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    Chapter 1 Introduction To Maleic Anhydride

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    Ali Ahsan
    Maleic anhydride is a versatile chemical used to produce many products. It is mainly formed through the oxidation of butane using a vanadium catalyst in an exothermic reaction. While first synthesized in the 1830s, it was not commercially manufactured until 1930. Nearly three billion pounds are now produced annually worldwide, mostly in Asia and North America. In Pakistan, maleic anhydride is primarily used to produce unsaturated polyester resins, which have advantages like low cost, good durability, and excellent mechanical properties. Pakistan currently imports all its maleic anhydride due to lacking domestic production capabilities.

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    Chapter 1 Introduction To Maleic Anhydride

    Uploaded by

    Ali Ahsan
    33 views5 pages
    Maleic anhydride is a versatile chemical used to produce many products. It is mainly formed through the oxidation of butane using a vanadium catalyst in an exothermic reaction. While first synthesized in the 1830s, it was not commercially manufactured until 1930. Nearly three billion pounds are now produced annually worldwide, mostly in Asia and North America. In Pakistan, maleic anhydride is primarily used to produce unsaturated polyester resins, which have advantages like low cost, good durability, and excellent mechanical properties. Pakistan currently imports all its maleic anhydride due to lacking domestic production capabilities.

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    Chapter 1 Introduction to Maleic Anhydride

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    Maleic anhydride is a versatile chemical used to produce many products. It is mainly formed through the oxidation of butane using a vanadium catalyst in an exothermic reaction. While first synthesized in the 1830s, it was not commercially manufactured until 1930. Nearly three billion pounds are now produced annually worldwide, mostly in Asia and North America. In Pakistan, maleic anhydride is primarily used to produce unsaturated polyester resins, which have advantages like low cost, good durability, and excellent mechanical properties. Pakistan currently imports all its maleic anhydride due to lacking domestic production capabilities.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    33 views5 pages

    Chapter 1 Introduction To Maleic Anhydride

    Uploaded by

    Ali Ahsan
    Maleic anhydride is a versatile chemical used to produce many products. It is mainly formed through the oxidation of butane using a vanadium catalyst in an exothermic reaction. While first synthesized in the 1830s, it was not commercially manufactured until 1930. Nearly three billion pounds are now produced annually worldwide, mostly in Asia and North America. In Pakistan, maleic anhydride is primarily used to produce unsaturated polyester resins, which have advantages like low cost, good durability, and excellent mechanical properties. Pakistan currently imports all its maleic anhydride due to lacking domestic production capabilities.

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    of 5

    Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO MALEIC ANHYDRIDE

    INTRODUCTION TO MALEIC ANHYDRIDE

    1.1 INTRODUCTION
    Maleic Anhydride is a highly versatile chemical essential to the production of a multitude
    of products. Each molecule contains two acid carbonyl groups and a double bond in the position.

    Mainly, they are formed by the oxidation of butane in the presence of catalyst VPO by an
    exothermic reaction.

    C4H10 + 3.5 O2 C4H2O3 + 4 H2O

    ∆H = -1236 kJ/mol (--295.4 kcal/mol)

    Other names for maleic anhydride are 2, 5-furandione, dihydro-2, 5-dioxofuran, toxilic
    anhydride, or cis-butenedioic anhydride. Maleic acid is also called (Z)-2-butenedioic acid, toxilic
    acid, malenic acid, malenic acid, or cis-1, 2-ethylene dicarboxylic acid.

    1.2 HISTORY

    Maleic anhydride was first synthesized in the 1830’s, but was not manufactured
    commercially until about 1930. Prior to 1930, MA was formed only in small quantities as a by-
    product of the phthalic anhydride process. The advent of patents for the catalytic oxidation of
    benzene coupled with improvements in the vanadium oxide catalysts was integral to the creation
    of a commercially viable process for MA. Today, nearly three billion pounds of MA are made
    each year throughout the world using variations of this process.

    Initially, maleic anhydride was produced by the partial oxidation of benzene using a
    vanadium oxide catalyst. In brief, the process involves the oxidation of a low concentration of

    1
    Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO MALEIC ANHYDRIDE

    benzene in air followed by a separation step to recover the MA from the reactor effluent.
    Because benzene is a hazardous chemical strictly regulated by the EPA and OSHA, efforts to
    find a suitable replacement have been pursued. Over the years, both n-butane and butylene have
    been utilized with increasingly successful results and are gradually overtaking benzene as the
    reactant of choice.

    1.3 WORLD WIDE CONSUMPTION OF MALEIC ANHYDRIDE

    The chart given below shows the world wide usage of maleic anhydride in 2000. It is clear
    from the fig. 1 that maleic anhydride is most widely using in Asia and America.

    North America

    South &
    Central
    America
    Western
    Europe

    Eastern Europe

    Asia

    Africa

    Figure 1 World consumption of Maleic Anhydride-2000

    1.4 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MA

    Some general properties of MA are given in table 1.

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    Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO MALEIC ANHYDRIDE

    Table 1 Physical Properties of MA

    Physical form Molten liquid Color Water white

    Odor Strong irritating acrid Odor threshold 0.5ppm


    odor

    Specific gravity Molten: 1.3 at 70◦C Vapor pressure .2mmHg at 25◦C


    (water=1.0); Solid: 1.48
    at 20◦C (water=1.0)

    Vapor density 3.38 (air= 1.0) Melting point 52.5◦C (126.5◦F)

    Melting point 202◦C (395◦F) Solubility in water Very soluble


    (140mg/100ml)

    Ph 2.42 (.01 M solution) Solubility in other Chloroform, acetone,


    solvent ethyl acetate, benzene,
    hydrocarbons, dioxane.

    Flash point 102◦C (215◦F) PMCC Flammable limits LFL:1.4% UFL:7.1%

    Auto ignition 477◦C (890◦F) Thermal decomposition >150◦C


    temperature temperature

    1.5 USES OF MALEIC ANHYDRIDE

    In Pakistan, it is most widely using in the production of unsaturated polyester resin that
    further has many advantages. Fig. 2 briefly shows the uses of MA.

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    Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO MALEIC ANHYDRIDE

    Figure 2 Uses of maleic anhydride

    1.6 PROPERTIES OF UPR MANUFACTURED FROM MA

    The properties of unsaturated polyester resin that is manufactured from maleic anhydride are
    following:

    1. It is having low cost.

    2. It has good external durability.

    3. It is having excellent mechanical properties.

    4. It has versatility in its uses.

    Uptil now, there is no plant of maleic anhydride in Pakistan so due to its large requirement, it is
    imported from abroad,

    1.7 IMPORTS IN PAKISTAN

    The import data that is taken from SMEDA can be seen in table 2.

    Table 2 Import data of MA from SMEDA

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    Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO MALEIC ANHYDRIDE

    year 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008

    Import
    5463 9,112 14, 820
    ( tons/yr)

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