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Tapu ve Kadastro Genel Müdürlüğü

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ii
 RESEARCHING EARLY OTTOMAN HISTORY IN THE BALKANS
THROUGH SLAVIC, LATIN AND ITALIAN RECORDS IN THE
ARCHIVES OF COASTAL DALMATIA
Emir O. FILIPOVIĆ*
Historians have long been aware that the study of contemporary “western” sources is vital for understanding the
establishment and expansion of Ottoman authority in the Dalmatian hinterland – a process which began in the second
half of the fourteenth and lasted throughout the fifteenth century.1 Consequently, this has precipitated the research and
subsequent publishing of integral documents or extracts from the rich archival collections of the towns and communes
on the Adriatic coast of Dalmatia, resulting with several key monographs being written on the topic.2
However, a significant portion of these documents remains unpublished and unused. Furthermore, most of them
were written in the medieval variants of the Slavic, Latin or Italian language and therefore remained outside of the
scope of traditional Ottoman studies and historians who chose to concentrate their research exclusively on documents
of Turkish or Oriental provenance. Such an approach inhibited the development of the field and still represents an
objective obstacle that needs to be surpassed by specialists equally adept at working with both sets of sources. This is
particularly the case since the vast information on the Ottoman Empire contained in the records of Dalmatian archives
differs in quality and quantity from most other similar collections in the Mediterranean.
For the study of early Ottoman history no archives on the eastern coast of the Adriatic can match the Dubrovnik
State Archives which is also the most important institution of its kind in the broader region. But information on the
arrival, advance and presence of the Ottomans in the late medieval Balkans can also be found in the archives of other
coastal towns, such as Zadar, Šibenik, Trogir, Split, Hvar and Korčula.
This work will seek to give an overview of the already published documents that have not yet been fully in-
corporated into historical narratives about the pre-classical age of the Ottoman Empire, while also offering a broad
review of the unpublished sources kept in the archives of coastal Dalmatia. I will provide a general description of the
existing records, their organization and arrangement, as well as giving an assessment of the kind of information that
they include. By doing this, I intend to highlight the great potential and possibilities of these archival collections for
the research and study of early Ottoman history, hoping that a systematic approach to the documents they hold will
generate further results and advance our knowledge about the history of the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire.
But before I move on to the main topic of my paper, I am obliged to point out that the broader historiography of
pre-modern times in the South-Slavic languages has been traditionally divided between historians of the Middle Ages
and the Ottoman period. The division was effectively based on the difference between the language and quality of the
sources they had at their disposal for research. This meant that historians usually specialized either for studying me-
dieval Greek, Latin, Italian or Slavic texts, on one side, and medieval Oriental, Turkish, Arabic or Persian documents,
on the other, rarely producing works which successfully combined both sets of sources. Unfortunately, this still seems
to be an on-going problem even today and historians will have to work hard to correct it.
The other issue that should be mentioned here is that, apart from the Slavic, Latin and Italian archival holdings
* Assoc. Dr., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Philosophy, Department of History, e-mail: [email protected]
1 Colin Imber, The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1481, The Isis Press, Istanbul 1990, p. 5.
2 Such as, for instance: Иван Божић, Дубровник и Турска у XIV и XV веку, Српска академија наука, Београд 1952; Момчило Спремић,
“Турски трибутари у XIV и XV веку”, Историјски гласник, 1-2 (1970), p. 9-58; Вељан Атанасовски, Пад Херцеговине, Народна књига
– Историјски институт у Београду, Београд 1979.

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which I will discuss later, the archives I chose to focus on, particularly Dubrovnik, also contain a significant number
of documents issued by the Ottoman sultans or officials in the Turkish or Arabic language. These sources have been
catalogued, categorized and presented to the public through the works of many worthy scientists such as, for example,
Friedrich Kraelitz, who issued and translated into German many Ottoman documents from the Dubrovnik archives;3
Derviš Korkut,4 Friedrich Giese,5 Riza Muderizović,6 Fehim Bajraktarević,7 and Sulejman Bajraktarević,8 all of who
published papers and books about Arabic and Turkish documents in Zadar and Dubrovnik; then Besim Korkut, who
has edited a three volume collection of sources titled “Arabic documents in the Dubrovnik State Archives”;9 Hazim
Šabanović, who authored a very extensive and detailed study on the Turkish documents of the Dubrovnik archives;10
and finally, last but far from being least, Gliša Elezović. His colossal collection of sources titled “Turkish monu-
ments”, although quite old and out-dated, is still an indispensable resource for researchers of early Ottoman history
in the Balkans.11 In 2002 the Dubrovnik State Archives initiated a new detailed classification of Ottoman documents,
specifically those issued by the sultans, arranging them in chronological order. Apart from classifying almost 2.000
imperial documents, the project resulted in a representative monograph written by Vesna Miović titled “The Du-
brovnik Republic in the records of Ottoman sultans: with an analytic inventory of sultanic documents in the Acta
Turcarum collection of the Dubrovnik State Archives”.12 Of course, there is definitely more to be said about these
noteworthy and important documents, but they have already been subjected to detailed scrutiny in historiography and
this, obviously, remains outside of the topic of the present work.

State Archives in Zadar13

The premises and reading room of the Zadar State Archives are located in the centre of the city, not far from the
sixteenth century Land Gate which was built by Venetian architects to serve as the main entrance into the old town.
Documents have been stored in Zadar at least from the fourteenth century and in 1390 there is an explicit mention of
“the communal archives of Zadar”.14 The administration of the Venetian Republic in Dalmatia produced many doc-
uments which were kept here, but a systematic and organized approach to storing them in one place begun in 1624
when the archives of the General Provveditore in Zadar were established by the Venetian Senate. It was very fortunate
that almost all of these documents were preserved even after the collapse of the Republic in 1797. Moreover, after
1814, during the Austrian administration, the archives underwent a thorough re-organization.15 Around 1850 the com-
munal archives of the towns of Korčula, Split, Kotor, Omiš, Brač, Makarska and Nin – all previously under Venetian
authority – were also transported and stored in Zadar, enormously increasing the importance of the collection. Almost
a century later, the archival holdings were enriched even further with the addition of documents from Trogir, Skradin,
Šibenik, Pag and Rab, and in 1966 all of the materials were finally moved to their present location.

3 Friedrich Kraelitz, Osmanische Urkunden in türkischer Sprache aus der zweiten Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts: ein Beitrag zur osmanischen
Diplomatik, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 1921.
4 Derviš M. Korkut, “Nešto o turskim dokumentima arhiva dubrovačkog”, Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja, XL (1928), p. 145-160.
5 Friedrich Giese, “Die osmanisch-türkischen Urkunden in Archive des Rektorenpalastes in Dubrovnik (Ragusa)”, in: Festschrift Georg Jacob
zum siebzigsten Geburtstag 26. Mai 1932 gewidmet von Freunden und Schülern, ed. Theodor Menzel, Otto Harrassowitz, Leipzig 1932, p.
41-56.
6 Riza Muderizović, “Turski dokumenti u dubrovačkom arhivu”, Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja, L (1938), p. 69-72.
7 Fehim Bajraktarević, “Les documents Arabes aux Archives d’Etat a Dubrovnik”, Bulletin de l’Académie serbe des sciences, XXIV/7 (1959),
p. 59-62; Idem, Дубровачка arabica, Српска академија наука и уметности, Београд 1962.
8 Sulejman Bajraktarević, “Turski dokumenti Državnog arhiva u Zadru”, Arhivski vjesnik, I (1958), p. 594-596; Idem, “Acta turcica Državnog
ariva u Dubrovniku”, Arhivski vjesnik, IV-V (1961), p. 351-359.
9 Besim Korkut, Arapski dokumenti u Državnom arhivu u Dubrovniku, knj. I, sv. 1-3, Orijentalni institut u Sarajevu, Sarajevo 1960-1969.
10 Hazim Šabanović, “Turski dokumenti Državnog arhiva u Dubrovniku”, Prilozi za orijentalnu filologiju, XII-XIII (1962-63), p. 121-149.
11 Глиша Елезовић, Турски споменици, књ. I, св. 1, Српска краљевска академија, Београд 1940; Idem, Turski spomenici, knj. I, sv. 2, Srpska
akademija nauka, Beograd, 1952.
12 Vesna Miović, Dubrovačka Republika u spisima osmanskih sultana: s analitičkim inventarom sultanskih spisa serije Acta Turcarum Državnog
Arhiva u Dubrovniku, Državni arhiv u Dubrovniku, Dubrovnik 2006. See also: Vesna Miović – Nikša Selmani, “Turska kancelarija i Acta
Turcarum od vremena Dubrovačke republike do danas”, Anali Zavoda za povijesne znanosti Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti u
Dubrovniku, XLV (2007), p. 235-284; Vesna Miović, “History of the Ottoman Documents in the State Archives of Dubrovnik (Ragusa)”, in:
Papers from the 18th Symposium of the International Committee of Pre-Ottoman and Ottoman Studies, eds. Ekrem Čaušević – Nenad Moača-
nin – Vjeran Kursar, Lit Verlag, Berlin 2010, p. 857-863.
13 Državni arhiv u Zadru, Ruđera Boškovića bb, 23000 Zadar, Croatia, www.dazd.hr. General information about the State Archives in Zadar, with
a comprehensive review of archival fonds and collections, is provided by: Josip Kolanović (ed.), Pregled arhivskih fondova i zbirki Republike
Hrvatske, sv. 1, Hrvatski državni arhiv, Zagreb 2006, p. 877-914.
14 For a more detailed history of the institution, see: Ante Milošević, “Opis arhiva c. k. dalmatinskog namjesništva u Zadru”, Vjesnik kr. hrvat-
sko-slavonsko-dalmatinskog Zemaljskog arkiva, XVIII (1916), p. 29-40; Dinko Foretić, “Kratak historijat i opći inventar državnog arhiva u
Zadru”, Arhivist, I – Dodatak III (1955), p. 27-47; Ivo Grgić, “Historijski arhiv u Zadru”, in: Zadar – zbornik, Matica hrvatska, Zagreb 1964, p.
659-668; Josip Vidaković, Državni arhiv u Zadru: 1624. – 1970. (Prikupljanje i zaštita arhivalija), Hrvatsko komunikološko društvo – Nona-
com, Zadar 2002. For the specialist archival library in Zadar, see: Mirisa Katić Piljušić, “Knjižnica Državnog arhiva u Zadru. Od namjesničke
do specijalne arhivske knjižnice”, Arhivski vjesnik, LIII (2010), p. 111-136.
15 Ante Usmiani, “Opći inventar Zadarskog arhiva iz 1828. godine”, Arhivski vjesnik, XIX-XX (1976-77), p. 279-294.

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Most of the sources stored in Zadar and composed before the dissolution of the Republic of Venice in 1797 were
written in Latin and Italian, reflecting the fact that the town itself and the largest part of Dalmatia belonged to the
Republic for centuries. In that time Venetian possessions were surrounded by the domains of local Slavic lords in Cro-
atia and Bosnia, and later by the territories of the Ottoman Empire.16 This very circumstance meant that the political
leadership of towns on the east coast of the Adriatic took a lot of interest in the events occurring in their hinterland,
and even more importantly, that they were supposed to inform their superiors in Venice about them. Consequently,
among many other documents, the Zadar archives also contain a very rich and detailed correspondence between the
various representatives of the Venetian authorities on the ground – in the urban communes – with their Signoria in the
capital. And this communication was not only conducted between the comes of Zadar and the government of Venice,
but also between the various Venetian representatives in Brač, Hvar, Korčula, Split, Šibenik and Trogir, and, as has
already been explained, all of these documents are today concentrated in the Zadar State Archives, making it much
easier to conduct research. The data contained in the letters, although often limited to political and military events, is
extremely useful because these diplomatic sources are contemporary, detailed, authentic, and do not constitute mere
speculation. They were, in fact, formed on the basis of precise intelligence from the ground supplied by an intricate
network of diplomats and informants in the proximity of the described events who always had the aim to faithfully
inform about the situation. Moreover, the counts of the coastal communes had strong connections and contacts with
the rulers and nobles on the continent, and sometimes even received first hand information from them. This fact then
increases the importance of the holdings for reconstructing the chronology, itinerary and extent of Ottoman military
campaigns conducted in Serbia, Bosnia and Hungary in the fifteenth century.17
Despite their significance, the majority of these documents, unfortunately, remain unpublished or unknown to
historians of the early Ottoman Empire.18 They are kept in archival storage volumes or files, referred to by their Italian
name as buste, which in turn hold sever smaller fascicles containing the original correspondence. Of particular interest
is the envelope of the acts of Francesco Lombardo, count of the island of Korčula in the Adriatic, for the years 1448,
49 and 50, since this particular volume includes a lot of information on the Ottoman presence in Bosnia and neigh-
bouring lands. Take, for instance, the letter that the count of Korčula addressed to doge Francesco Foscari of Venice
in February of 1448, which in translation reads as:
“… I notify you that I have received a letter today from one of your nobles of Obrad, who is currently in Drijeva
[in the Bosnian Kingdom], and who says that around 10.000 Turks arrived to Bosnia and went as far as Cetina, which
is a place that belongs to ban Petar. They captured many Christians and caused much damage so that many villagers
ran away and hid in the fortresses. It is said that these Turks came at the request of Duke Stjepan in order to cause
damage to the King of Bosnia, lord Sladoje and lord ban Petar. And these Turks are now in a place called Dumno on
the territory of the Bosnian King …”19
This letter obviously needs to be approached critically and compared to other available texts, but it still gives
specific and exact information about the targets of the attack and the movement of the Ottoman army – the kind of data
which does not appear in other available sources, particularly Ottoman ones, such as defters, vakifnames, chronicles
etc. Sometimes the discovery of such documents from the Zadar archives can help us re-evaluate our understanding of
certain established events or processes. In 1989 the late professor Marko Šunjić published the reports of the count of
Trogir about the Ottoman conquest of Bosnia in 1463 that he had discovered in Zadar.20 The texts not only confirmed
what was already known about that momentous event, but they enhanced our knowledge and filled so many gaps in
16 For the early history of the relations between Zadar and its Ottoman hinterland, see: Seid M. Traljić, “Zadar i turska pozadina od XV do potkraj
XIX stoljeća”, Radovi instituta jugoslovenske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti u Zadru, XI-XII (1965), p. 203-227; Bogumil Hrabak, “Turske
provale i osvajanja na području današnje severne Dalmacije do sredine XVI stoljeća”, Radovi Zavoda za hrvatsku povijest, XIX (1986), p.
69-100.
17 For an evaluation of these accounts on the example of the Ottoman military campaign conducted in 1463 against the Kingdom of Bosnia, see:
Emir O. Filipović, “Ardet ante oculos opulentissimum regnum… Venetian Reports about the Ottoman Conquest of the Bosnian Kingdom,
A.D. 1463”, in: Italy and Europe’s Eastern Border (1204-1669), ed. Iulian Mihai Damian et al., Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main 2012, p. 135-
155.
18 Some sporadic and unsystematic approaches to the editing of these documents exist, such as, for example, Franjo Radić, “Prilog za povjest sla-
venskog juga god. 1448”, Starine JAZU, XXVII (1895), p. 226-238, but they are scarce and usually scattered in various periodic publications,
making it difficult to keep track of them. Certain Venetian documents from the archives in Zadar were also edited by Šime Ljubić, Listine o
odnošajih izmedju Južnoga Slavenstva i Mletačke Republike, vols. IX-X, Jugoslavenska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti, Zagreb 1890-1891,
but these seldom mention the Ottomans.
19 “… notifico qualiter hodierna die habui per literas unius vostri nobilis de Obrad qui in presentiarum se reperit Narente qualiter applicuerunt
circa Xm Teucri in Bosinam et iverunt usque in Cetinam qui locus est domini banni Petri et ceperunt christianos multos nec non intulerunt
multa damna per modum quod omnes villici aufugerunt et reducti sunt in fortiliciis qui Teucri venerunt ut fertur ad requisitionem comitis
Stephani ad damnum regis Bosine et domini Sladoe et domini bani Petri. Et sunt modo dicti Teucri in loco vocato Dumno territori regis Bosine
…” (12 February 1449), State Archives in Zadar, Korčulanski arhiv, vol. 18, fol. 14v.
20 Marko Šunjić, “Trogirski izvještaji o turskom osvojenju Bosne (1463)”, Glasnik arhiva i društva arhivskih radnika Bosne i Hercegovine,
XXIX (1989), p. 139-157.

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our understanding, precisely because they were written at the time and not with a distance of several years or decades.
Seeing as the correspondence between Venice and its representatives in Dalmatia was conducted in both direc-
tions, the Zadar Archives also keep a very valuable collection of books in the series “Ducali e terminazioni” which
contain the decisions of the counts and provveditores of Zadar, as well as the important and informative “littere
ducalis”. These are letters composed by the Doge and sent to organs of Venetian authority, proclaiming a verdict or
resolution of the Senate to his subjects. Since this document had legal significance, it was thus recorded and copied
into archival books, while the original was returned to Venice as confirmation that it had been received and accepted.
Some of the letters directly concern issues that the Venetian government had with Ottoman expansion in the immediate
vicinity of its Dalmatian domains and are therefore first class sources for the study of the spreading of Ottoman author-
ity in the Balkans. In 1985 Ivan Pederin edited a very useful selection of those documents, pertaining to war and peace
in the relations between the Venetian Republic and the Ottoman Empire from the fifteenth to the seventeenth century.21

Dubrovnik State Archives22

The Dubrovnik State Archives and its reading room are located within the walls of the old city, on the east side of
the main Stradun street of Dubrovnik, just across the church of St. Blaise, and are housed in the splendid Sponza pal-
ace – one of the representative public buildings erected in the beginning of the sixteenth century to serve as a customs
office, warehouse and coin mint. Judging by the amount of preserved documents, according to their age and value, the
Dubrovnik State Archives are among the richest of their kind in this part of Europe and stand next to those archival
collections stored in Florence, Vienna or Venice.23 The famous historian Fernand Braudel even wrote that the Archives
in Dubrovnik were “far and away the most valuable for our knowledge of the Mediterranean.”24
From the earliest of times, the inhabitants of Dubrovnik took great care to preserve written documentation. It
is well known that during the Middle Ages treasured state documents of the Dubrovnik commune were kept in the
holiest of places, in the Cathedral, among the relics of saints. Thus the oldest preserved charter in Dubrovnik stems
from the eleventh century, and since the town was a merchant republic, the rise of trade influenced the establishment
of the archives. In 1278, the authorities of Dubrovnik introduced a communal notary service which produced record
books containing various trade deals, debt confirmations, marital agreements, testaments of nobles and citizens, etc.25
They offer a rare glimpse into the society and every-day life of the medieval people who lived or worked there. These
documents were for the most part preserved in Dubrovnik until 1808 when the Republic came under the authority
of Napoleon, only to be later handed over to the Habsburg Empire after 1815. Not long afterwards some of the more
significant documents were sent to Vienna. When the First World War ended in 1918, according to the treaty of
Saint-Germain-en-Laye, the archival materials were supposed to be returned to the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and
Slovenes, but instead of being taken to Dubrovnik they were transferred to the capital of the newly formed state in
Belgrade. From there they were once again relocated to Vienna during the Second World War, and were then returned
to their place of origin in a process lasting from 1946 to 1952, when they were finally moved into the Sponza palace.26
Most of the official state documents in Dubrovnik were composed in Latin, but a lot of the correspondence has
also been written in the Italian and Slavic languages. The Latin and Italian sources drew a lot of attention from re-
searchers ever since the nineteenth century. These documents have often been issued in various collections which are
far too numerous to mention, but two books with sources pertaining to the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans can be
singled out – the Diplomatarium Ragusanum of Lajos Thallóczy and Josip Gelcich, published in Budapest in 1897;27

21 Иван Педерин, “Задарске дукале о рату и миру с Турцима од XV до XVII стољећа”, Херцеговина – Часопис за културно и историјско
насљеђе, IV (1985), p. 131-147.
22 Državni arhiv u Dubrovniku, Sv. Dominika 1, 20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia, www.dad.hr. For general information, a brief historical summary and
a review of archival collections of the Dubrovnik State Archives, see: Kolanović (ed.), Pregled arhivskih fondova i zbirki Republike Hrvatske,
sv. 1, p. 245-282.
23 For a more detailed overview of the historical development and inventories of the Dubrovnik State Archives, see: Јосип Гелчић, “Дубровачки
архив”, Гласник Земаљског музеја, XXII (1910), p. 537-588; Vinko Foretić, “Državni arhiv u Dubrovniku”, Historijski zbornik, IV (1951),
p. 209-215; Idem, “Dubrovački arhiv u srednjem vijeku”, Anali Historijskog instituta JAZU u Dubrovniku, VI-VII (1957-59), p. 315-336;
Idem, “O Dubrovačkom arhivu”, Arhivist, XIX (1969), p. 52-64; Jorjo Tadić, “Les archives économiques de Raguse”, Annales. Histoire,
Sciences Sociales, XVI (1961), p. 1168-1175; Stjepan Ćosić, “Prinos poznavanju tajništva i arhiva Dubrovačke republike”, Arhivski vjesnik,
XXXVII (1994), p. 123-145.
24 Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, Vol. II, trans. Siân Reynolds, University of Cali-
fornia Press, Berkeley – Los Angeles – London 1995, p. 1258-1259.
25 Грегор Чремошник, “Када је постао дубровачки архив?”, Гласник Земаљског музеја, XLIV (1932), p. 57-61; Zdravko Šundrica, “Kako
je nastala i kako je sačuvana bogata arhivska građa Dubrovačkog arhiva”, Arhivist, XXIX (1979), p. 23-36.
26 For the complicated and protracted procedure of restitution of documents from the Republic of Austria to the Socialist Federative Republic of
Yugoslavia, see: Andrej Rodinis, Povratak povelje kralja Dabiše. Izvršenje arhivskih sporazuma i restitucija građe, Društvo za proučavanje
srednjovjekovne bosanske historije, Sarajevo 2014.
27 Lajos Thallóczy – Joszef Gelcich, Raguza és Magyarország összeköttetéseinek oklevéltára, A M. tud. akadémia Tört. bizottsága, Budapest 1887.

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and the second volume of Nicolai Iorga’s Notes and Extracts for the Study of the History of Crusades in the Fifteenth
Century, published in Paris in 1899.28 Both were, and still are, frequently and extensively cited by historians who write
about South-East Europe in the late Middle Ages.
The principal fonds in the State Archives, those of the Dubrovnik Republic, contain more than 7,000 bound books
and more than 100,000 individual documents. This fond is divided into series, all of which contain multiple volumes
of contemporary written records depending on their purpose and function.29 I will now turn to those series that are
relevant for the study of early Ottoman history.
First of all these are the legal books and minutes from the Dubrovnik councils as the supreme organs of authority
in the commune, titled Reformationes. They can be followed continuously from 1301 to 1415, and from then on they
are divided into three separate series of books – Decisions of the Senate (Acta Consilii Rogatorum), Minor (Acta
Minoris Consilii) and Major Council (Acta Consilii Maioris) – which run until 1808. They give a lot of evidence
about the state and legal organization of Dubrovnik, as well as about its relations with foreign lands and rulers, and
they constitute the single most valuable source of information on the political events in the hinterland. Historians can
explore the minutes of these council meetings in order to learn the names and activities of various Ottoman officials
from Serbia, Albania or Bosnia who came into contact with the Dubrovnik commune and its merchants, as well as to
reconstruct the ways in which the Ottomans extended their power all over the broader Balkans region. The relevant
decisions are dispersed throughout the record books, they vary in length, significance and quality of information they
contain, but as official verdicts of the Republic they constitute very worthy research material.
The second archival series that can be of interest to researchers of early Ottoman history are the letters and in-
structions sent from the Dubrovnik Government to its representatives, diplomats and ambassadors to foreign courts
and states, also known as Lettere di Levante. From the end of the fourteenth and beginning of the fifteenth century, the
Dubrovnik Republic, nominally recognizing the sovereignty of the Hungarian King, had its consulates and diplomatic
representatives on courts of many foreign rulers and nobles. The archives keep bound copies of the rich ambassadorial
correspondence that the Dubrovnik Government maintained with their agents abroad, including detailed instructions
and information on the major political events of the time. The letters are written in Italian and can stretch for pages and
pages, full of very intricate details and descriptions. There are even directives for messengers of Dubrovnik travelling
to various Ottoman officials in their immediate hinterland or to the Sublime Porte, to Edirne or Constantinople.30 Also,
the merchant commune of Dubrovnik, located on the crossroads between East and West, North and South, acted as a
kind of an information hub where intelligence from the whole Mediterranean was accumulated and then subsequently
distributed to various contacts all over Europe.31 For instance, letters that the Dubrovnik Government periodically
sent to its sovereign, Hungarian King and Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire Sigismund of Luxembourg (r. 1387-
1437), often contain concise news bulletins informing him about important political or military events in the Ottoman
Empire, thus turning the whole collection into an indispensable source for the study of pre-modern Ottoman history.
Apart from these remarkable Italian letters, it has long been noted that the earliest official correspondence be-
tween the Ottoman administration and the lords and nobles in the Balkans was conducted in the Slavic language and
written in Cyrillic script.32 Due to the mentioned language barrier, these documents have remained outside of the focus
of many historians dealing with early Ottoman history in the Balkans, even though the texts have been issued and ed-

28 Nicolai Iorga, Notes et extraits pour servir a l’histoire des croisades au XVe siècle, Vol. II, Ernest Leroux, Paris 1899.
29 For a review of the old and new organization of the Archives of the Ragusan Republic, containing shelf-marks of the collections, their Latin
and Croatian names, see: Zoran Perović, “Zanimanje arhivist – Obrazovanje, praksa, perspektive, na primjeru Državnog arhiva u Dubrovni-
ku”, in: II. kongres hrvatskih arhivista, Hrvatsko arhivističko društvo, Zagreb 2005, p. 1-22. Digital version of the paper available at: www.
had-info.hr
30 The initial diplomatic contacts between Dubrovnik and the Ottoman Empire are usually dated to the years 1430 and 1431, see: Valentina
Zovko, “The First Ambassadors from Dubrovnik at the Sublime Porte (1430/31)”, in: Turkey & Romania. A History of Partnership and Col-
laboration in the Balkans, eds. Florentina Nitu et al., Türk Dünyası Belediyeler Birliği, Istanbul 2016, p. 37-68; Idem, “Communication and
political identity formation: Dubrovnik’s first ambassadors to the Sublime Porte”, Tabula – Časopis Filozofskog fakulteta u Puli, XIV (2016),
p. 85-102; Vesna Miović, “Diplomatic Relations between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Dubrovnik”, in: The European Tributary
States of the Ottoman Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, eds. Gábor Kármán – Lovro Kunčević, Brill, Leiden – Boston 2013,
p. 187-208. Although the Dubrovnik Government itself wanted to present this instance as the first time they interacted with the Ottomans, from
the existing documents it is clear that those relations go as far back as 1396.
31 Bariša Krekić, “Cirkulacija informacija između Dubrovnika i Bosne u prvoj polovini XV vijeka”, Godišnjak Društva istoričara Bosne i Her-
cegovine, XXXIX (1988), p. 50-56.
32 Miloš Ivanović, “Cyrillic correspondence between the Commune of Ragusa and Ottomans from 1396 to 1458”, in: State and Society in the
Balkans before and after establishment of Ottoman rule, eds. Srđan Rudić – Selim Aslantaş, The Institute of History Belgrade – Yunus Emre
Enstitüsü, Turkish Cultural Centre Belgrade, Belgrade 2017, p. 43-63.

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Tapu ve Kadastro Genel Müdürlüğü

ited several times by Medo Pucić,33 Franz Miklosich,34 Konstantin Jireček,35 Ćiro Truhelka,36 Karl Kovač,37 Ljubomir
Stojanović,38 Gliša Elezović,39 and Branislav Nedeljković,40 to name just the most important ones.41 Some of the Slavic
letters were preserved in the first volume of the Lettere di Levante books, but the majority are still to be found in the
archival section known as Diplomata et acta, i.e. charters and documents.
These are original documents written by Slavic scribes in Ottoman service and issued by the official chanceries
of the Sublime Porte and the various Ottoman officials in the Balkans.42 Although the texts have been published and
studied previously, the external features of the documents themselves have not yet been properly analysed. And since
the charters and letters are composed in the Slavic language and Cyrillic script, combining elements of both Slavic
and Ottoman diplomatic traditions,43 they represent exceptional source material for experts in both Slavic and Ottoman
studies.
The oldest of those documents was issued by Sultan Murat II in Edirne, in July 1430, when he ordered the citizens
of Dubrovnik to reimburse one of his vassals for damages.44 Soon after the correspondence between Dubrovnik and
the Ottomans grew in frequency and intensity, so that the collection includes similar letters, charters, contracts and
deeds issued by Sultans Mehmed II and Bayezit II,45 Isa-bey Ishaković and his sons Mehmed Celebi and Ali-bey,46
then Mahmud Pasha Anđelović,47 Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha,48 and numerous other less notable officials whose letters
have yet to be accurately dated, identified and contextualized.
Some very important documents about early Ottoman history are also intermittently dispersed throughout various
other specialized collections of the Dubrovnik State Archives, such as the miscellaneous record books of the state
chancery (Diversa Cancellariae) and registers of the public notary (Diversa Notariae). These manuscripts contain di-
verse texts, judicial acts, announcements of sales and purchases, contracts and agreements which sometimes mention
various aspects of Ottoman presence in the hinterland of Dubrovnik.49 Certain information about sieges of fortified
settlements, about the payment of tribute which Balkan lords owed to the Ottoman Sultan, and also about luxury items,
weapons and other utensils of Turkish origin, can be discerned from numerous contemporary testaments recorded by
notaries in Dubrovnik (Testamenta Notariae). Instances of general disorder in times of war (such as robberies, mur-
ders, enslaving of people, etc.) were regularly and thoroughly documented in accounts of the criminal court chroni-
cling litigation processes for offences committed outside of the Dubrovnik city walls (Lamenta de foris),50 while the
comprehensive books of debts registered by the public notary (Debita Notariae) can provide substantial evidence of
the ways how territories that had been incorporated into the Ottoman Empire were gradually returned to the previously
existing trading systems.51

33 Медо Пуцић, Споменици Сръбски од 1395. до 1423. тo єст Писма писана од републике дубровачке Кральевима, Деспотима,
Войводама и Кнезовима Сръбскием, Босанскием и Приморскием, Кньигопечатняа Княажества србског, Београд 1858.
34 Franz Miklosich, Monumenta Serbica spectantia historiam Serbiae Bosnae Ragusii, Apud Guilelmum Bramüller, Viennae 1858.
35 Константин Јиречек, Споменици српски, Српска краљевска академија, Београд 1892.
36 Ćiro Truhelka, “Tursko-slovjenski spomenici dubrovačke arhive”, Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja, XXIII (1911), p. 1-162.
37 Karl Kovač, “Nekoliko slavjenskih listina”, Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja, XXIV (1912), p. 397-412.
38 Љубомир Стојановић, Старе српске повеље и писма, књ. I/2, Српска краљевска академија, Београд – Ср. Карловци 1934.
39 Глиша Елезовић, Турско-српски споменици Дубровачког архива, Издавачка књижарница Геце Кона, Београд 1932.
40 Бранислав М. Недељковић, “Дубровачко-турски уговор од 23. октобра 1458. године”, Зборник Филозофског факултета у Београду,
XI (1970), p. 363-392.
41 For a review of the previous results and remaining activites in the publishing of archival sources from the Dubrovnik Archives, see: Vinko
Foretić, “Dosadašnji rezultati i daljnje potrebe izdavanja arhivskih izvora Historijskog arhiva u Dubrovniku i ostalih dubrovačkih povijesnih
vrela”, Arhivski vjesnik, XIII (1970), p. 445-461; Idem, “Znanstvena istraživanja i izdavanje arhivske građe Dubrovačkog arhiva”, Arhivist,
XXIX (1979), p. 37-55.
42 Lejla Nakaš, “Portina slavenska kancelarija i njen utjecaj na pisare u prvom stoljeću osmanske uprave u Bosni”, Forum Bosnæ, LXXIV-
LXXV (2016), p. 267-297.
43 For the parallels between the Slavic and Ottoman diplomatic practices, see: Vančo Boškov, “Odnos srpske i turske diplomatike”, Jugoslovens-
ki istorijski časopis, XIX (1980), p. 219-236.
44 Стојановић, Старе српске повеље и писма, књ. I/2, 227-228.
45 Ibidem, 237-272, 284-343.
46 Ibidem, 235-237, 347.
47 Ibidem, 274-275.
48 Ibidem, 353-360.
49 These have not been systematically published. Some documents or extracts pertaining to early Ottoman presence in the Ragusan hinterland ap-
pear in editions such as: Михајло Динић, Из Дубровачког архива, књ. III, Српска академија наука и уметности, Београд 1967; Бранислав
М. Недељковић, “Мешовита порота. Дубровачка документа XIV и XV века о пограничној пороти”, Мешовита грађа, VI (1978), p.
7-180.
50 For a thourough examination of the way that this judicial series was organized, with an accompanying reference and classification table, see:
Nella Lonza, “Srednjovjekovni zapisnici dubrovačkog kaznenog suda: izvorne cjeline i arhivsko stanje”, Anali Zavoda za povijesne znanosti
Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti u Dubrovniku, XLI (2003), p. 45-74.
51 Extracts from this extremely important collection of sources pertaining to the history of medieval Bosnia were recently published by Esad
Kurtović, Izvori za historiju srednjovjekovne Bosne (Ispisi iz knjiga zaduženja Državnog arhiva u Dubrovniku 1365-1521), Akademija nauka i
umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo 2017, and they also include numerous references to Ottoman controlled territories, various Ottoman
officials or recent converts to Islam.

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 Arşiv Dairesi Başkanlığı

Concluding remarks
Unfortunately, despite their importance and rich variety, there has not been a methodical approach to the discov-
ering, publishing and translating of those documents from collections which are relevant for the early history of the
Ottoman Empire. The language barrier still seems to be an immense obstacle in the communication between experts,
and some historians of early Ottoman history are still unaware of the existence or contents of such astounding archival
collections. Therefore, the aim of this brief overview was to introduce the source materials kept in the archives of
Zadar and Dubrovnik to a broader audience and to shed some light on the various possibilities that they offer for the
research of Ottoman history before the beginning of the sixteenth century.
Furthermore, the majority of documents from these collections which were issued by Ottoman chanceries but
composed in the Slavic language and Cyrillic script have not yet been securely dated and some of the authors are yet
to be identified. A trained specialist working with both sets of sources, occidental and oriental as well, could easily
remove these deficiencies. This is because the two groups contain data that supplements and complements each other,
allowing for a much more comprehensive evaluation of their contents. Thus, if approached critically and thoroughly,
with methodological and analytic rigor, the extensive corpus of Slavic, Latin and Italian sources in the archives of
coastal Dalmatia can challenge the established narratives, offering a fresh and different perspective to the early Otto-
man history in the Balkans.

ABSTRACT
This paper provides an outline and brief summary of the Slavic, Latin and Italian documents from the late Middle
Ages which are currently kept in the State Archives of Zadar and Dubrovnik in the Republic of Croatia, highlighting
their great potential and possibilities for the research and study of early Ottoman history in the Balkans. These rich
archival collections contain diverse and valuable facts about the establishment and functioning of Ottoman rule in
South-East Europe, but despite of that, the information they give has not yet been fully incorporated into the dominant
historical narratives about the rise of the Ottoman Empire. The greatest obstacle to the full appreciation of their im-
portance has been the obvious language barrier, but a systematic approach to these documents could generate valuable
results and further advance our knowledge about the history of the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire in the fourteenth
and fifteenth century. Therefore, in the hope of drawing the attention of the global community of medievalists and
ottomanists to these documents and archives, I have presented a general description of the existing records, their orga-
nization and arrangement, as well a brief assessment of the kind of information that they include.
Key Words: Ottoman Empire, Balkans, History, Dalmatia, Archives, Zadar, Dubrovnik

ÖZET
Bu çalışma, Hırvatistan Cumhuriyeti’nde Zadar ve Dubrovnik Devlet Arşivlerinde muhafaza edilen geç Orta-
çağlardan Slavca, Latince ve İtalyanca belgelerin, Balkanlarda Osmanlı tarihi araştırmaları ve çalışmaları için bü-
yük potansiyel ve imkânlarının altını çizmek suretiyle kısa bir özetini sunmaktadır. Bu zengin arşiv koleksiyonları
Güney-doğu Avrupa’da Osmanlı yönetiminin kuruluşu ve işleyişi hakkında çeşitli ve değerli gerçekler içermektedir,
ancak bununla birlikte, bunların verdiği bilgiler Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun yükselişi hakkında hâkim olan tarihi an-
latıların içerisine henüz girmemiştir. Bunların önemini tam olarak idrakte en büyük mânia, açık olarak dil bariyeridir,
lakin bu belgelere sistemli bir yaklaşım kıymetli sonuçlar üretebilir ve on dördüncü ve on beşinci yüzyıllarda Balkan
ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu tarihi hakkında bilgimizi ileriye taşıyabilir. Bundan dolayı, bu belgelere ve arşivlere orta-
çağcıların ve Osmanistlerin dikkatini çekme umuduyla, mevcut kayıtların, tertip ve düzenlerinin genel bir tanımını ve
içerdikleri bilgi türlerinin kısa bir değerlendirmesini sunuyorum.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, Balkanlar, Tarih, Dalmaçya, Arşivler, Zadar, Dubrovnik

275
Tapu ve Kadastro Genel Müdürlüğü

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278
 Arşiv Dairesi Başkanlığı

lerini değerlendiriyoruz.
Kongrenin bundan sonra da yeni içeriklerle devam edeceğini yeni oluşumların ortaya çıkmasına da neden olaca-
ğını görüyorum. Çünkü çok sayıda ülkeden bu alanda araştırma yapanlar bu alanda çalışan akademisyenler uygula-
macılar hep bir araya gelerek aslında hem geleceği hem de sorunlarını tartışmış oldular. Buna imkân sağlayan Türkiye
bu konuda da önderlik yapmış oldu.
Belge yönetimi ve arşiv alanında lisans, yüksek lisans, doktora düzeyinde eğitim programları olan ülkemiz Os-
manlı coğrafyasına öncülük yapacak ve onlara da eğitim desteği verecek bir kapasiteye de sahiptir ve bunu da buradan
duyurmakta yarar görüyorum. Ortak belgelerimiz ortak değerlerimiz hep birlikte ortak değerlerimizi hep birlikte bu
şekilde taşımak için atılmış bu adımlar kongrelerle atılmış adımlar bizi daha önemli işbirliklerine de götürecektir. Bu
kapsamda 2. Uluslararası Osmanlı Coğrafyası Arşiv Kongresinin düzenlenmesini ve başarılı bir şekilde sonuçlanma-
sını sağlayan Tapu ve Kadastro Genel Müdürlüğüne ve emeği geçen herkese bende teşekkür ediyorum. Özelikle yine
bu tür etkinliklerde da hep arka planda çalışan çok değerli bir ekip vardır, bu ekibe özellikle çok teşekkür ediyorum.
Bu noktada da Mehmet Yıldırır ile öğrencim olan Songül Kadıoğlu’na özellikle teşekkür ediyorum. Öğrencilerimizin
bu tip organizasyonları yapıyor olması ve bizim de bunları burada görmemiz ayrıca mutluluk vermektedir. Bu vesi-
leyle de bundan sonra da güzel girişimlere imza atılacağına güvenimiz tamdır. Tüm katılımcıları saygı ve sevgilerimle
selamlıyorum.

ZEKERİYA KURŞUN
Biz de hocamıza çok teşekkür ediyoruz, sağolsunlar. Hem kongre boyunca katkı verdiler hem de buradaki fikir-
leriyle bize yeni bir ufuk açtılar. Şimdi de Bilge Kral Aliya’nın memleketinden Emir Filipović onun görüşlerini almak
istiyoruz.

EMİR FİLİPOVİĆ
Bayanlar baylar öncelikle sizlere burada olmamın büyük onur ve ayrıcalık olduğunu söylemek isterim. Sizlere
bugün bu kongre hakkında değerlendirmelerimde en ufağından en büyüğüne her konuda tüm detaylarıyla çok büyük
bir başarı sergilendiğini söylemek isterim. Gerek katılımcı sayısından gerek yapılan bu organizasyondan anlaşılabile-
ceği üzere harika bir iş çıkardınız. Dolayısıyla organizatörlere ve bu kongreyi gerçekleştirmede emeği geçen herkese
çok teşekkür etmek ve şükranlarımı sunmak istiyorum. Biz hepsini görmedik ve kendileriyle konuşamadık ancak bu
kongredeki katılımı bu kadar iyi ve güzel hale getiren herkese teşekkür ediyorum.
Ben bir tarihçiyim ve her zaman tarihin asla geçmişle alakalı olmadığı ancak şu anla alakalı olduğunu söyleyen
bir tarihçiyim. Dolayısıyla günümüz sürekli değiştiği için tarihin de sürekli değişmesi gerekir. Ben bu fikri savunuyo-
rum. Dolayısıyla arşivlerimiz tarihin yeniden yazımıyla da alakalıdır. Tarih arşivler olmadan yazılamaz veya yeniden
yazılamaz, bizim netleşmemiz ve açık bir şekilde iletmemiz gereken mesaj işte tam olarak budur. Burada evraklarımız
ve kültürel mirasımız aynı şekilde yönelimlerimizin hepsi farklı şekilde anlaşılabilir ve sistematik olarak yok edilebi-
lir. Ben bu kongreye Bosna Hersek’ten katılan bir temsilciyim ve bu kadar çok yabancı katılımcının olduğu kongrede
hem unutulmamış olmak hem de burada arkadaşlarımızın ve meslektaşlarımızın oluşturduğu bu geniş ağın içinde
yer almak bizim için bir sevinç kaynağıdır. Tekrardan söylemek istiyorum. Bu kongreyi bu kadar başarılı bir şekilde
gerçekleştiren herkese teşekkür ediyorum.

ZEKERİYA KURŞUN
Biz de kendisine teşekkür ediyoruz. Belki de şunu hatırlatmak gerekiyor kendileri de zaten o açıdan teşekkür
ettiler. Bugün Osmanlı arşivleri Türkiye’de mahfuz arşivler herhalde dünyada en çok Bosna için ifade ediyor ve etti
de. Bu mesajı da sürekli zihnimizde tutmamız gerekiyor. Diğer problemli ülkeler içinde aynı şekilde bu arşivlerin kul-
lanılabileceğini burada konuşmacılar ortaya koymuştur. Şimdi bir başka arşivci hocamız ki kongrede oldukça katkıları
olan hocamız kendilerine söz vermek istiyorum.

ÖZGÜR KÜLCÜ
Sayın Bakanım, Sayın Genel Müdürler, saygıdeğer dinleyiciler. 4 gün süren ve yaklaşık 150’nin üzerinde bildi-
rinin paylaşıldığı ve bunların yarısına yakının yurtdışından bildirilerin olduğu arşivcilik alanındaki belki de en büyük
kongrelerden birisini tamamlamış bulunmaktayız. Gerçekten dünya çapında çok büyük bir organizasyondu ve bundan
sonrada bu organizasyonun sürekli kılınması bence son derece önemli. Değerli hocalarım gerçi teşekkürlerini bildir-

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