual bolts
2. Directional components with mechanic
controls
3. Directional components with hydraulic
controls
4. Directional components with
electromagnetic controls
DRIVING MECHANISMS
C. DIRECTIONAL COMPONENTS
Piston arrangements
(a) Single type
(b) Double sided type
(c) Double entrance
DRIVING MECHANISMS
D. STORAGE AND TRANSMISSION COMPONENTS

1. Tank
2. Pipeline
E. HYDRAULIC PUMPS
DRIVING MECHANISMS
Electrical Stepless Driving Mechanisms

Electric motors are the prime movers for the most
machine tool functions.
They are made in a variety of types to serve three general

machine tool needs: spindle power, slide drives, and
auxiliary power. Most of them use 3-phases AC power
supplied at 220 V or 440 V. The design challenge with
machine tools and motors has been achieving high torque
throughout a range of speed settings. In recent years, the
operational speed of the spindle has risen significantly.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
Electric motors can turn at 12000 rpm and higher (50000

rpm). Higher speeds cause vibration, which makes use of
a mechanical transmission difficult.
It is now possible to quickly adjust motor speed and

torque. Mechanical systems involving more than a three-
speed transmission are becoming unnecessary for most
high-speed and low-torque machines.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
Spindle motors are rated by horsepower, which generally

ranges from 5 to 150 hp (3.7 to 112 kW) with the average
approximately 50 hp (37 kW).
Positioning motors are usually designated by torque,

which generally ranges from 0.5 to 85 lb-ft (0.2 to 115
Nm).
DRIVING MECHANISMS
In electrical stepless driving systems, two different driving

mechanisms can be utilized;
1. Driven by direct current motors
2. Driven by alternative current motors
In the machine tools, separate electric motors can be

utilized for each process such as main drive, feed, coolant
etc. This allows the engine to be selected based on the
work to be performed.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
1. Direct Current Motors
Adjustment in direct current motors is performed by decreasing

the magnetic field and the speed is increased at this rate.
Types of direct current motors;
a) Shunt Motors
b) Series Motors
c) Compound Motors
DRIVING MECHANISMS
2. Alternative Current Motors
In machine tools, generally three phase asynchronous AC motor

are used for the main drive.
Adjustment control of revolution speed in these types of motor

is control is very good, on the contrary the costs are high.
In these motors, the revolution speeds can be adjusted precisely

by changing the number of pole.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
3. Leonard Driving Groups
Ward-Leonard electrical stepless driving mechanisms are utilized

especially on large machine tools. They have limited efficiency
and they are large, expensive, and noisy.
A Leonard driving group consists of 3-phase asynchronous

motor, dynamometer, and generator. The rotors of the
generator and the dynamometer are coupled to each other.
DRIVING MECHANISMS
3. Leonard Driving Groups

DRIVING MECHANISMS
4. Step Motors
Nowadays, step motors are used for low power

in machine tools.
Especially, they are widely utilized in the first

generation of NC machine tools.
Step motors are direct current motors and

rotate at certain angles by an electrical pulse.
MACHINE TOOLS
References in English
M.P. Groover PRINCIPLES OF MODERN John Wiley.
MANUFACTURING
Helmi A. Youssef, MACHINING TECHNOLOGY: CRC Press, 2008

CRC Press,
Hassan 2008
El-Hofy MACHINE TOOLS AND OPERATIONS
P.H. JOSHI MACHINE TOOLS HANDBOOK: TATA McGRAW-HILL

PUBLICATION, 2007
DESIGN AND OPERATION
N.K. MEHTA MACHINE TOOL DESIGN AND TATA McGRAW-HILL

PUBLICATION, 1999
NUMERICAL CONTROL
G.C. SEN PRINCIPLES OF MACHINE TOOLS New Central Book

Agency, 2011
A.BHATTACHARYYA
MACHINE TOOLS
References in Turkish
Erhan ALTAN LECTURE NOTES / DERS NOTLARI
Faruk AKÜN MACHINE TOOLS (VOL 1-2)/ İTÜ Yayınları,

TAKIM TEZGAHLARI (CİLT 1-2) 1973-1978
MUSTAFA AKKURT MACHINING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Birsen Yayınevi,
CNC MACHINE TOOLS AND PRODUCTION 2009
AUTOMATION /
TALAŞ KALDIRMA BİLİMİ VE TEKNOLOJİSİ
CNC TAKIM TEZGAHLARI VE ÜRETİM
OTOMASYONU
H. Oktay BODUR MACHINE TOOLS / Birsen Yayınevi,
TAKIM TEZGAHLARI 1984
Faruk MENDİ DESIGN OF MACHINE TOOLS / Gazi Kitapevi, 1999

TAKIM TEZGAHLARI TASARIMI

MAK4462 Machine - Tools Lecture - Notes 3

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MACHINE TOOLS

To obtain a machined part by a machine tool,

A1. Primary Cutting Motion or Drive Motion

Primary Cutting Motion

1. Rotary primary cutting motion

In machine tools, there are two types of primary

In some machine tools, this motion is a

The most effective factor in rotary movements is

In a machine tool, the revolution speeds (rpm)

Linear motions are mostly used for the feed

The speed adjustment in the linearly moving

Drive motion: Reciprocating motion of cutting tool

GRINDING MACHINE Drive motion: Rotary motion of grinding wheel

Drive motion: Reciprocating motion of cutting tool

STEPPED DRIVING STEPLESS DRIVING

BELT (SLIP) MECHANICAL

1. Stepped Driving Mechanisms

The revolution speeds vary gradually.

Application areas are wide.

Gearing mechanisms and belt mechanisms

2. Stepless Driving Mechanisms

In the design of a machine tool, firstly, the “working

In determining the working zone of the machine tool;

Here, the workpiece material, cutting tool

Based on these, the minimum revolution speed

If the main drive mechanism of the machine tool is a

If it is a stepped speed adjustment mechanism,

The formulations of the cutting speed (V, m/min),

According to these three factors (V, D, N), the

In the stepped speed adjustment mechanisms,

These diagrams look like sawteeth and therefore

• CORRECTED GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION

Accordingly, for an economical cutting speed Vmax, the

Thus the speeds are not evenly distributed and more

Corrected Geometric Progression

Nowadays, the corrected geometric progression is the

Corrected Geometric Progression

Corrected Geometric Progression

In the stepping of revolution speeds, certain standards

This standardization is specified in EN DIN 804.

The standard revolution speeds consist of a decimal

In these equations, A = 10.

Series are developed as k = 5, 10, 20 and 40.

The standard number sequences are obtained by rounding

The number sequences are obtained by multiplying the

The standard series of the R20 is accepted as standard

The revolution speed of the electric motors is accepted as

Considering that the machine tools are not generally

In fact, the actual loss is between 1-4%.

Accordingly, there is a electrical tolerance about the

Additionally, in the machine tools, there is a mechanical

So; in a machine tool, there sould be a tolerance between

As stepped driving mechanisms;

• Belt type mechanisms

Stepped driving mechanisms are either two-axis main

Belt Type Mechanisms

Belt Type Mechanisms

Belt Type Mechanisms

Belt Type Mechanisms