Instruction Manual: HM 290 Base Unit For Turbines

Instruction Manual
HM 290 Base Unit for Turbines

HM 290 BASE UNIT FOR TURBINES
All rights reserved, G.U.N.T. Gerätebau, Barsbüttel, Germany 10/2015
Instruction Manual
Dipl.-Ing.(FH) Dipl.-Ing.-Päd. Michael Schaller
This manual must be kept by the unit.
Before operating the unit:

- Read this manual.
- All participants must be instructed on
handling of the unit and, where appropriate,
on the necessary safety precautions.
Version 1.3 Subject to technical alterations
i
ii
Table of Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Didactic notes for teachers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1 Intended use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Structure of safety instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 Safety instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.4 Ambient conditions for the operating and storage location . . . . . . . . . 7
3 Description of the device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3.1 Fluid energy machines range and introduction to HM290. . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2 Structure of the supply unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3 Device function and components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.4 Operation and measurement data acquisition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.4.1 Program installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.4.2 Program operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.5 Commissioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.5.1 Swapping the attached unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.5.2 Controller operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.6 Decommissioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.7 Care and maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
iii
4 Basic principles for GUNT Labline fluid energy machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

4.1 Classification of fluid energy machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.1.1 Power machines / work machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.1.2 Turbomachines / positive displacement machines . . . . . . . . 24
4.2 Fundamental physical principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.2.1 Laws of conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.2.1.1 Continuity equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.2.1.2 Conservation of momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.2.1.3 Conservation of energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.2.1.4 Bernoulli's principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.2.2 Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.2.2.1 Specific work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.2.3 Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.2.4 Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.2.5 Energy conversion in the motion of fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5 Further basic principles for HM 290 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

5.1 Converting pressure energy and velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.2 Pump characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.3 System characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
5.4 Operating point: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
6 Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
6.1 Preparation for the experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
6.2 Experiment 1: Recording a pump characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
6.2.1 Objective of the experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
6.2.2 Conducting the experiment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
6.2.3 Measured values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
6.2.4 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
6.2.5 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
iv
6.3 Experiment 2: Recording system characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

6.3.2 Conducting the experiment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
6.3.3 Measured values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
6.3.4 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
6.3.5 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
6.4 Experiment 3: Combination of pump characteristic and system charac-
teristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
6.4.2 Measured values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

6.4.3 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
6.4.4 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
6.5 Further experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
7 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
7.1 Technical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
7.2 Tables and graphs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
v
vi
1 Introduction
The HM 290 "Base Unit for Turbines" is part of

the GUNT Labline fluid energy machines range
of devices.
The GUNT Labline fluid energy machines allow
experiments on power engines and machines
such as pumps, fans and water turbines.
All devices in the GUNT Labline fluid energy
machines range are equipped with electronic
sensors for PC-based measurement data acquisi-

tion and are operated from a PC. Measurements
can be represented graphically and characteris-
tics can be recorded using the measurement data
acquisition software provided. The GUNT Labline
series of devices puts the HSI "Hardware-Soft-
ware Integration" product approach into effect.
The HM 290 Base Unit is required to operate the
HM 288, HM 289 and HM 291 turbine demon-
strators. A flow control valve that can be used
for the basic experiments on pumps is included.
Furthermore, a PC provided by the customer is
required to operate the supplied software.
HM 290 essentially consists of the housing on
which the water tank and the pump are mounted.
The pump pumps the water out of the water tank
into the hose connection. This is connected to the
attached unit being studied. Volume flow and
pressure of the water are measured downstream
of the pump. Rotational speed and torque in tur-
bine demonstrators are transmitted via a plug
connector.
1 Introduction 1
Simple experiments on the centrifugal pump are

possible with the "Throttle valve for pump
experiments". Characteristic curves and operat-
ing points can be recorded by:
• The adjustable pump
• Varying the volume flow through the valve
Learning objectives for the centrifugal pump

are:
• Recording a system characteristic
• Recording a pump characteristic
• Explaining the operating point as the intersec-
tion of system characteristic and pump charac-
teristic
2 1 Introduction
1.1 Didactic notes for teachers
HM 290 can be employed both in the training of

skilled workers and in academic engineering edu-
cation.
In addition to experiments on the centrifugal
pump, the unit is used as a supply unit for the tur-
bine demonstrators.
Areas where the HM 290 experimental unit and
the associated turbine demonstrators can be
employed include:
• Demonstration experiments
The demonstrator operates the previously pre-
pared experimental unit while a small group of
five to eight students observe. Key effects can
be demonstrated over an operating time of half
an hour.
• Practical experiments
Small groups of two or three students can carry
out experiments for themselves. The time
required to record measurements and some
characteristic curves can be estimated at about
one hour.
• Project work
The devices are particularly well suited to car-
rying out project work. In addition to detailed
investigations, it is possible to carry out com-
parative experiments using the different turbine
demonstrators.
In this case a single, experienced student can
operate the experimental unit.
1 Introduction 3
These materials are intended to be used to help

you prepare your lessons. You can compose
parts of the material as information for students
and use it in class.
We also provide these experiment instructions in
pdf format on a CD to support your lessons. We
grant you unlimited reproduction rights for use
within the context of your teaching duties.
We hope that you enjoy using the Base Unit

and wish you success in your important task of
introducing students to the fundamentals of
technology.
Should you have any comments about this
device, please do not hesitate to contact us.
4 1 Introduction
2 Safety
2.1 Intended use
The unit is to be used only for teaching purposes.
2.2 Structure of safety instructions
The signal words DANGER, WARNING or

CAUTION indicate the probability and potential
severity of injury.
An additional symbol indicates the nature of the

hazard or a required action.
Signal word Explanation
Indicates a situation which, if not avoided, will

DANGER result in death or serious injury.
Indicates a situation which, if not avoided, may

WARNING result in death or serious injury.
Indicates a situation which, if not avoided, may

CAUTION result in minor or moderately serious injury.
Indicates a situation which may result in

NOTICE damage to equipment, or provides instructions
on operation of the equipment.
2 Safety 5
Symbol Explanation
Electrical voltage
Hazard area (general)
Note
2.3 Safety instructions
WARNING
Electrical connections are exposed when the
housing is open.
Risk of electrical shock.
• Disconnect the plug from the power supply
before opening the housing.
• Work should only be carried out by qualified
electricians.
• Protect the electrical installation from humidity.
WARNING
Risk of injury when the hose connection is
open.
• Never operate the device without connecting
the hose connection to the attached unit.
• Always fix the attached unit to the water tank
using the star screws.
6 2 Safety
NOTICE
To prevent algae growth, sedimentation and
sludge formation:
• Only operate the device with water of potable
quality.
NOTICE
Frost damage is possible when the system is
stored.
• Only store the system in a frost-free location.
• If there is a risk of frost, drain water tank via the
drainage valve.
• Drain the water if the device is not going to be
used for long periods.
NOTICE
Operating the centrifugal pump without water will
result in severe damage to the pump.
• Ensure that the water tank is full when operat-
ing the centrifugal pump.
2.4 Ambient conditions for the operating and storage location
• Enclosed space
• Free from dust and humidity
• Table
• Frost-free
2 Safety 7
8 2 Safety
3 Description of the device
3.1 Fluid energy machines range and introduction to HM290
The fluid energy machines range allows exper-

iments on power engines and machines such as
pumps, fans and water turbines.
The HM 290 "Base Unit for Turbines" is part of
the fluid energy machines range of devices.
HM290 provides basic experiments on centrifugal
pumps and, in conjunction with one of the turbine
demonstrators HM 288, HM 289 or HM 291, is a

fully functional stand-alone experimental unit.
The range of devices includes experimental units
that cover similar topics:
• As a turbine demonstrator for HM 290:
–HM288,
Experiments with a Reaction Turbine
–HM289,
Experiments with a Pelton Turbine
–HM 291,
Experiments with an Action Turbine
• As a standalone device:
–HM287,
Experiments with an Axial Turbine
Comparative experiments across devices can be
used to achieve additional learning goals.
Comparative measurements across devices
using the pumps and fan/compressor in this range
are recommended and offer additional benefits.
3 Description of the device 9

The following chapters provide a detailed descrip-

tion of the HM290 supply unit.
3.2 Structure of the supply unit
The supply unit is designed as a tabletop device.

Fig. 3.1 shows the layout of the device.
7 6 5 4
3
9
10
2
11
1 Outlet valve 7 Throttle valve for pump experiments

2 Pump 8 Star screws
3 Data cable with connector 9 Water tank
4 Volume flow sensor 10 Baffle plate
5 Pressure sensor 11 Housing
6 Hose connection
Fig. 3.1 HM 290: Main components
10 3 Description of the device

3.3 Device function and components
Besides the HM 290 supply module, a functional

experiment setup also includes a turbine demon-
strator (HM 288, HM 289, HM 291) or the throttle
valve provided and a PC (not supplied) with the
measurement and control software.
The key components for conducting the experi-

ments are located on the housing (11) of the sup-
ply unit. These are the water tank (9) and the
pump (2) controlled with a frequency converter.

The housing contains the drive technology and
instrumentation with a microcontroller board.
When operating the device, the pump (2) pumps
water out of the water tank (9), through the hose
connection (6) and into the throttle valve for
pump experiments (7) or into a turbine demon-
strator. Pressure and volume flow are measured
downstream of the pump (5 & 4). The baffle plate
(10) prevents excessive air entry into the water
while flowing back into the water tank. An outlet
valve (1) can be used to drain the water from the
tank. When using a turbine demonstrator, meas-
urement data are transmitted vis the data cable
with connector (3) on the HM 290 supply unit.
Star screws (8) ensure the attached units are
securely fastened to the supply unit.
Using the software, the measured values from the
pressure sensor and volume flow sensor are used
to calculate the hydraulic input power into the tur-
bine demonstrator.
Similarly, the turbine's mechanical output is deter-
mined from the measured values of rotational
speed and torque.

3.4 Operation and measurement data acquisition
The main switch (15 in Fig. 3.2) is used to turn

15 14
the power supply on and off. It uses a I/0 rocker
switch design.
The connection sockets are located next to the
main switch (power supply no. 12, USB no. 13).
The fuse holder (14) holds the two microfuses.
The integrated microcontroller board is used to
control the device and for measurement data
acquisition.
The measurement data acquisition program
12 13 provided is used both to operate the experimental
Fig. 3.2 Rear of the device, with main unit and to detect and display the measurement
switch and connection sockets data. The measurement data acquisition program
(referred to simply as the program below) is
installed on a PC provided by the customer (cf.
Chapter 3.4.1, Page 14)
The experimental unit and the PC are connected
via the USB port.
The program is used to operate the radial fan
(switch on, change speed and switch off). The
program offers the following options for displaying
the current measured values and calculated val-
ues:
• System diagram
• Graphical presentation of the measured val-
ues.
Fig. 3.3 Rear of the device, with cables
connected • The available measured values and calculated
values are recorded in measurements files.
These measurements files can be imported
into a spreadsheet program (e.g. MS Excel®)
for further processing.

The program's help feature explains how to use

the program (see also Chapter 3.4.2, Page 15).
It should also be pointed out that the measured

values and calculated values are measured con-
tinuously in rapid succession. These values are
averaged before they are displayed and written to
the data file. This mostly compensates for fluctua-
tions.
"Taring" the values at standstill sets the applied
pressure and the torque of the respective turbine

demonstrator to zero at the moment of taring. The
effect of taring can be clearly seen while the pro-
gram is running.
Taring is especially necessary when switching
between different turbine demonstrators, because
the sensors for measuring the torque have differ-
ent offset values due to the production process.
NOTICE
During the operation of turbine model HM 289 the
pump of the supply unit is throttled slightly to pre-
vent an overload of the force sensor. This reduces
the maximum pressure.

3.4.1 Program installation
Required for installation:

• A ready-to-use PC with USB port (for minimum
requirements see Chapter 7, Page 67).
• G.U.N.T. CD-ROM
NOTICE! All components required to install and
operate the program are included on the CD-
ROM provided by GUNT with HM 290. No other
tools are required.
Installation procedure
NOTICE! The device must not be connected to
the PC's USB port while the program is being
installed. The device may only be connected after
the software has been successfully installed.
• Start the PC.
• Insert GUNT CD-ROM.
• In the "Installer" folder, launch the "Setup.exe"
installation program.
• Follow the installation procedure on screen.
• Installation will run automatically after starting
it. The following program components are
installed onto the PC:
– LabVIEW® - Runtime software for PC-
based data acquisition.
– Driver routines for USB data acquisition.
• After the installation has finished, restart the
PC.

3.4.2 Program operation
• Connect to the device via USB and switch on

the device.
• Select the program and start via:
Start / Programs / G.U.N.T. / HM 290
• When you start the software for the first time
after installation you are prompted to select the
desired language for the program operation.
Notice! The language may be changed at any
time in the "Language" menu.

• Afterwards the system diagram for HM 290
appears on the screen.
Fig. 3.4 Language selection • Various pull-down menus are available for
other functions.
• For detailed instructions on use of the program
refer to its Help function. You can get to the
help function via the "?" pull-down menu and
selecting "Help".

3.5 Commissioning
• Observe the safety instructions (cf. Chapter 2,

Page 5 ff.)
• Install the measurement data acquisition pro-
gram on the PC (cf. Chapter 3.4.1, Page 14f).
• Connect experimental unit to the PC using the
USB cable provided (USB connection socket
see no. 13 in Fig. 3.2, Page 12).
• Fill the water tank with potable water up to the
height of the baffle plate. You may also add
algae retardants to the water.
NOTICE
• Evaporation may lead to calcium deposits in
the water tank, therefore GUNT recommends
draining the water should the device not be in
operation for a long time (> 1 week).
• Place the unit required for your experiment

onto the water tank and secure it with the star
screws.
NOTICE
Risk of damage to the device and environment.
• The device may only be used with a unit from
GUNT designed for use with HM 290.
• Add-on units are the throttle valve supplied
and the optional turbine demonstrators
HM 288, HM 289 and HM 291.
• Connect the hose connection to one of the add-
on units.

NOTICE
Risk of damage to the device.
• Before connecting to the electrical power sup-
ply:
Make sure that the laboratory power supply
meets the specifications on the device's rating
plate.
• Connect experimental unit to the mains power

supply.
• Turn main switch (no. 15 in Fig. 3.2, Page 12)
to "1".
• Turn on PC and launch program for measure-
ment data acquisition.
• Turn on the pump via the program.
• Check that each component is functioning cor-
rectly.
• Switch off the pump.
• Main switch to "0".
• Disconnect experimental unit from mains elec-
tricity supply.

3.5.1 Swapping the attached unit
The supply unit recognizes the add-on unit that

you have selected by a code that is transmitted
via the data cable with plug. The exception is the
throttle valve. If no add-on unit is connected to the
supply unit, the device selects the throttle valve
operation mode.
The code means the software automatically starts
in the correct program mode.
If the attached unit is changed during a series of
experiments, the following procedure must be fol-
Fig. 3.5 System diagram with
various add-on units lowed.
WARNING
Risk of injury when the hose connection is
open.
• Never operate the device without connecting
the hose connection to the attached unit.
• Always fix the attached unit to the water tank
using the star screws.
• Close the software and set main switch (15 in

Fig. 3.2, Page 12) to "0".
• Open the hose connection (6 in Fig. 3.2,
Page 12) to the attached unit. Make sure that
water does not get into the housing.
WARNING
Risk of electrical shock.
• Protect the electrical installation from humidity.

• Loosen the star screws (8 in Fig. 3.1, Page 10)

and replace the add-on unit as desired.
• Secure the new add-on unit and connect the
hose connection.
• Main switch to "1".
• Turn on PC and launch program for measure-
ment data acquisition.
• The supply unit is now ready with the changed
add-on unit.
3.5.2 Controller operation
In one particular operating mode it is possible to

use a controller to maintain the pressure at a con-
stant level. Consequently, it is easy to realise the
constant head operating mode, which is crucial
for turbines.
To do this, press the 'pressure control' button in
the software. An input field for pressure to be reg-
ulated will appear. This is the setpoint. You enter
the desired pressure into this field.
The control system uses a PID controller. Control-
ler parameters are used to adjust the controller
behaviour. The various parameters influence con-
trol speed and deviation from the setpoint. In
experiments, good controller results were
achieved with the following controller parameters:
KC: 3
TN: 3 s
TV: 0 s

If the pressure tends to oscillate around the

desired operating point, you can adjust the
parameters accordingly. Parameters are adjusted
during pressure control mode in the 'Edit' menu,
under the 'Controller' item. Clicking this item
opens a window, in which the controller parame-
ters can be changed.
Reducing KC and increasing TN reduces the ten-
dency to oscillate, however it also leads to longer
response times.
3.6 Decommissioning
• Observe the safety instructions (cf. Chapter 2,

Page 5 ff.)
• If not yet done:
– Disconnect experimental unit from mains
electricity supply.
– Disconnect connection between PC and
experimental unit (USB cable).
• Thoroughly clean the entire experimental unit.
– Do not use any aggressive cleaning agents
to clean the device. GUNT recommends a
mild acetic cleaner.
– Only soft cloths should be used for cleaning,
in order to avoid chafing on the transparent
water tank.
• Store the experimental unit and components
under cover, clean, dry and free of frost.

3.7 Care and maintenance
In normal operation, the experimental unit is

maintenance free.
We recommend always keeping the experimental

unit clean. Cleaning should be done with a dry or
damp cloth.


4 Basic principles for GUNT Labline fluid energy machines
The basic principles set out in the following make

no claim to completeness. For further theoretical
explanations, refer to the specialist literature.
More detailed knowledge is examined in the sub-

sequent section on device-specific basic princi-
ples.
4.1 Classification of fluid energy machines
Fluid energy machines are flowed through by a

fluid; this can be a gas or a liquid. When flowing,
energy is exchanged between the fluid energy
machine and the fluid.
The extensive field of fluid energy machines can
be divided into many subject areas.
This section on the basic principles looks at two
key criteria for differentiation in more detail.
4 Basic principles for GUNT Labline fluid energy machines 23

4.1.1 Power machines / work machines
The distinguishing characteristic of this classifica-

tion is the direction of the flowing energy.
Power machine:
The fluid's energy is removed by the machine and
converted into the shaft's mechanical energy.
Typical examples include water turbines used in
the provision of electricity.
Work machine:
The machine transfers energy to the fluid. The
pressure and/or the flow velocity of the fluid
increases. One typical application is a water
pump.
4.1.2 Turbomachines / positive displacement machines
The distinguishing characteristic is the functional

principle.
Turbomachine:
Energy is continuously added to or removed from
the flow by deflection at stator and rotor blades.
This kinetic energy of the fluid is converted into
pressure energy (work machine) or mechanical
energy (power machine). The fluid is conveyed
continuously. No abrupt change in the energy
transfer can be detected.
Positive displacement machine:
A changeable volume drives the fluid or is driven
by the fluid. The pressure difference across the
machine must be big enough to overcome flow
resistances (work machine) or mechanical resist-
ances (power machine). The fluid flow and the
movement of the machine are coupled.
24 4 Basic principles for GUNT Labline fluid energy machines

4.2 Fundamental physical principles
The following section looks at the physical princi-

ples with reference to fluid energy machines.
4.2.1 Laws of conservation
The laws of conservation describe variables that

do not change in the fluid energy machine, in
other words that are preserved.
4.2.1.1 Continuity equation
The continuity equation states that the mass flow

that flows through a system remains constant.
· = V·   = c  A   = const
m (4.1)
A = Cross-section area in m2
c = Flow velocity in m/s
m· = Mass flow in kg/s
·
V = Volume flow in m3/s
 = Density in kg/m3
In incompressible fluids, the density  is not

dependent on the pressure. Gases at low pres-
sure differences can also be considered as
incompressible. In this case, the formula can be
reduced to:
·
V = c  A = const (4.2)
Usually two points in the flow are compared to

each other. The path traced by a fluid particle is
referred to as the flow filament. These flow fila-

ments are found in the flow conduit as a bundle,

which represents the flowed-through shape.
The significance of the continuity equation is par-
Nozzle
Flow filaments ticularly evident when comparing diffuser and
Inlet Outlet nozzle.
c2 In an incompressible medium it follows:
c 1  A 1 = c 2  A 2 and from this:
A1
c1 A2 c1 A
----- = -----2- (4.3)
c2 A1
Fig. 4.1 Schematic change in velocity
in the nozzle of a Pelton tur- A = Cross-section area in m2
bine c = Flow velocity in m/s
The velocities are inversely proportional to the
flow cross sections.
Nozzle
Nozzle:
Flow filaments c2 The flow velocity is accelerated by the cross sec-
A2 tion becoming smaller.
t
le
c1 Fig. 4.1 shows an adjustable nozzle, as used in

ut
A1
O
Pelton turbines. Fig. 4.2 is a nozzle in which the

Inlet outlet cross section is reduced by means of
blades and deflection.
Fig. 4.2 Nozzle: change in velocity by
means of flow deflecting
blades

Diffuser:
Diffuser The flow velocity c is decelerated by the flow
Outlet cross section becoming larger.
A2 c2 The diffuser in Fig. 4.3 is similar in design to the
nozzle (Fig. 4.2). In this case though, the arrange-
A1
t
le
ment of the blades results in an increase in the

In
c1 size of the cross section A.

Flow filaments
With a known surface area ratio, it is therefore
Fig. 4.3 Diffuser: change in velocity by possible to calculate the resulting change in
means of flow deflecting
blades velocity.
Fig. 4.4 shows the blades of an axial turbine.

While the first blade row is formed as a nozzle, the
second blade row initially only appears as a
deflection.
Nozzle Deflection
Fig. 4.4 The nozzle of an axial

turbomachine

4.2.1.2 Conservation of momentum
Momentum is a kinetic quantity. The variables of

mass m and velocity c are applicable:
I = mc (4.4)

I = Momentum in Ns
m = Mass in kg
A change in momentum takes place as a result of
a change in the velocity c. The change in velocity
is caused by an acceleration a = c--- . As a result of
t
this relationship, a force is connected to the term
of the change in momentum:
I = mat = Ft (4.5)
or for a mass flow:

· ct = Ft
I = m (4.6)
a = Acceleration in m/s²
F = Force in N
t = Time in s
The momentum is a directional quantity. The
quantities I, c and F all point in the same direction.

Looking at these formulae it can be seen that the

c2y momentum changes when a force acts.
c2
Fig. 4.5 shows how a water jet is deflected at a
c2x blade. While the value of the velocity c remains
constant, the horizontal velocity component
F changes its algebraic sign.
c1y c 1y = c 2y c 1x = – c 2x
c1
A force has to act on the blade so that the deflec-
·
m c1x
tion can take place; with Formula (4.6) we get:
Fig. 4.5 A water jet is deflected at a F = m ·  c – c 
2x 1x
blade
·   2   –c  
F = m 1x

F = Force in N
The momentum is transferred from one body to

another when a force acts. Within a system that
has no interaction with its surroundings, the
momentum is constant.
Changes in velocity also occur in the previous
Nozzle c2y example of diffuser and nozzle. Forces are also
c2
acting here.
c2x Fig. 4.6 illustrates this schematically on the blade
of a nozzle.
c1 Fx
The force F acting on the blade corresponds to
Fy
F the force which deflects the fluid.
Fig. 4.6 Nozzle: retention force to keep

the blade in position.

4.2.1.3 Conservation of energy
Work and energy are similar quantities. Accord-

ingly, energy is also stated in units of joules.
Energy is the capacity to do work.
Energy can be present in various forms (this list
only represents a small selection):
– Mechanical energy
• Kinetic energy
• Potential energy
• Spring energy
– Thermal energy
– Electrical energy
– Chemical energy
– Hydraulic energy
• Hydrostatic energy
• Hydrodynamic energy
The forms of energy can be converted from one
form to another. In engineering, machines are
used for this purpose. Fig. 4.7 shows one exam-
ple.
Electric Pump
motor
Electrical Mechanical Hydraulic
energy energy energy
Fig. 4.7 Energy conversion by a unit consisting of electric motor and pump

4.2.1.4 Bernoulli's principle
Bernoulli's principle provides essential under-

standing in the consideration of fluid energy
machines. It correlates energies present in a flow.
No energy is added to or removed from the fluid in
this approach.
The important thing to remember when consider-
ing the various energies is the fact that the forms
of energy can be transformed.
The following forms of energy are considered:

• Hydraulic energy
E hyd = p  V (4.7)
Ehyd = Hydraulic energy in J

p = Static pressure in N/m2
V = Volume in m3
E pot = m  g  h (4.8)
Epot = Potential energy in J

g = Gravitational acceleration in m/s2
h = Height in m
m = Mass in kg
• Kinetic energy
1 2
E kin = ---  m  c (4.9)
2
Ekin = Kinetic energy in J


Thermal energy can be ignored if the temperature

is constant.
If we consider a fluid particle on its flow path, in

practice we can assume that the total energy of
the particle remains constant.
For this assumption, the formulae can be summa-

rised to form Bernoulli's energy equation.
Transposed we get:
2 2
c1 p c2 p
-------- + -----1- + g  h 1 = -------
- + -----2- + g  h 2 (4.10)
2  2 

h = Height in m
 = Density in kg/m3
Strictly speaking this assumption is only valid

for frictionless fluids, since friction leads to
losses.
Usually two points in the flow are compared to
each other. One possible energy conversion is
shown again using the example of nozzle and dif-
fuser.

Nozzle Diffuser
c3
p2
p1
c2 p4
c1
p3
Fig. 4.8 Conversion of pressure energy into velocity kinetic energy and back again
The example of diffuser and nozzle (Fig. 4.8)

shows the conversion of velocity and pressure.
Pressure and velocity terms are coupled energet-
ically; if one term falls, the other term rises.

4.2.2 Work
Work in the physical sense is performed when a

force acts along a path; in this case force F and
distance s point in the same direction.
W = Fs (4.11)
F = Force in N
W = Physical work in J
s = Active distance of the force in m
An example related to fluid mechanics can be
seen in the axial turbomachine shown previously.
Rotating Direction of movement

impeller
Direction of force
Stationary
guide
wheel
Fig. 4.9 Work done within a turbomachine
In a turbine, the stationary guide wheel provides

the incident flow to the rotor blade. A force acts on
the rotor blade in the direction of movement.
According to Formula (4.11) work is done in this
process while the Impeller is rotating. This work is
transferred from the fluid to the turbine.

Another example of work done can be shown

using a piston pump.
Flowing fluid
Direction of movement
Direction of force
p1 p2
Fig. 4.10 Transfer of work within a piston pump
During the stroke s of the piston pump in Fig. 4.10,

fluid is conveyed out of the cylinder. This causes
the pressure p required to overcome the flow
resistances in the downstream system to build up
in the fluid.
The force F that has to be applied by the piston
s results from the pressure p of the fluid and the sur-
face area A of the piston. Formula (4.11)
becomes:
p
F W = Fs = pAs (4.12)
A = Cross-section area in m2
A F = Force in N
Fig. 4.11 Variables at a piston pump
p = Pressure in Pa
W= Physical work in J
s = Active distance of the force in m

This work is transferred from the pump to the fluid.

Since the processes within a double stroke are
uneven, it is better to calculate mean values in this
case.
4.2.2.1 Specific work
The work W transferred within a fluid energy

machine can be based on the mass of the fluid.
This corresponds to the specific work:
Y = W
----- (4.13)
m
m = Mass in kg
W = Physical work in J
Y = specific work in J/kg
Because of the possibility of converting energy,

this specific work can also be used to define the
velocity head or pump head:
h = Y
---- (4.14)
g
h = Height in m
The velocity head or pump head is an important

quantity in the design and selection of turbines
and/or pumps.

4.2.3 Power
Power is the work done per unit of time t. As

already explained in Chapter 4.2.1.3, energy is
the ability to perform work. Accordingly, energy
can be used in the same way as work.
Generally speaking, power is defined as:
P = W
----- = E
---- (4.15)
t t
E = Energy in J
P = Power in watts
t = Time in s
W= Physical work in J
The key power calculations related to this series

of equipment are:
Electrical power:
P el = U  I (4.16)
Pel = Electrical power in W

U = Voltage in V
I = Current in A
Mechanical power
P mech = M   (4.17)
Pmech = Mechanical power in W

M = Torque in Nm
 = Angular velocity in 1/s

Hydraulic power
in incompressible fluids
Powers can be calculated from all of the energies
listed in Chapter 4.2.1.4, Page 31. Potential
energy has a lesser role in the fluid energy
machines considered here, because it is con-
verted into pressure energy and/or kinetic energy
before it enters the machine.
Hydraulic power of the fluid

·
P hyd = p  V (4.18)
Phyd = Hydraulic power in W

·
Kinetic power of the fluid

1 · 2
P kin = ---  m c (4.19)
2
Pkin = Kinetic power in W
Note on energy and power:

Energy is the quantity which is preserved. How-
ever, it is often used in calculations since it is eas-
ier to calculate from measured values.
Energy is converted in the fluid energy machine.
Similarly, a proportion of energy is stored in each
machine, for example in the rotational energy of
the shafts and impellers.

The stored energies are relatively small com-

pared to the transferred power. If there is a
change in the operating point, either spent power
is stored over a short time or stored work is
released over a short time. The change in speed
to the new operating point happens quickly. This
time response can be explained by
Formula (4.15), Page 37.
The forms of energy in fluid energy machines are
quickly converted into each other. In contrast, lots
of heat transfers with heating up and cooling down

processes take place slowly.

4.2.4 Efficiency
The efficiency is defined as the ratio of benefit to

effort.
P out
 = ----------
-  100 % (4.20)
P in
Pin = Incoming power: the effort in W

Pout = Outgoing power: the benefit in W
 = Efficiency in %
Real energy conversions are subject to loss. Fig.

4.12 illustrates this using the example of an elec-
trically driven pump. The thickness of the arrows
represents the transferred power.
Electrical Mechanical Hydraulic

input power power effective power
Pout
Pin Electric
motor Pump
Losses: Losses:
Electrical Hydraulic
Mechanical Mechanical
Fig. 4.12 Energy conversion by a unit consisting of electric motor and pump

4.2.5 Energy conversion in the motion of fluid
An energy balance can be established between 2

points of a flow conduit.
For the flow conduit from Fig. 4.13 we can say,
regardless of the direction of flow, that gravita-
A1 1
tional potential energy is converted into pressure
p1
energy from cross section 1 to cross section 2.
h1 Since the cross sections of the two points being
·
m A < A1=A2 considered are the same, we should not expect
any change in velocity. If there is a flow, the flow
velocity will be greatest in the middle between the

·
m points being considered.
h2 A2
p2 The energies of pressure, velocity and vertical
height add up to the total energy. According to the
2
2 2 (lossless) Formula (4.10) this total energy
p1 c1 p c2
----- + ----- + g  h 1 = -----2 + ----- + g  h 2 remains the same.
 2  2
Fig. 4.13 2 points of a schematic flow

Nevertheless, it is still possible to act on this
conduit energy by technical means. This is shown in Fig.
4.14 by means of an example. According to Ber-
noulli, changes in the velocity kinetic energy
and/or pressure energy are also possible.

1
p1
A1
c1
Removes energy from the fluid

h1
Increases the energy of the fluid
Work machine Power machine

e.g. pump e.g. turbine
Energy
Fluid energy
Mechanical machine Mechanical
work work
2
p2
A2
c2
h2
2 2
p1 c1 p c
----- + ----- + g  h 1  -----2 + ----2- + g  h 2
 2  2
Fig. 4.14 Energy conversion at a pump/turbine
As shown in the figure, the action can occur on the

fluid energy by means of:
– Work machines
(Pumps/ventilators/fans/compressors):
These convert a mechanical rotational move-
ment into the fluid's pressure energy or velocity
kinetic energy. The structural design takes
account of the required pressure ratios and
mass flows as well as the size and direction of
the connections.
– Power machines (turbines):
These convert pressure energy or velocity
kinetic energy into mechanical energy. As with
the work machines, pressure ratios and mass
flows are critical variables that determine the
structural design.

The power of the fluid is dependent on the pres-

sure and the volume flow. In a lossless machine,
this would correspond to the shaft power on the
machine (cf. Formula (4.17) and Formula (4.18)).
By equating we get the expression:
·
M = pV (4.21)
M = Torque in Nm
p = Pressure in Pa
·
 = Angular velocity in 1/s
Looking at powers is equivalent to looking at the

converted energy differences. In the case of
mechanical power, it can be assumed that the
lower levels of torque and velocity lie at zero.
This is not necessarily the case when it comes to
·
hydraulic power. While the volume flow V can
often be regarded as constant due to incompress-
ible behaviour, under pressure it often has to be
calculated with the pressure difference p2-p1. This
is because the lower pressure level does not have
to correspond to the ambient pressure. The for-
mula becomes:
·
M   =  p2 – p1   V (4.22)
The shaft power of the machine in this case is

equivalent to the hydraulic power of the fluid. Ini-
tially it does not matter whether the shaft power is
achieved by a large torque or high angular veloc-
ity. Likewise, the power of the fluid may signify a
large volume flow or a high pressure difference.

However, the technical implementation can only

deliver high efficiency for one particular design
case. The types of fluid energy machines differ
depending on the objectives and the environmen-
tal conditions.

5 Further basic principles for HM 290
5.1 Converting pressure energy and velocity
Pressure and velocity are both forms of energy.

Pressure energy can be converted into velocity
kinetic energy.
The pump adds energy to the fluid. This happens
as pressure and/or velocity kinetic energy.
Assuming that all of the pressure is converted into
velocity kinetic energy, we can derive the follow-
ing from Formula (4.10), Page 32:
c = 2  p-
---------- (5.1)

5.2 Pump characteristic
The pump used is a centrifugal pump. This trans-

fers energy to the fluid by accelerating the fluid on
a circular path in the impeller.
The inertia forces cause the water to be thrown
outwards.
The characteristic curves of centrifugal pumps
can be approximated fairly well by parabolas. This
is done in the figure below:
5 Further basic principles for HM 290 45

Pressure p in bar
·
Volume flow V in L/min
Fig. 5.1 Schematic characteristic curve of a centrifugal pump
When talking about energy transfer it is possible

to make a qualitative distinction between high
pressures and high flow rates.
The processes can be explained as follows:
High pressures:
At low flow rates, the fluid particles are moved in
a narrower circular path. If there is no flow, the
pump swirls the fluid in a circle. The centrifugal
force is highest here. This force is seen as pres-
sure.
High flow rates:
The trajectory of a fluid particle deviates more and
more from the circular path with increasing flow
rates and approaches a straight line that points
outwards from the centre. The centrifugal forces
responsible for the pressure build-up become
smaller.
46 5 Further basic principles for HM 290

Note: This description explains the relationships

on a simple level. Detailed knowledge of energy
transfer is dealt with in HM 283 "Experiments
with a Centrifugal Pump".
5.3 System characteristic
Pumps are mainly used to pump fluids through

pipe networks or systems. This requires that a
certain pressure be applied to overcome the flow
resistances.
The following proportionality can be derived from

Formula (5.1) and Formula (4.2), Page 25:
·
Vc p (5.2)
Therefore four times the pressure must be applied

to realise double the flow through a system.
If the pressure is plotted against the volume flow,
we get a curve in the shape of a parabola:

Pressure p in bar
·
Fig. 5.2 Schematic system characteristic
5.4 Operating point:
The operating point of a pump/system combina-

tion is located at the intersection of the system
and pump characteristics.
In order that the fluid can flow, it is necessary to
overcome the system resistance. The pump
allows for this by increasing the pressure of the
fluid.

Pressure p in bar
Operating point
·
Fig. 5.3 Schematic characteristic curve of a centrifugal pump


6 Experiments
The selection of experiments makes no claims of

completeness but is intended to be used as a
stimulus for your own experiments.
The results shown are intended as a guide only.
Depending on the construction of the individual
components, experimental skills and environmen-
tal conditions, deviations may occur in the experi-
ments. Nevertheless, the laws can be clearly
demonstrated.
The measured values of the moving fluid are sub-

ject to constant fluctuations. This means that the
measured values are always varying around the
value of the operating point. Filtering is used to
smooth the measured values before they are pre-
sented to the user.
Since GUNT wants to use this device to demon-
strate the physical relationships in practical oper-
ation, the interpretation of the measured values
follows these relationships.
When operating points are saved, so are all
measured values and the derived calculation var-
iables. The values listed in the tables below only
represent a selection for a better overview.
The measurements file created by the measure-
ment data acquisition program is further pro-
cessed in this instruction manual with MS Excel®.
6 Experiments 51
6.1 Preparation for the experiment
Conducting the following experiments is based on

using the "Throttle valve for pump experi-
ments" provided together with the HM 290 supply
module.
The HM 290 supply unit is prepared for the exper-
iment in accordance with Chapter 3.5, Page 16.
52 6 Experiments
6.2 Experiment 1: Recording a pump characteristic
6.2.1 Objective of the experiment
The aim of the experiment is to record a pump

characteristic using the "Throttle valve for pump
experiments".
The pump is operated at constant speed. The
"Throttle valve for pump experiments" can be
used to detect different load conditions.
It is therefore possible to record a pump charac-
teristic.
6.2.2 Conducting the experiment
For this measurement, the pump output is varied.

1. Tare values in the system diagram (cf.
Chapter 3.4, Page 12).
2. Select "Measurement Diagram" in the pro-
gram.
3. Enable new series of measurements. Make
settings for the measurements file.
4. First open "Throttle valve for pump experi-
ments" (7) fully to create the maximum volume
Fig. 6.1 System diagram in the meas- flow.
urement data acquisition pro-
gram 5. Let the pump run to 100% power.
(This ensures that air in the flow section does
not affect the measured values)
6. Wait until the operating point is established.
Then record the measured value (the current
measurement data set is written to the meas-
urements file). The program is now ready for
the next measurement.
6 Experiments 53
7. Using the valve, the volume flow is reduced

one step.
The power is varied depending on the desired
number of measurement points. Meaningful
characteristics are often obtained with 7 to 8
measurement points.
8. Repeat steps 7 and 8 as often as needed until
no more volume flow is measured.
9. Save the measurements file.
10.By reducing the pump speed in step 5, it is
possible to record other characteristics.
54 6 Experiments
6.2.3 Measured values
When conducting this experiment, GUNT meas-

ured the values listed in Tab. 6.2.
Description Pres- Volume

sure flow
·
Formula symbol p V
Unit bar L/min
Measured val- 4,716 0

ues
4,307 12,2
4,046 18,0
3,428 32,8
2,925 46,1
2,310 57,4
1,883 64,6
1,539 70,1
1,011 79,6
0,142 88,4
Tab. 6.1 Measured values from experiment 1 at 100% pump output
6.2.4 Analysis
The measurement points are shown in the dia-

gram for the analysis.
6 Experiments 55
Pressure p in bar
·
Fig. 6.2 Pump characteristic at 100% output
The line in the chart is a quadratic trend line and

was created with Excel. From the curve it is
apparent that the characteristic does not fall off up
to a pressure of 0 bar.
6.2.5 Evaluation
The pump characteristic recorded shows the

characteristics set out in the section on basic prin-
ciples.
56 6 Experiments
6.3 Experiment 2: Recording system characteristics
The aim of the experiment is to record system

characteristics using the pump on the "Throttle
valve for pump experiments" supplied.
The "Throttle valve for pump experiments" rep-
resents all flow resistances that can be installed in
a real system. Practical examples for example
include:
• Fittings (pipe elbows, angles, etc.)

• Heat exchangers
• Changes in cross section
• Nozzles
• Diffusers.
The ability to adjust the valve means it is possible
to show according to which laws pressure and vol-
ume flow change.
6.3.2 Conducting the experiment
For the measurement, the pump output is varied

by varying the rotational speed.
6 Experiments 57
1. Tare values in the system diagram (cf.

Chapter 3.4, Page 12).
2. Select "Measurement Diagram" in the pro-
gram.
3. Enable new series of measurements. Make
settings for the measurements file.
4. First open "Throttle valve for pump experi-
ments" (7) fully to create the maximum volume
Fig. 6.3 System diagram in the meas- flow.
urement data acquisition pro-
gram 5. Let the pump run to 100% power.
(This ensures that air in the flow section does
not affect the measured values)
6. Wait until the operating point is established.
Then record the measured value (the current
measurement data set is written to the meas-
urements file). The program is now ready for
the next measurement.
7. The pump output is scaled back one step.
The power is varied depending on the desired
number of measurement points. Meaningful
characteristics are often obtained with 7 to 8
measurement points.
8. Repeat steps 7 and 8 as often as needed until
no more volume flow is measured.
9. Save the measurements file.
10.Repeat the measurement. In this case lightly
throttle the volume flow at step 4 using the
valve.
Record at least 3 different characteristics in this
way.
58 6 Experiments
When conducting this experiment, GUNT meas-

ured the values listed in Tab. 6.2.
Description Pump Pres- Volume Pres- Volume Pres- Volume

output sure flow sure flow sure flow
Valve position - open lightly throttled heavily throttled

· · ·
Formula symbol p V p V p V
Unit % bar L/min bar L/min bar L/min

Measured values 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15 0,021 17,7 0,052 8,3 - -
20 0,026 23,4 0,094 12,8 - -
25 0,026 23,7 0,148 16,2 0,267 2,4
30 0,032 29,3 0,216 20,4 0,397 3,8
35 0,038 34,5 0,299 24,3 0,554 4,8
40 0,045 40,5 0,396 28,1 0,738 6,2
45 0,052 46,0 0,507 32,3 0,948 7,3
50 0,060 51,8 0,634 35,9 1,171 7,9
55 0,069 57,3 0,775 39,9 1,413 9,0
60 0,079 62,0 0,921 43,4 1,676 10,3
65 0,089 67,8 1,076 47,0 1,956 11,7
70 0,098 73,3 1,240 50,7 2,257 12,5
75 0,109 77,3 1,419 53,9 2,582 13,8
80 0,117 80,8 1,560 56,8 2,901 14,9
85 0,123 84,3 1,697 59,1 3,203 15,2
90 0,128 87,1 1,812 61,1 3,484 16,2
95 0,131 88,0 1,903 62,7 3,773 17,2
100 0,132 89,0 1,972 63,3 4,024 17,6
Tab. 6.2 Measured values from experiment 1
Note: The pump output is not saved and is listed

here as a rough guide. For very small values the
6 Experiments 59
pressure increase is not sufficient to pump the

fluid above the required height difference.
6.3.4 Analysis
The recorded values can be represented in the

pressure over volume flow chart. This results in
characteristic curves:
Valve open
Lightly throttled
Pressure p in bar
Heavily throttled
·
Fig. 6.4 System characteristics at different valve positions
The system characteristics shown in Fig. 6.4 dem-

onstrate how the pressure changes when differ-
ent sized volume flows pass through the system.
Quadratic trend lines have been added using
Excel. The graphs do not entirely arise in the ori-
gin. This displacement is due to the height differ-
ence between the pressure sensor and the water
column after taring.
60 6 Experiments
The curves shown here represent quadratic rela-

tions, as derived in Formula (5.2), Page 47.
6.3.5 Evaluation
The experiment shows the flow behaviour of a

system at different upstream pressure.
The flow rate is proportional to the square root of
the applied pressure. A quadratic relationship can
be derived from the energy equation.
A four-fold pressure corresponds approximately

to twice the flow rate.
6 Experiments 61
6.4 Experiment 3: Combination of pump characteristic and system charac-

teristic
The aim is to develop an understanding of the

relationship of pump characteristic and system
characteristic.
The measured values of the previous experi-

ments are used for this experiment.
6.4.3 Analysis
All measured values from previous experiments

are plotted in the following diagram:
Valve open
Lightly throttled
Heavily throttled
Pressure p in bar
Pump characteristic
·
Fig. 6.5 System characteristics at different valve positions
and maximum pump output
62 6 Experiments
Points where system characteristic and pump

characteristic touch are operating points. In the
figure the pump characteristic encloses the sys-
tem characteristics. This is the case because the
pump characteristic was recorded at maximum
output. At lower outputs, the lines cross.
Additional system characteristics and pump char-
acteristics (dashed lines) are added to the dia-
gram from Fig. 6.5 (thick lines).
Arrows indicate how changes to the pump output
and/or the throttling affect the operating point.
Th
ro
es
Pressure p in bar
ttl i
eas
ng
inc
r
re
inc
as
es
pu t
out
mp
Pu
·
Fig. 6.6 All operating points result from intersections
of system characteristic and pump characteristic
6 Experiments 63
It is clear that each measurement point is shown

as the intersection of the current system charac-
teristic and pump characteristic.
6.4.4 Evaluation
The combination of system characteristic and

pump characteristic in the intersection produces
the respective operating point.
When selecting a pump for a real system, pres-
sure and volume flow must be balanced with each
other.
64 6 Experiments
6.5 Further experiments
The HM 290 Base Unit provides the water supply

for the following types of turbines:
• HM 288 Reaction Turbine
• HM 289 Pelton Turbine
• HM 291 Action Turbine
A range of possible additional experiments is only
possible with these turbine demonstrators, and
can therefore be found in the descriptions of these
devices.
6 Experiments 65
66 6 Experiments
7 Appendix
7.1 Technical data
Dimensions
Length x Width x Height 650 x 600 x 630 mm
Weight 37 kg
Power supply
Voltage 230 V
Frequency 50 Hz
Phases 1
Rated input (power) approx. 1000 W
2 x microfuse, each 5 A at 230 V
Alternatives optional, see rating plate
To be provided by customer:
Energy supply
Water to fill
PC with Windows operating system, USB port
Centrifugal pump:
3-stage centrifugal pump
Max. volume flow: 70 L/min at 50 Hz
Max. head: 35,4 m at 50 Hz
Water tank:
Nominal volume: approx. 12 L
Flow rate measurement:

Type: Turbine wheel sensor
Measuring range: 10-140 L/min
7 Appendix 67
Supply pressure measurement:

Type: Pressure sensor
Measuring range, overpressure: 0-5 bar
Measurement data acquisition

Program environment:
LabVIEW Runtime
System requirements:
PC with Pentium IV, 1GHz processor
Minimum 1024MB RAM
Minimum 1GB free hard disk space
1 CD-ROM drive
1 USB port
Graphic card resolution min. 1024 x 768 pixels, True Color
Windows XP / Windows Vista / Windows 7
68 7 Appendix
7.2 Tables and graphs
Unit mm3 cm3 L m3
1mm3 1 0,001 0,000001 0,000000001
1cm3 1.000 1 0,001 0,000001
1L 1.000.000 1.000 1 0,001
1m3 1.000.000.000 1.000.000 1.000 1
Tab. 7.1 Conversion table for units of volume

Unit L/s L/min L/h m3/min m3/h
1L/s 1 60 3600 0,06 3,6
1L/min 0,01667 1 60 0,001 0,06
1L/h 0,000278 0,01667 1 0,00001667 0,001
1m3/min 16,667 1000 0,0006 1 60
1m3/h 0,278 16,667 1000 0,01667 1
Tab. 7.2 Conversion table for units of volume flow
Unit bar mbar Pa kPa
1bar 1 1000 100000 100
1mbar 0,001 1 100 0,1
1Pa 0,00001 0,01 1 0,001
1kPa 0,01 10 1000 1
Tab. 7.3 Conversion table for units of pressure
7 Appendix 69
70 7 Appendix

Instruction Manual: HM 290 Base Unit For Turbines

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Instruction Manual: HM 290 Base Unit For Turbines

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Instruction Manual: HM 290 Base Unit For Turbines

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

What is the purpose of the device?

What is the purpose of the device?

How does the device function?

How does the device function?

Instruction Manual

HM 290 Base Unit for Turbines

This manual must be kept by the unit.

Before operating the unit:

Version 1.3 Subject to technical alterations

2.4 Ambient conditions for the operating and storage location . . . . . . . . . 7

3 Description of the device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4 Basic principles for GUNT Labline fluid energy machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

5 Further basic principles for HM 290 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

6.3 Experiment 2: Recording system characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

6.4.2 Measured values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

The HM 290 "Base Unit for Turbines" is part of

sensors for PC-based measurement data acquisi-

Simple experiments on the centrifugal pump are

Learning objectives for the centrifugal pump

1.1 Didactic notes for teachers

HM 290 can be employed both in the training of

These materials are intended to be used to help

We hope that you enjoy using the Base Unit

2.1 Intended use

The unit is to be used only for teaching purposes.

2.2 Structure of safety instructions

The signal words DANGER, WARNING or

An additional symbol indicates the nature of the

Signal word Explanation

Indicates a situation which, if not avoided, will

Indicates a situation which, if not avoided, may

Indicates a situation which, if not avoided, may

Indicates a situation which may result in

Hazard area (general)

2.3 Safety instructions

2.4 Ambient conditions for the operating and storage location

3 Description of the device

3.1 Fluid energy machines range and introduction to HM290

The fluid energy machines range allows exper-

demonstrators HM 288, HM 289 or HM 291, is a

3 Description of the device 9

The following chapters provide a detailed descrip-

3.2 Structure of the supply unit

The supply unit is designed as a tabletop device.

1 Outlet valve 7 Throttle valve for pump experiments

Fig. 3.1 HM 290: Main components

10 3 Description of the device

3.3 Device function and components

Besides the HM 290 supply module, a functional

The key components for conducting the experi-

pump (2) controlled with a frequency converter.

3 Description of the device 11

3.4 Operation and measurement data acquisition

The main switch (15 in Fig. 3.2) is used to turn

12 3 Description of the device

The program's help feature explains how to use

It should also be pointed out that the measured

pressure and the torque of the respective turbine

3 Description of the device 13