Axi Timer V2.0: Logicore Ip Product Guide

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AXI Timer v2.

LogiCORE IP Product Guide

Vivado Design Suite


PG079 November 18, 2015
Table of Contents
IP Facts

Chapter 1: Overview
Functional Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Feature Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Licensing and Ordering Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Chapter 2: Product Specification


Performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Resource Utilization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Port Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Register Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Chapter 3: Designing with the Core


Clocking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Resets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Programming Sequence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Chapter 4: Design Flow Steps


Customizing and Generating the Core . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Constraining the Core . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Synthesis and Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Chapter 5: Example Design


Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Implementing the Example Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Example Design Directory Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Simulating the Example Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

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PG079 November 18, 2015
Chapter 6: Test Bench

Appendix A: Debugging
Finding Help on Xilinx.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Debug Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Hardware Debug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Interface Debug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Appendix B: Migrating and Upgrading


Migrating to the Vivado Design Suite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Upgrading in the Vivado Design Suite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Appendix C: Additional Resources and Legal Notices


Xilinx Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Revision History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Please Read: Important Legal Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

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PG079 November 18, 2015
IP Facts

Introduction LogiCORE IP Facts Table


Core Specifics
The LogiCORE™ IP AXI Timer/Counter is a 32/ Supported UltraScale+™ Families,
64-bit timer module that interfaces to the Device Family (1) UltraScale™ Architecture, Zynq®-7000, 7 Series
AXI4-Lite interface. Supported User
AXI4-Lite
Interfaces
Resources See Table 2-2.

Features Provided with Core


Design Files VHDL
• AXI interface based on the AXI4-Lite Example Design VHDL
specification Test Bench VHDL
Constraints File XDC File
• Two programmable interval timers with
Simulation
interrupt, event generation, and event Model
Not Provided
capture capabilities
Supported
Standalone and Linux
S/W Driver (2)
• Configurable counter width
Tested Design Flows(3)
• One Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) output
Design Entry Vivado® Design Suite
• Cascaded operation of timers in generate Simulation
For support simulators, see the
and capture modes Xilinx Design Tools: Release Notes Guide.
Synthesis Vivado Synthesis
• Freeze input for halting counters during
Support
software debug
Provided by Xilinx at the Xilinx Support web page

Notes:
1. For a complete list of supported devices, see the Vivado
IP catalog.
2. Standalone driver details can be found in the SDK directory
(<install_directory>/doc/usenglish/xilinx_drivers.htm). Linux
OS and driver support information is available from the Xilinx
Wiki page.
3. For the supported versions of the tools, see the
Xilinx Design Tools: Release Notes Guide.

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PG079 November 18, 2015 Product Specification
Chapter 1

Overview

Functional Description
The AXI Timer is organized as two identical timer modules as shown in Figure 1-1. Each
timer module has an associated load register that is used to hold either the initial value for
the counter for event generation or a capture value, depending on the mode of the timer.

The generate value, which is the value loaded into the load register, is used to generate a
single interrupt at the expiration of an interval or a continuous series of interrupts with a
programmable interval. The capture value is the timer value that has been latched on
detection of an external event. The clock rate of the timer modules is s_axi_aclk (no
prescaling of the clock is performed). All of the timer/counter interrupts are OR’ed together
to generate a single external interrupt signal. The interrupt service routine reads the
control/status registers to determine the source of the interrupt.

The block diagram of AXI Timer, also known as AXI Timer/Counter, is shown in Figure 1-1.
X-Ref Target - Figure 1-1

$;,7,0(5&2817(5

$;,/LWH $;,/LWH,QWHUIDFH

7LPHU5HJLVWHUV

&RQWURO6WDWXV5HJLVWHU ,QWHUUXSW ,QWHUUXSW


&RQWURO

)UHH]H &RQWURO6WDWXV5HJLVWHU *HQHUDWH2XW


ELW
/RDG5HJLVWHU &RXQWHU
&DSWXUH7ULJ
3:0
3:0
&DSWXUH7ULJ /RDG5HJLVWHU
ELW
&RXQWHU *HQHUDWH2XW

;

Figure 1-1: Block Diagram of AXI Timer

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Chapter 1: Overview

Operation Overview
The AXI Timer/Counter modules provides an AXI4-Lite interface to communicate with the
host. The timer/counter design has the following key modules:

• AXI4-Lite Interface: The AXI4-Lite Interface module implements an AXI4-Lite slave


interface for accessing memory mapped Timer registers. For details about the AXI4-Lite
slave interface, see the LogiCORE IP AXI4-Lite IPIF Data Sheet (DS765) [Ref 5].
• Timer Registers: The Register block implements a set of 32-bit registers for each
timer/counter. This set of register contains load register, timer/counter register and
control/status register.
• 32-bit Counters: The Timer/Counter module has two 32-bit counters, each of which
can be configured for up/down counts and can be loaded with a value from the load
register.
• Interrupt Control: The Interrupt control module generates a single interrupt
depending on the mode of operation.
• Pulse Width Modulation (PWM): The PWM block generates a pulse signal, PWM0,
with a specified frequency and duty factor. It uses Timer 0 for PWM0 period, and Timer
1 for PWM0 output width.

Timer Modes
Four modes can be used with the two Timer/Counter modules:

• Generate Mode
• Capture Mode
• Pulse Width Modulation Mode
• Cascade Mode

Generate Mode
In the Generate mode, the value in the load register is loaded into the counter. The counter,
when enabled, begins to count up or down, depending on the selection of the Up/Down
Count Timer (UDT) bit in the Timer Control Status Register (TCSR). See Figure 2-2, page 12
and Figure 2-5, page 15. On transition of the carry out of the counter, the counter stops or
automatically reloads the generate value from the load register and, after reaching the
timeout value, continues counting as selected by the Auto Reload/Hold (ARHT) bit in the
TCSR. The Timer Interrupt Status (TINT) bit is set in TCSR and, if enabled, the external
GenerateOut signal is driven to 1 for one clock cycle.

If enabled, the interrupt signal for the timer is driven to 1 when reaching the timeout value.
Clear the interrupt by writing a 1 to the Timer Interrupt register. Use this mode for
generating repetitive interrupts or external signals with a specified interval.

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Chapter 1: Overview

Capture Mode
In Capture mode, the value of the counter is stored in the load register when the external
capture signal is asserted. The TINT bit is also set in the TCSR on detection of the capture
event. The counter can be configured as an up or down counter for this mode as
determined by the selection of the UDT bit in TCSR. The Auto Reload/Hold (ARHT) bit
controls whether the capture value is overwritten with a new capture value before the
previous TINT flag is cleared. Use this mode for time-tagging external events while
simultaneously generating an interrupt.

Pulse Width Modulation Mode


In Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) mode, two timer/counters are used as a pair to produce
an output signal (PWM0) with a specified frequency and duty factor. Timer 0 sets the period
and Timer 1 sets the high time for the PWM0 output.

Cascade Mode
In the Cascade mode, the two timer/counters are cascaded to operate as a single 64-bit
counter/timer. The cascaded counter can work in both generate and capture modes. TCSR0
acts as the control and status register for the cascaded counter. TCSR1 is ignored in this
mode.

Use this mode when a timer/counter more than 32-bits wide is required. Cascaded
operation requires using Timer 0 and Timer 1 together as a pair. The counting event for
Timer 1 is when Timer 0 rolls over from all 1s to all 0s, or vice-versa when counting down.

Interrupts
The TC interrupt signals can be enabled or disabled with the Enabel Interrupt for Timer
(ENIT) bit in the TCSR. The interrupt status bit (TINT) in the TCSR cannot be disabled and
always reflects the current state of the timer interrupt. In Generate mode, a timer interrupt
is caused by the counter rolling over (the same condition used to reload the counter when
ARHT is set to 1). In Capture mode, the interrupt event is the capture event.

Feature Summary
The features of the AXI Timer/Counter core are as follows:

• 32-bit slave peripheral with AXI4-Lite Interface


• Two programmable interval timers with interrupt, event generation and capture
capabilities

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Chapter 1: Overview

• Configurable counter width. Supports cascaded mode of timers in generate and


capture modes.
• Supports programmable auto-reload & hold operation on each timer/counter.
• One Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) output
• Programmable interrupt generation to enable/disable the timer interrupt.
• Freeze input for halting counters during software debug

Applications
Applications of this core include:

• Clock generation with different time periods and duty cycle


• Pulse generation circuits
• Generating time-related interrupts
• Pulse Width Modulation signal for motor control

Licensing and Ordering Information


This Xilinx® LogiCORE™ IP module is provided at no additional cost with the Xilinx
Vivado® Design Suite under the terms of the Xilinx End User License.

Information about this and other Xilinx LogiCORE IP modules is available at the Xilinx
Intellectual Property page. For information on pricing and availability of other Xilinx
LogiCORE IP modules and tools, contact your local Xilinx sales representative.

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Chapter 2

Product Specification
This chapter contains specific details about the performance and resource utilization of the
core.

Performance
Performance characterization of this core has been done using the margin system
methodology. The details of the margin system characterization methodology is described
in the Vivado Design Suite User Guide: Designing With IP (UG896) [Ref 13].

The summary of performance F MAX with this core performed on margin system is provided
in Table 2-1.

Note: The performance numbers for UltraScale™ architecture-based and Zynq®-7000 devices are
expected to be similar to 7 series device numbers.

Table 2-1: Maximum Frequencies


FMAX (MHz)
Device Family Speed Grade
AXI4-Lite
Virtex-7 180
Kintex-7 -1 180
Artix-7 120
Virtex-7 200
Kintex-7 -2 200
Artix-7 140
Virtex-7 220
Kintex-7 -3 220
Artix-7 160

Resource Utilization
Resources required for the AXI Timer core has been estimated for the 7 series FPGAs
(Table 2-2). These values were generated using the Vivado® Design Suite.

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Chapter 2: Product Specification

The AXI Timer resource utilization for various parameter combinations measured on a 7
series device are detailed in Table 2-2.

Note: Resources numbers for UltraScale and Zynq-7000 devices are expected to be similar to 7
series device numbers.

Table 2-2: Performance and Resource Utilization: 7 Series and Zynq-7000 Devices
Parameter Values Device Resources
Width of Timer/Counter Enable Timer2 Slices Flip-Flops LUTs
8 False 49 53 96
16 False 61 69 120
32 False 84 101 181
8 True 50 74 123
16 True 74 106 161
32 True 97 170 256

Port Descriptions
The AXI Timer input/output (I/O) signals are listed and described in Table 2-3.

Table 2-3: I/O Signal Descriptions


Signal Name Interface I/O Initial State Description
s_axi_aclk Clock I NA AXI Clock
s_axi_aresetn Reset I NA AXI Reset, active-Low
s_axi_* S_AXI NA NA AXI4-Lite Slave Interface signals. See Appendix A of
the AXI Reference Guide (UG761) [Ref 2] for AXI4-Lite
signals.
capturetrig0 Timer I - Timer 0 Capture Trigger Input
capturetrig1 Timer I - Timer 1 Capture Trigger Input
In cascade mode, this is not used.
freeze Timer I -
generateout0 Timer O 0x0 Timer 0 Generate Output
Asserts whenever the timer 0 wraps from all 0s to all
1s or vice-versa.
In cascade mode, this signal is asserted when the
64-bit value wraps from all 0s to all 1s or vice-versa.
generateout1 Timer O 0x0 Timer 1 Generate Output
Asserts when the timer1 wraps from all 0s to all 1s or
vice-versa.
In cascaded mode, this signal is asserted when lower
32-bit counter (timer 0) wraps from all 0s to all 1s or
vice-versa.

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Table 2-3: I/O Signal Descriptions (Cont’d)


Signal Name Interface I/O Initial State Description
interrupt O 0x0 Indicates that the condition for an interrupt on this
timer has occurred. If the timer mode is capture and
the timer is enabled, this bit indicates a capture has
occurred. If the mode is generate, this bit indicates
the counter has rolled over.
0 = No interrupt has occurred
1 = Interrupt has occurred
pwm0 Timer O 0x0 Pulse Width Modulation Output 0

Register Space
Timer Counter registers are accessed as one of these types:

• Byte (8 bits)
• Half word (2 bytes)
• Word (4 bytes)

The AXI Timer/Counter registers are organized as little-endian data. The bit and byte
labeling for the little-endian data types is shown in the Figure 2-1.
X-Ref Target - Figure 2-1

06%$GGU2IIVHW[$GGU2IIVHW[$GGU2IIVHW[/6%
%<7( %<7( %<7( %<7(

;

Figure 2-1: Little Endian Data Types


Table 2-4 shows all the AXI Timer registers and their addresses. Accesses to addresses
inside the core address range other than these registers return an OKAY response, with
reads returning 0 data values and writes having no effect.

Table 2-4: Register Overview


Address Offset Register Name Description
0h TCSR0 Timer 0 Control and Status Register
04h TLR0 Timer 0 Load Register
08h TCR0 Timer 0 Counter Register
0Ch-0Fh RSVD Reserved
10h TCSR1 Timer 1 Control and Status Register
14h TLR1 Timer 1 Load Register

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Table 2-4: Register Overview (Cont’d)


Address Offset Register Name Description
18h TCR1 Timer 1 Counter Register
1Ch-1Fh RSVD Reserved

Control/Status Register 0 (TCSR0)


Figure 2-2 and Table 2-5 show the Control/Status register 0. Control/Status Register 0
contains the control and status bits for timer module 0.
X-Ref Target - Figure 2-2

ARHT0 MDT0
ENALL T0INT ENIT0 GENT0

31 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Reserved CASC PWMA0 LOAD0 UDT0


ENT0 CAPT0
PG079_c2_05_082412

Figure 2-2: Control/Status Register 0

Table 2-5: Control/Status Register 0 Bit Definitions


Bit Name Access Type Reset Value Description
31 - 12 Reserved N/A - Reserved
11 CASC Read/Write 0 Enable cascade mode of timers
0 = Disable cascaded operation
1 = Enable cascaded operation
Cascaded operation requires using Timer 0 and Timer 1
together as a pair. The counting event for the Timer 1 is
when the Timer 0 rolls over from all 1s to all 0s or
vice-versa when counting down.
TLR0 and TLR1 are used for lower 32-bit and higher 32-bit
respectively. Similarly, TCR0 contains lower 32-bits for the
64-bit counter and TCR1 contains the higher 32-bits.
Only TCSR0 is valid for both the timer/counters in this
mode.
This CASC bit must be set before enabling the timer/
counter.
10 ENALL Read/Write 0 Enable All Timers
0 = No effect on timers
1 = Enable all timers (counters run)
This bit is mirrored in all control/status registers and is
used to enable all counters simultaneously. Writing a 1 to
this bit sets ENALL, ENT0, and ENT1. Writing a 0 to this
register clears ENALL but has no effect on ENT0 and ENT1.

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Table 2-5: Control/Status Register 0 Bit Definitions (Cont’d)


Bit Name Access Type Reset Value Description
9 PWMA0 Read/Write 0 Enable Pulse Width Modulation for Timer 0
0 = Disable pulse width modulation
1 = Enable pulse width modulation
PWM requires using Timer 0 and Timer 1 together as a
pair. Timer 0 sets the period of the PWM output, and Timer
1 sets the high time for the PWM output. For PWM mode,
MDT0 and MDT1 must be 0 and C_GEN0_ASSERT and
C_GEN1_ASSERT must be 1.
8 T0INT Read/Write 0 Timer 0 Interrupt
Indicates that the condition for an interrupt on this timer
has occurred. If the timer mode is capture and the timer is
enabled, this bit indicates a capture has occurred. If the
mode is generate, this bit indicates the counter has rolled
over. Must be cleared by writing a 1.
Read:
0 = No interrupt has occurred
1 = Interrupt has occurred
Write:
0 = No change in state of T0INT
1 = Clear T0INT (clear to 0)
7 ENT0 Read/Write 0 Enable Timer 0
0 = Disable timer (counter halts)
1 = Enable timer (counter runs)
6 ENIT0 Read/Write 0 Enable Interrupt for Timer 0
Enables the assertion of the interrupt signal for this timer.
Has no effect on the interrupt flag (T0INT) in TCSR0.
0 = Disable interrupt signal
1 = Enable interrupt signal
5 LOAD0 Read/Write 0 Load Timer 0
0 = No load
1 = Loads timer with value in TLR0
Setting this bit loads timer/counter register (TCR0) with a
specified value in the timer/counter load register (TLR0).
This bit prevents the running of the timer/counter; hence,
this should be cleared alongside setting Enable Timer/
Counter (ENT0) bit in TCSR0.
4 ARHT0 Read/Write 0 Auto Reload/Hold Timer 0
When the timer is in Generate mode, this bit determines
whether the counter reloads the generate value and
continues running or holds at the termination value. In
Capture mode, this bit determines whether a new capture
trigger overwrites the previous captured value or if the
previous value is held.
0 = Hold counter or capture value. The TLR must be read
before providing the external capture.
1 = Reload generate value or overwrite capture value

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Table 2-5: Control/Status Register 0 Bit Definitions (Cont’d)


Bit Name Access Type Reset Value Description
3 CAPT0 Read/Write 0 Enable External Capture Trigger Timer 0
0 = Disables external capture trigger
1 = Enables external capture trigger
2 GENT0 Read/Write 0 Enable External Generate Signal Timer 0
0 = Disables external generate signal
1 = Enables external generate signal
1 UDT0 Read/Write 0 Up/Down Count Timer 0
0 = Timer functions as up counter
1 = Timer functions as down counter
0 MDT0 Read/Write 0 Timer 0 Mode
See Timer Modes.
0 = Timer mode is generate
1 = Timer mode is capture

Load Register (TLR0 and TLR1)


When the counter width has been configured as less than 32 bits, the load register value is
right-justified in TLR0 and TLR1. The least-significant counter bit is always mapped to load
register bit 0.

In cascade mode, TLR0 has the least significant 32-bits of the generate value and TLR1
should have the most significant bits of the generate value in generate mode. Similarly, in
cascade mode TLR0 has the captured value from TCR0 and TLR1 from TCR1.

Figure 2-3 and Table 2-6 show the load register.


X-Ref Target - Figure 2-3

31 0

TLRx
PG079_c2_03_082412

Figure 2-3: Timer/Counter Load Register

Table 2-6: Load Register Bit Definitions


Bit Name Access Type Reset Value Description
31-0 Timer/Counter Load Register Read/Write 0x0 Timer/Counter Load register

Timer/Counter Register (TCR0 and TCR1)


When the counter width has been configured as less than 32 bits, the count value is
right-justified in TCR0 and TCR1. The least-significant counter bit is always mapped to
Timer/Counter Register bit 0. Figure 2-4 and Table 2-7 show the Timer/counter register. In

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Chapter 2: Product Specification

cascade mode, TCR0 has the least significant 32-bits of the 64-bit counter, and TCR1 has the
most significant bits.
X-Ref Target - Figure 2-4

31 0

TCRx
PG079_c2_04_082412

Figure 2-4: Timer/Counter Register

Table 2-7: Timer/Counter Register Bit Definitions


Bit Name Access Type Reset Value Description
31-0 Timer/Counter Register Read 0x0 Timer/Counter register

Control/Status Register 1 (TCSR1)


Figure 2-5 and Table 2-8 show the Control/Status register 1. Control/Status Register 1
contains the control and status bits for timer module 1. This register is used only for loading
the TLR1 register in cascade mode.
X-Ref Target - Figure 2-5

!2(4 -$4
%.!,, 4).4 %.)4 '%.4

            

2ESERVED 07-! ,/!$ 5$4


%.4 #!04
0'?C??

Figure 2-5: Control/Status Register 1

Table 2-8: Control/Status Register 1 Bit Definitions


Bit Name Access Type Reset Value Description
31 - 11 Reserved N/A - Reserved
10 ENALL Read/Write 0 Enable All Timers
0 = No effect on timers
1 = Enable all timers (counters run)
This bit is mirrored in all control/status registers and is
used to enable all counters simultaneously. Writing a 1 to
this bit sets ENALL, ENT0, and ENT1. Writing a 0 to this
register clears ENALL but has no effect on ENT0 and ENT1.

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Chapter 2: Product Specification

Table 2-8: Control/Status Register 1 Bit Definitions (Cont’d)


Bit Name Access Type Reset Value Description
9 PWMA0 Read/Write 0 Enable Pulse Width Modulation for Timer1
0 = Disable pulse width modulation
1 = Enable pulse width modulation
PWM requires using Timer 0 and Timer 1 together as a
pair. Timer 0 sets the period of the PWM output, and
Timer 1 sets the high time for the PWM output. For PWM
mode, MDT0 and MDT1 must be 0.
8 T1INT Read/Write 0 Timer1 Interrupt
Indicates that the condition for an interrupt on this timer
has occurred. If the timer mode is capture and the timer
is enabled, this bit indicates a capture has occurred. If the
mode is generate, this bit indicates the counter has rolled
over. Must be cleared by writing a 1.
Read:
0 = No interrupt has occurred
1 = Interrupt has occurred
Write:
0 = No change in state of T1INT
1 = Clear T1INT (clear to 0)
7 ENT1 Read/Write 0 Enable Timer1
0 = Disable timer (counter halts)
1 = Enable timer (counter runs)
6 ENIT1 Read/Write 0 Enable Interrupt for Timer1
Enables the assertion of the interrupt signal for this timer.
Has no effect on the interrupt flag (T1INT) in TCSR1.
0 = Disable interrupt signal
1 = Enable interrupt signal
5 LOAD1 Read/Write 0 Load Timer1
0 = No load
1 = Loads timer with value in TLR1
Setting this bit loads the timer/counter register (TCR1)
with a specified value in the timer/counter load register
(TLR1). This bit prevents running of timer/counter; hence,
this should be cleared alongside setting Enable Timer/
Counter (ENT1) bit in TCSR1.
4 ARHT1 Read/Write 0 Auto Reload/Hold Timer1
When the timer is in generate mode, this bit determines
whether the counter reloads the generate value and
continues running or holds at the termination value. In
capture mode, this bit determines whether a new capture
trigger overwrites the previous captured value or if the
previous value is held until it is read.
0 = Hold counter or capture value
1 = Reload generate value or overwrite capture value

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Chapter 2: Product Specification

Table 2-8: Control/Status Register 1 Bit Definitions (Cont’d)


Bit Name Access Type Reset Value Description
3 CAPT1 Read/Write 0 Enable External Capture Trigger Timer1
0 = Disables external capture trigger
1 = Enables external capture trigger
2 GENT1 Read/Write 0 Enable External Generate Signal Timer1
0 = Disables external generate signal
1 = Enables external generate signal
1 UDT1 Read/Write 0 Up/Down Count Timer1
0 = Timer functions as up counter
1 = Timer functions as down counter
0 MDT1 Read/Write 0 Timer1 Mode
See Timer Modes, page 6.
0 = Timer mode is generate
1 = Timer mode is capture

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Chapter 3

Designing with the Core


This chapter includes guidelines and additional information to facilitate designing with the
core.

Clocking
The AXI timer operates on s_axi_aclk.

Resets
The AXI timer resets when s_axi_aresetn is asserted. This is an active low signal and
should be synchronous to s_axi_aclk.

Programming Sequence
Generate Mode
The Generate mode has the following programming sequence:

• On start-up, the generate value in the load register is loaded into the counter by setting
the Load bit in the TCSR. This applies whether the counter is set up to Auto Reload or
Hold when the interval has expired. Setting the Load bit to 1 loads the counter with the
value in the load register. For proper operation, the Load bit must be cleared before the
counter is enabled or along with setting the enable bit. The timer/counter starts ticking
when Enable is set (ENT).
• When the ARHT bit (Auto Reload/Hold) is set to 1 and the counter rolls over from all 1s
to all 0s when counting up, or conversely from all 0s to all 1s when counting down, the
generate value in the load register is automatically reloaded into the counter and the
counter continues to count. If the GenerateOut signal is enabled (bit GENT in the
TCSR), an output pulse is generated (one clock period in width). This is useful for
generating a repetitive pulse train with a specified period.

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Chapter 3: Designing with the Core

• When the Auto Reload/Hold (ARHT) bit is set to 0 and the counter rolls over from all 1s
to all 0s when counting up, or conversely, from all 0s to all 1s when counting down, the
counter holds at the current value and does not reload the generate value. If the
GenerateOut signal is enabled (bit GENT in the TCSR), an output pulse of one clock
period in width is generated. This is useful for a one-shot pulse that is to be generated
after a specified period of time.
• The counter can be set up to count either up or down as determined by the selection of
the UDT bit in the TCSR. If the counter is set up as a down counter, the generate value is
the number of clocks in the timing interval. The period of the GenerateOut signal is
the generate value (value in load register TLRx) multiplied by the clock period.
• When the counter is set to count down,
TIMING_INTERVAL = (TLRx + 2) * AXI_CLOCK_PERIOD

• When the counter is set to count up,


TIMING_INTERVAL = (MAX_COUNT - TLRx + 2) * AXI_CLOCK_PERIOD

where MAX_COUNT is the maximum count value of the counter, such as 0xFFFFFFFF for
a 32-bit counter.

Capture Mode
Capture mode has the following programming sequence:

• The capture signal can be configured to be low-true or high-true.


• When the capture event occurs, the counter value is written to the load register. This
value is called the capture value.
• When the ARHT bit is set to 0 and the capture event occurs, the capture value is written
to the load register, which holds the capture value until the load register is read. If the
load register is not read, subsequent capture events do not update the load register
and are lost.
• When the ARHT bit is set to 1 and the capture event occurs, the capture value is always
written to the load register. Subsequent capture events update the load register and
overwrite the previous value, whether it has been read or not.
• The counter can be set up to count either up or down as determined by the selection of
the UDT bit in the TCSR.

Pulse Width Modulation Mode


Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) mode has the following programming sequence:

• The mode for both Timer 0 and Timer 1 must be set to Generate mode (bit MDT in the
TCSR set to 0).

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Chapter 3: Designing with the Core

• The PWMA0 bit in TCSR0 and PWMB0 bit in TCSR1 must be set to 1 to enable PWM
mode.
• The GenerateOut signals must be enabled in the TCSR (bit GENT set to 1). The PWM0
signal is generated from the GenerateOut signals of Timer 0 and Timer 1, so these
signals must be enabled in both timer/counters.
• The assertion level of the GenerateOut signals for both timers in the pair must be set
to Active High.
• The counter can be set to count up or down.

Setting the PWM Period and Duty Factor


The PWM period is determined by the generate value in the Timer 0 load register (TLR0).
The PWM high time is determined by the generate value in the Timer 1 load register (TLR1).
The period and duty factor are calculated as follows:

When counters are configured to count up (UDT = 0):

PWM_PERIOD = (MAX_COUNT - TLR0 + 2) * AXI_CLOCK_PERIOD


PWM_HIGH_TIME = (MAX_COUNT - TLR1 + 2) * AXI_CLOCK_PERIOD

When counters are configured to count down (UDT = 1):

PWM_PERIOD = (TLR0 + 2) * AXI_CLOCK_PERIOD


PWM_HIGH_TIME = (TLR1 + 2) * AXI_CLOCK_PERIOD

where MAX_COUNT is the maximum count value for the counter, such as 0xFFFFFFFF
for a 32-bit counter.

Cascade Mode
In Cascade mode, the two timer/counters are cascaded to operate as a single 64-bit
counter/timer. The cascaded counter can work in both generate and capture modes. TCSR)
acts as the control and status register for the cascaded counter. TCSR1 is ignored in this
mode.

This mode is used when there is a requirement for a timer/counter more than 32 bits wide.
Cascaded operation requires using Timer 0 and Timer 1 together as a pair. The counting
event for the Timer 1 is when the Timer 0 rolls over from all 1s to all 0s or vice-versa when
counting down.

The cascade mode has the following programming sequence:

• Parameter enable_timer2 (Enable Timer 2) should be set to 0 because both timers are
required for a cascaded operation.
• The width of the AXI Timer should be 32 because it represents the width of each timer/
counter in the core.

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Chapter 3: Designing with the Core

• Load Registers of both timer/counters are used (TLR0 and TLR1 - TLR1 for higher 32-bit
and TLR0 for lower 32-bit). The value loaded into the load registers is called the
generate value in generate mode. And the capture value is captured in these load
registers in capture mode.
• Timer/counter 0 control register TCSR0, GenerateOut0, Capture event 0 are valid in
this mode. Timer 1 related signals are invalid, that is, TCSR1, GenerateOut1 and
CaptureEvent1 are not used. TCSR1 is used only for loading the TLR1 register.
• CASC bit in Timer Control Status Register 0 (TCSR0) must be set for the counters to be
in cascade mode. This bit must be set before enabling the timer/counter.
• The sequence of accesses for generate and capture modes are as mentioned in
previous sections.
• In generate mode, when the counter is set to count down,
TIMING_INTERVAL = (TLR + 4) * AXI_CLOCK_PERIOD

where TLR is the concatenated value of TLR1 and TLR0 (TLR = {TLR1, TLR0}).

• In generate mode, when the counter is set to count up,


TIMING_INTERVAL = (MAX_COUNT - TLR + 4) * AXI_CLOCK_PERIOD

where MAX_COUNT is the maximum count value of the counter, such as


0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF for a 64-bit counter, and TLR is the concatenated value of TLR1
and TLR0 (TLR = {TLR1, TLR0}).

The following are the steps for running the 64-bit counter/timer in generate mode:

1. Clear the timer enable bits in control registers (TCSR0 and TCSR1).
2. Write the lower 32-bit timer/counter load register (TLR0).
3. Write the higher 32-bit timer/counter load register (TLR1).
4. Set the CASC bit in Control register TCSR0.
5. Set other mode control bits in control register (TCSR0) as needed.
6. Enable the timer in Control register (TCSR0).

The following are the steps for reading the 64-bit counter/timer:

1. Read the upper 32-bit timer/counter register (TCR1).


2. Read the lower 32-bit timer/counter register (TCR0).
3. Read the upper 32-bit timer/counter register (TCR1) again. If the value is different from
the 32-bit upper value read previously, go back to previous step (reading TCR0).
Otherwise 64-bit timer counter value is correct.

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Chapter 3: Designing with the Core

Interrupts
The programming requirements to enable/disable interrupts and the programming
sequence are as follows:

• Interrupt events can only occur when the timer is enabled. In Capture mode, this
prevents interrupts from occurring before the timer is enabled.
• The interrupt signal goes high when the interrupt condition is met and the interrupt is
enabled in the TCSR. The interrupt is asserted when the interrupt signal is High.
• A single interrupt signal is provided. The interrupt signal is the OR of the interrupts
from the two counters. The interrupt service routine must poll the TCSRs to determine
the source or sources of the interrupt.
• The interrupt status bit (TINT in the TCSR) can only be cleared by writing a 1 to it.
Writing a 0 to it has no effect on the bit. Because the interrupt condition is an edge (the
counter rollover or the capture event), it can be cleared at any time and does not
indicate an interrupt condition until the next interrupt event.
• In cascade mode, only Timer 0 interrupt events occur. There are no interrupts from
Timer 1.

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Chapter 4

Design Flow Steps


This chapter describes customizing and generating the core, constraining the core, and the
simulation, synthesis and implementation steps that are specific to this IP core. More
detailed information about the standard Vivado® design flows and the IP integrator can be
found in the following Vivado Design Suite user guides:

• Vivado Design Suite User Guide: Designing IP Subsystems using IP Integrator (UG994)
[Ref 6]
• Vivado Design Suite User Guide: Designing with IP (UG896) [Ref 13]
• Vivado Design Suite User Guide: Getting Started (UG910) [Ref 12]
• Vivado Design Suite User Guide: Logic Simulation (UG900) [Ref 7]

Customizing and Generating the Core


This chapter includes information about using the Vivado Design Suite to customize and
generate the core.

Vivado Integrated Design Environment


You can customize the IP for use in your design by specifying values for the various
parameters associated with the IP core using the following steps:

1. Select the IP from the IP catalog.


2. Double-click the selected IP or select the Customize IP command from the toolbar or
right-click menu .

For details, see the Vivado Design Suite User Guide: Designing with IP (UG896) [Ref 13] and
the Vivado Design Suite User Guide: Getting Started (UG910) [Ref 12].

Note: Figures in this chapter are illustrations of the Vivado Integrated Design Environment (IDE).
This layout might vary from the current version.

If you are customizing and generating the core in the Vivado IP Integrator, see the Vivado
Design Suite User Guide: Designing IP Subsystems using IP Integrator (UG994) [Ref 6] for
detailed information. IP Integrator might auto-compute certain configuration values when
validating or generating the design. To check whether the values do change, see the

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Chapter 4: Design Flow Steps

description of the parameter in this chapter. To view the parameter value you can run the
validate_bd_design command in the tcl console.

Configuring the Core Parameters


The Vivado IDE for the AXI Timer for the AXI4-Lite interface is shown in Figure 4-1.
X-Ref Target - Figure 4-1

Figure 4-1: AXI Timer Configuration

The following are the core parameters:

• Enable 64-bit Mode: Check this box if an AXI Timer with a 64-bit width is needed. This
option disables the Timer 2 option because a 64-bit AXI Timer is created by cascading
2 timers inside the IP core.
• Width of the Timer/Counter (bits): Select 8, 16, 32 bit count widths based on user
requirements.
• Timer 1

° Capture Trigger: Select to configure this signal as active-High or active-Low.


Default is active-High

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Chapter 4: Design Flow Steps

° Generate Out: Select to configure this signal as active-High or active-Low. Default


is active-High.
• Enable Timer 2: Select if Timer 2 is needed.
• Timer 2

° Capture Trigger: Select to configure this signal as active-High or active-Low.


Default is active-High

° Generate Out: Select to configure this signal as active-High or active-Low. Default


is active-High.

Output Generation
For details, see the Vivado Design Suite User Guide: Designing with IP (UG896) [Ref 13].

Constraining the Core


Any necessary constraints are delivered when the IP core is generated.

Required Constraints
This section is not applicable for this IP core.

Device, Package, and Speed Grade Selections


This section is not applicable for this IP core.

Clock Frequencies
This section is not applicable for this IP core.

Clock Management
This section is not applicable for this IP core.

Clock Placement
This section is not applicable for this IP core.

Banking
This section is not applicable for this IP core.

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Chapter 4: Design Flow Steps

Transceiver Placement
This section is not applicable for this IP core.

I/O Standard and Placement


This section is not applicable for this IP core.

Simulation
For details, see the Vivado Design Suite User Guide: Logic Simulation (UG900) [Ref 7].

Synthesis and Implementation


For details about synthesis and implementation, see the Vivado Design Suite User Guide:
Designing with IP (UG896) [Ref 13].

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Chapter 5

Example Design
This chapter contains information about the example design provided in the Vivado®
Design Suite.

Overview
The top module instantiates all components of the core and example design that are
needed to implement the design in hardware, as shown in Figure 5-1. This includes the
clock generator (MMCME2), register configuration, data generator and data checker
modules.
X-Ref Target - Figure 5-1

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Figure 5-1: Example Design Block Diagram


This example design includes two modules:

• Clock Generator: MMCME2 is used to generate the clocks for the example design.
MMCME2 is used to generate 100 MHz clock for s_axi_aclk. The DUT and other
modules of the example design are kept under reset until MMCME2 is locked.

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Chapter 5: Example Design

• AXI Traffic Generator (ATG): This module (IP) is configured in the System Test mode.
All the AXI Timer-related AXI4-Lite transactions are stored in the COE file. For more
information on the AXI Traffic Generator, see the AXI Traffic Generator Product Guide
(PG125) [Ref 9]. The ATG automatically starts the AXI4-Lite transaction after coming out
of reset.

Implementing the Example Design


After following the steps described in Customizing and Generating the Core, implement the
example design as follows:

1. Right-click the core in the Hierarchy window, and select Open IP Example Design.
2. A new window pops up, asking you to specify a directory for the example design. Select
a new directory, or keep the default directory.
3. A new project is automatically created in the selected directory and opened in a new
Vivado window.
4. In the Flow Navigator (left side pane), click Run Implementation and follow the
directions.

The ATG writes value 0x45 to 0x00 register. This starts the timer counters. When the timer
value is reached certain count, the glow_led output drives 1. The glow_led output of the
example design is connected to the GPIO_LED7 of the KC705 evaluation board and indicates
the status of the example design. On successful completion of ATG write transactions to the
timer registers and counters initiation, the eighth LED is lit. If an error occurs, the
GPIO_LED7 is not lit.

Example Design Directory Structure


In the current project directory, a new project with name "<component_name>_example" is
created and the files are delivered to <component_name>_example/
<component_name>_example.srcs. This directory and its subdirectories contain all the
source files required to create the AXI Timer controller example design.

Table 5-1 lists the files delivered in <component_name>_example/


<component_name>_example.srcs/sources_1/imports/example_design.

Table 5-1: Example Design Directory


Name Description
<component_name>_exdes.vhd Top-level HDL file for the example design.
clock_gen.vhd Clock generation module for example design.

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Chapter 5: Example Design

Table 5-1: Example Design Directory (Cont’d)


Name Description
atg_addr.coe COE file of address. This file contains the AXI Timer
register address.
atg_data.coe COE file of data. This file contains the data to be
written/read from the AXI Timer registers.
atg_mask.coe COE file to mask certain reads.
atg_ctrl.coe COE file that contains control information of ATG.

The <component_name>_example/<component_name>_example.srcs/
sources_1/sim_1/imports/simulation directory contains the test bench file for the
example design: <component_name>_exdes_tb.vhd.

The <component_name>_example/<component_name>_example.srcs/
sources_1/constrs_1/imports/example_design directory contains the top-level
constraints file for the example design: <component_name>_exdes.xdc.

The XDC has all the necessary constraints needed to run the example design on the KC705
board. All the IO constraints are commented in the XDC file. Uncomment these constraints
before implementing the design on the KC705 board.

Simulating the Example Design


The AXI Timer example design quickly simulates and demonstrates the behavior of the AXI
Timer.

Simulation Results
The simulation script compiles the AXI Timer example design, and supporting simulation
files. It then runs the simulation and checks to ensure that it completed successfully.

If test passes, the following message is displayed:

Test Completed Successfully

If the test fails or does not end, the following message is displayed:

Test Failed !! Test Timed Out

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Chapter 6

Test Bench
This chapter contains information about the test bench provided in the Vivado® Design
Suite.Figure 6-1 shows the test bench for AXI Timer example design. The top-level test
bench generates a 200 MHz clock and drives the initial reset to the example design.
X-Ref Target - Figure 6-1

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Figure 6-1: Test Bench Block Diagram

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Appendix A

Debugging
This appendix includes details about resources available on the Xilinx® Support website
and debugging tools.

Finding Help on Xilinx.com


To help in the design and debug process when using the AXI Timer, the Xilinx Support web
page (Xilinx Support web page) contains key resources such as product documentation,
release notes, answer records, information about known issues, and links for obtaining
further product support.

Documentation
This product guide is the main document associated with the AXI Timer. This guide, along
with documentation related to all products that aid in the design process, can be found on
the Xilinx Support web page or by using the Xilinx Documentation Navigator.

Download the Xilinx Documentation Navigator from the Downloads page. For more
information about this tool and the features available, open the online help after
installation.

Answer Records
Answer Records include information about commonly encountered problems, helpful
information on how to resolve these problems, and any known issues with a Xilinx product.
Answer Records are created and maintained daily ensuring that users have access to the
most accurate information available.

Answer Records for this core are listed below, and can be located by using the Search
Support box on the main Xilinx support web page. To maximize your search results, use
proper keywords such as

• Product name
• Tool messages
• Summary of the issue encountered

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Appendix A: Debugging

A filter search is available after results are returned to further target the results.

Master Answer Record for the AXI Timer

AR:54438

Technical Support
Xilinx provides technical support in the Xilinx Support web page for this LogiCORE™ IP
product when used as described in the product documentation. Xilinx cannot guarantee
timing, functionality, or support if you do any of the following:

• Implement the solution in devices that are not defined in the documentation.
• Customize the solution beyond that allowed in the product documentation.
• Change any section of the design labeled DO NOT MODIFY.

To contact Xilinx Technical Support, navigate to the Xilinx Support web page.

1. Open a WebCase by clicking the Open a WebCase link located under Additional
Resources.
• Additional files based on the specific issue might also be required. See the relevant
sections in this debug guide for guidelines about which files to include with the
WebCase.

Debug Tools
There is one tool available to address AXI Timer design issues.

Vivado Design Suite Debug Feature


The Vivado® Design Suite debug feature inserts logic analyzer and virtual I/O cores directly
into your design. The debug feature also allows you to set trigger conditions to capture
application and integrated block port signals in hardware. Captured signals can then be
analyzed. This feature in the Vivado IDE is used for logic debugging and validation of a
design running in Xilinx devices.

The Vivado logic analyzer is used to interact with the logic debug LogiCORE IP cores,
including:

• ILA 2.0 (and later versions)


• VIO 2.0 (and later versions)

See Vivado Design Suite User Guide: Programming and Debugging (UG908) [Ref 11].

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Appendix A: Debugging

Hardware Debug
Hardware issues can range from link bring-up to problems seen after hours of testing. This
section provides debug steps for common issues. The Vivado Lab Tools is a valuable
resource to use in hardware debug. The signal names mentioned in the following individual
sections can be probed using the Vivado Lab Tools for debugging the specific problems.

Many of these common issues can also be applied to debugging design simulations. Details
are provided on:

• General Checks

General Checks
Ensure that all the timing constraints for the core were properly incorporated from the
example design and that all constraints were met during implementation.

• Does it work in post-place and route timing simulation? If problems are seen in
hardware but not in timing simulation, this could indicate a PCB issue. Ensure that all
clock sources are active and clean.
• If using MMCMs in the design, ensure that all MMCMs have obtained lock by
monitoring the locked port.
• If your outputs go to 0, check your licensing.

Interface Debug
AXI4-Lite Interfaces
Read from a register that does not have all 0s as a default to verify that the interface is
functional. Output s_axi_arready asserts when the read address is valid, and output
s_axi_rvalid asserts when the read data/response is valid. If the interface is
unresponsive, ensure that the following conditions are met:

• The s_axi_aclk input is connected and toggling.


• The interface is not being held in reset, and s_axi_aresetn is an active-Low reset.
• If the simulation has been run, verify in simulation to capture that the waveform is
correct for accessing the AXI4-Lite interface.

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Appendix B

Migrating and Upgrading


This appendix contains information about migrating a design from the ISE ® Design Suite to
the Vivado ® Design Suite, and for upgrading to a more recent version of the IP core. For
customers upgrading in the Vivado Design Suite, important details (where applicable)
about any port changes and other impact to user logic are included.

Migrating to the Vivado Design Suite


For information about migrating to the Vivado Design Suite, see the ISE to Vivado Design
Suite Migration Guide (UG911) [Ref 10].

Upgrading in the Vivado Design Suite


This section provides information about any changes to the user logic or port designations
that take place when you upgrade to a more current version of this IP core in the Vivado
Design Suite.

Parameter Changes
There are no parameter changes.

Port Changes
There are no port changes.

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Appendix C

Additional Resources and Legal Notices

Xilinx Resources
For support resources such as Answers, Documentation, Downloads, and Forums, see
Xilinx® Support.

References
These documents provide supplemental material useful with this product guide:

1. ARM® AMBA® AXI and ACE Specification (ARM IHI 0022D)


2. AXI Reference Guide (UG761)
3. LogiCORE™ IP AXI Interconnect Product Guide (PG059)
4. LogiCORE IP AXI Lite IPIF Product Guide (PG155)
5. LogiCORE IP AXI4-Lite IPIF Data Sheet (DS765)
6. Vivado® Design Suite User Guide: Designing IP Subsystems using IP Integrator (UG994)
7. Vivado Design Suite User Guide: Logic Simulation (UG900)
8. Vivado Design Suite User Guide: Implementation (UG904)
9. AXI Traffic Generator Product Guide (PG125)
10. ISE® to Vivado Design Suite Migration Methodology Guide (UG911)
11. Vivado Design Suite User Guide: Programming and Debugging (UG908)
12. Vivado Design Suite User Guide: Getting Started (UG910)
13. Vivado Design Suite User Guide: Designing with IP (UG896)

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Appendix C: Additional Resources and Legal Notices

Revision History
The following table shows the revision history for this document.

Date Version Revision


11/18/2015 2.0 Added support for UltraScale+ families.
04/02/2014 2.0 • General document updates.
12/18/2013 2.0 • Added support for UltraScale™ architecture.
10/02/2013 2.0 • Added Chapter 8, Example Design and Chapter 9, Test Bench.
• Added IP Integrator support.
• Changed all signals/ports to lower case.
03/20/2013 2.0 • Updated for core v2.0, and for Vivado Design Suite-only support.
• Added list of modules, and updated the I/O signal descriptions, and
register overview.
• Major revisions made to the Debugging Appendix.
10/16/2012 1.0 Initial Xilinx release as a product guide. Based on DS764, LogiCORE IP AXI
Timer. Updated core to v1.03a.

Please Read: Important Legal Notices


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