Experiment Instructions: WL 102 Change of State of Gases

Experiment Instructions
WL 102 Change of State of Gases

WL 102 CHANGE OF STATE OF GASES
All rights reserved, G.U.N.T. Gerätebau, Barsbüttel, Germany 02/2019
Experiment Instructions
Last modification by: Dipl.-Ing.-Päd. Dipl.-Ing.(FH)

Michael Schaller
This manual must be kept by the unit.
Before operating the unit:

- Read this manual.
- All participants must be instructed on
handling of the unit and, where appropriate,
on the necessary safety precautions.
Version 0.7 Subject to technical alterations
i
Table of Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.1 Intended use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2 Structure of safety instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.3 Safety Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3 Unit Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1 Unit Design and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3.2 Filling of Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3 Level Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.4 Recording Measurement Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.4.1 Installation of the Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.4.2 Operating the Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4 Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5 Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.1 Isothermic Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.2 Isothermic Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.3 Isochoric Heating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.4 Isochoric Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.1 Technical Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.2 Data acquisition: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
ii
1 Introduction
The WL 102 table unit is for demonstrating

Boyle’s law and checking the state equation for
ideal gases.
It clearly shows the relationship between change
in volume and the associated change in pressure
of an enclosed gas.
For this experiment air is used as the experimen-
tal gas, this can be compressed or expanded in a
perspex vessel. The sealing liquid works like a

piston. It enlarges or reduces the enclosed gas
volume. The processes during the experiment are
sufficiently slow to ensure isothermic changes.
In another vessel, a fixed volume of air can be
heated to check the state equation and the
corresponding pressure change observed.
The data acquisition with which the experimental
unit is equipped facilitates the recording and pro-
cessing of all measured values on a PC.
The unit is suitable for both demonstrations per-
formed by the lecturer, and also for student exper-
iments as part of laboratory practical experiments.
1 Introduction 1
2 Security
2.1 Intended use
The unit is to be used only for teaching purposes.
2.2 Structure of safety instructions
The signal words DANGER, WARNING or

CAUTION indicate the probability and potential
severity of injury.
An additional symbol indicates the nature of the

hazard or a required action.
Signal word Explanation
Indicates a situation which, if not avoided, will result in

DANGER death or serious injury.
Indicates a situation which, if not avoided, may result in

WARNING death or serious injury.
Indicates a situation which, if not avoided, may result in

CAUTION minor or moderately serious injury.
Indicates a situation which may result in damage to

NOTICE equipment, or provides instructions on operation of
the equipment.
2 Security 2
Symbol Explanation
Electrical voltage
Hazard (general)
Hot surfaces
Notice
Wear gloves
2.3 Safety Instructions
WARNING
Reaching into the open control cabinet can
result in electric shocks.
• Disconnect from the mains supply before open-
ing.
• Work should only be performed by qualified
electricians.
• Protect the control cabinet against moisture.
2 Security 3
WARNING
Risk of burns at hot surfaces.
• Do not remove safety devices such as the
guard.
• Cool down the unit before removing the guard.
• Wear suitable gloves when removing the
guard.
WARNING
Risk of bursting because of overpressure.
• Compress the air contained in the pressure
cylinder as a maximum to a residual volume of
1 litre.
NOTICE
• Prior to compressing the air in the pressure
cylinder, it is imperative to ensure that the air
discharge valve on the top of the pressure
cylinder is closed.
• Risk of the escape and loss of sealing liquid
NOTICE
• Do not operate the unit unsupervised.
NOTICE
• fill in 3 to 3,5 litre oil max.
2 Security 4
3 Unit Description
3.1 Unit Design and Function
1
5
2
7
3
9
Fig. 3.1 Complete view of the WL 102
The experiments on the WL 102 are performed in

two different vessels. A liquid can be pumped into
a pressure cylinder (1) with the aid of a com-
pressor. In this manner, the volume of air
enclosed in the cylinder is compressed.
Fig. 3.3, Page 6 illustrates the operating principle.
3 Unit Description 5
The advantages of this technique are, firstly, the

gastight sealing liquid which prevents losses
A through leakages in air flow and, secondly, eheat
Air sink effect which contributes significantly toward
isothermal testing characteristics.
Compressor Displays for temperature, pressure and com-
Oil pressed volume (2) indicate the corresponding
values measured in the vessel. The selector
switch (4) is used to switch between compression
and expansion of the air inside the pressure ves-
sel. A switch (3) is used to turn on the compres-
sor.
In a second, heatable cylinder (5), a closed,
Air B constant volume of air is heated and the resulting
change in pressure observed. The heater is acti-
vated with a switch (8).
Compressor
Oil A heater control (7) permits adjustment of the
desired temperature by means of upward and
downward arrow keys and indicates the actual
temperature. The parameter to be selected by
pressing the upward and downward arrow keys.
Dynamically alteration of parameter to be made
Fig. 3.2 Basic principle of the compres- by pressing the key for as long as the key is kept
sion of air inside a cylinder
pressed. For manually taking over of entry the „P“
key to be pressed. After 2s the entry will be auto-
Fan matically adopted.
6 For cancelling the entry the Exit/F key to be

5 pressed. Change to the manual mode using func-
7 tion key Exit/F (> 2s). Exit the manual mode using
function key Exit/F (> 2s).
8
Fig. 3.3 Cylinder for heating the air

volume
The resulting pressure inside the cylinder is indi-

cated by a display (6).
The experimental unit is switched on and off using
the main switch (9). On the rear of the unit is a
USB port which can be used to connect the unit
to the PC via cable.
3.2 Filling of Oil

WARNING
Reaching into the open control cabinet can
result in electric shocks.
• Disconnect from the mains supply before
opening.
• Do not touch the electrical components.
• Protect the control cabinet against moisture.
For filling of oil, at first unscrew the rear panel. At

bottom, on the right hand side, you will find the
reservoir (2).
1
• Unscrew the sealing screw (1) of the reservoir.
2 NOTICE
Make sure that the discharge valve (3) is closed.
3 • Use, for example, a filling funnel to fill the oil

into reservoir.
Fig. 3.4 Back view of WL 102 with
dismantled rear panel • For proper operation an amount of approx. 3 to
3,5 litre of Oil are required.
• Replace and tighten the sealing screw (1).

Before starting operation of apparatus, the rear
panel has to be fixed properly.
3.3 Level Sensor
The Level Sensor is a capacitively working sen-

sor. The measuring rod dipped in the water is an
electric capacitor. Since the dielectric constants of
water and air differ greatly, the capacity of the
capacitor will change measurably depending on

Maximum level the water level.
Calibrating the level sensor
NOTICE
Every so often, check whether the level indicator
on the controller is the same as the level accord-
Zero line ing to the scale on the level-controlled tank.
Fig. 3.5 Level sensor If the values on the controller and the level-
controlled tank are different, adjust the level
sensor.
There are two types of head for the level sensor:

• with potentiometers
• with push buttons
Determine which model has been used on your
device and then follow the calibration procedure
described below.
Calibration of the level sensor head using potenti-

ometers
On the head are two potentiometers: Zero and

Span.
Zero Span
• Open the air discharge valve (see Fig. 5.1,
page 15) on the lid of the cylinder.
• Move the selector switch to position A.
• Turn on the compressor using the switch (3)
until the oil level is at 2,8L.
• Adjust the Zero potentiometer until the level
display shows 2,8L.
• Move the selector switch to position B.
• Using the needle valve (see Fig. 5.1, page 15),
set the filling speed.
• Turn on the compressor using the switch (3)
until the oil level is at 0,3L.
Fig. 3.6 Head of the level sensor • Adjust the Span potentiometer until the level
display shows 0,3L.
Calibration of the level sensor head using push

buttons
On the head are two push buttons: Zero and
Span.
• Open the air discharge valve (see Fig. 5.1,
page 15) on the lid of the cylinder.
• Move the selector switch to position A.
• Using the needle valve (see Fig. 5.1, page 15),
set the filling speed.
• Turn on the compressor using the switch until

the oil level is at 0,3L.
• Press the Zero and Span push buttons simul-
taneously.
• Press the Span push button to set the minimum
value.
• The level display shows 0,3L.
• Move the selector switch to position B.
the oil level is at 2,8L.
• Press the Zero push button. This sets the
maximum value.
• The level display shows 2,8L.
3.4 Recording Measurement Data
This experimental device is delivered together

with a program for recording measurement data
on a PC. The recording software offers the follow-
ing advantages:
• Measured values of pressure, volume and tem-
perature are available as data which can be
directly processed and saved.
• Clearly arranged screen displays elucidate
relationships and facilitate an understanding of
the processes involved.

• Values in tables and diagrams can be output to
a printer.
3.4.1 Installation of the Program
The following is needed for the installation:

• A fully operational PC with USB port (for mini-
mum requirements see Chapter , Page 21).
• G.U.N.T. CD-ROM.
All components necessary to install and run the
program are contained on the CD-ROM delivered
by G.U.N.T.
Installation Routine
NOTICE
The trainer must not be connected to the PC's
USB port during the installation of the program.
Only after the software has been installed can the
trainer be connected.
• Boot the PC.

• Load the G.U.N.T.-CD-ROM.
• From the “Installer” folder, launch the
“Setup.exe” installation program.
• Follow the installation procedure onscreen.
• After starting, the installation runs automati-
cally. During the course of the installation, var-
ious program components are loaded onto the
PC:
– Programm for PC-data acqisition

– Driver routines for the „LabJack®“ USB con-
verter
• Reboot the PC after installation is finished.
3.4.2 Operating the Program
• The program is selected and started by choos-

ing: Start / All Programs / G.U.N.T. / WL 102
• When the software is run for the first time after
installation, the language to be used for the
program is requested.
• The language selected can subsequently be
changed at any time on the “Language” menu.
• Various pull-down menus are provided for
additional functions.
• For detailed instructions on use of the program
refer to its Help function. This Help function is
accessed by opening the pull-down menu „?”
and choosing „Help”.
Fig. 3.7 Language selection
4 Principles
In every gas there is a certain pressure. If the

volume of an enclosed quantity of gas is reduced
by compression, this pressure increases. If the
volume is increased, the pressure drops. Boyle’s
law describes this relationship:
p  V = const.  T = const.  

The product of pressure and volume is constant.

pp The two parameters are inversely proportional to
each other. (cf. Fig. 4.1)
This law is, however, only applicable if the amount
of gas and the temperature do not change.
During the performance of the experiments, the
heat produced by the compression can produce
erroneous results. The experiment must therefore
VV be performed sufficiently slowly that the tempera-
Fig. 4.1
1
v ~ ---
ture remains constant. In this case the term
p
isothermic change of state is used.
The value for the constant (p x V) represents, in
formal terms, an energy parameter, the so-called
internal energy.
Strictly, Boyle’s law only applies for ideal gases. If
noticeable deviations occur, the term real gas is
used, in the case of large deviations - vapour.
In the case of values for pressure and tempera-
ture in the range of normal conditions, e.g., air,
hydrogen and the noble gases behave like ideal
gases, chlorine and carbon dioxide like real
gases, propane and butane like vapours.
4 Principles 13
A further relationship is described by the Gay-

Lussac law. This states that if a fixed quantity of
gas is contained in a constant volume, the
pressure is proportional to the absolute tempera-
ture.
p~T  V = const.  (4.2)

The combination of both laws leads to the general

gas equation:
p1  V1 p2  V2
----------------- = ----------------
- = const. (4.3)
T1 T2
For a fixed quantity of gas, the expression

(p x V) / T always remains constant.
4 Principles 14
5 Experiments
5.1 Isothermic Compression
In this experiment, to check Boyle’s law a fixed

quantity of gas of approx. 2,8 litre volume is com-
10 pressed to approx. 1 litre at constant temperature
and the associated pressure change measured.
• Turn on the unit at the main switch (9).

11
• Open the air discharge valve (10) on the lid of
the cylinder.
4 12 9
• Open the needle valve (12) and set the
required filling speed.
• Move the selector switch (4) to position A.
Fig. 5.1 Settings for the compression
the oil level reaches the 2,8L mark on the ves-
experiment
sel scale (11).
• Turn off the compressor.
NOTICE
Risk of escape of the sealing liquid.
• Ensure that the air discharge valve is in the
correct position.
• Close the air discharge valve on the lid of the

cylinder!
• Start the data acquisition program and make
the corresponding settings.
5 Experiments 15
NOTICE
At the latest at 1 litre residual volume for the
enclosed air, turn off the compressor.

the oil level reaches the mark on the vessel
scale (1L).
• Open the graph of measured values and inter-
pret.
• Leave the pressure cylinder unchanged and

continue immediately with the expansion
experiment.
As can be seen in the graph in Fig. 5.2 the
pressure clearly increases in proportion to the
reduction in volume.
Fig. 5.2 Graph of the isothermic compression experiment
5 Experiments 16
5.2 Isothermic Expansion
As an alternative, during this experiment a fixed

volume of air is expanded and the change in
pressure plotted.
NOTICE
Risk of escape of the sealing liquid.
• Open the air discharge valve slowly.
• Carefully open the air discharge valve (10) on

the lid of the pressure cylinder and release the
10 compressed air until ambient pressure is
reached.
• Close the air discharge valve again.
11 • Open the needle valve (12) and set the
required filling speed.
4 12 9 • Move the selector switch (4) to position B.
• Start the data acquisition program and make
the corresponding settings.
• Turn on the compressor and expand the gas
Fig. 5.3 Settings for the compression volume until the 2,8L mark on the vessel
experiment
scale (11) is reached.
• Open the graph of measured values and inter-
pret.
• Carefully open the air discharge valve on the lid
of the pressure cylinder and allow air to flow
into pressure cylinder until ambient pressure is
reached.
Similar to the compression experiment, this
experiment produces a comparable measured
result.
5 Experiments 17
5.3 Isochoric Heating
To check the Gay-Lussac law, in this experiment

a fixed constant volume of air is heated and the
resulting pressure recorded.
• Cylinder must be at the temperature
sensor (13) ambient temperature.
• Switch on unit at master switch.
13 • Open air discharge valve on the lid of the heat-
able cylinder and set the vessel to ambient
pressure.
• Close air discharge valve again.
• Set the required final temperature on the
heating regulator using the arrow keys.
• Start data acquisition program and make the
corresponding settings.
• Switch on heater and operate as long as
necessary until the final temperature is
reached.
Fig. 5.4 Heatable cylinder
• Open graph of measured values and interpret.
• Leave the cylinder unchanged and continue
immediately with the cooling experiment.
kN
Time t in min Temperature T in °C Pressure p in bar P / T in ----------------
2
m K
0 21,9 1,05 0,356
2 30,4 1,14 0,376
4 43 1,22 0,386
6 62 1,28 0,382
8 81 1,34 0,379
10 100 1,38 0,370
Tab. 5.1 Heating experiment, V = const.
5 Experiments 18
As expected the pressure increases proportion-

ally to the increasing gas temperature in the
cylinder (cf. Tab. 5.1, Page 18). The quotient
(p / T) remains almost constant, as expected.
Despite the variation in the values of ~ 5%, this
statement is still correct.
5.4 Isochoric Cooling
• Switch off heater.

• Open air discharge valve on the lid of the heat-
able cylinder and set the vessel to ambient
pressure.
• Close air discharge valve again.
• Start data acquisition program and make the
corresponding settings.
• Leave the vessel to cool to ambient tempera-
ture.
• Open graph of measured values and interpret.
• Open air discharge valve on the lid of the
cylinder and set the vessel to ambient pressure.
• Switch off unit at master switch.
kN -
Temperature T in °C Pressure p in bar P / T in ---------------
2
m K
81,1 1,00 0,282
71,6 0,98 0,284
60,0 0,94 0,282
50,0 0,92 0,285
39,8 0,90 0,288
35,0 0,89 0,289
33,2 0,88 0,287
26,2 0,87 0,291
23,4 0,86 0,290
Tab. 5.2 Cooling experiment, V = const
5 Experiments 19
The pressure in the cylinder drops proportionally

to the cooling, as expected (cf. Tab. 5.2,
Page 19)). The quotient (p / T) remains almost
constant. Despite the variation in the values of
~ 3%, this statement is still correct.
5 Experiments 20
6 Appendix
6.1 Technical Data
Dimensions:
LxWxH 900mm x 550mm x 900 mm
Weight approx. 45 kg
Supply 230V, ~50 Hz

Alternatives optional, see type plate
Total volumen of pressure vessel approx.3,5 L

Experiment volume min. 1 L
max. 2,8 L
Pressure masuring range 0...4 bar (abs.)
Diaphragm compressor
Overpressure max. 2 bar
Output max. 23 L/min
Sealing liquid Hydraulic oil
Volume of heatable vessel approx. 2,3 L

Heater rating 300 W
Heater temperature max. 80 °C
Pressure measuring range 0...2 bar (abs.)
6 Appendix 21
6.2 Data acquisition:
USB communication
Program environment:
LAB-VIEW Runtime
System requirements:
• PC with Pentium IV processor, 1GHz
• Minimum 2048 MB RAM
• Minimum 1GB available memory on hard disk

• 1 x USB port
• Graphics card resolution min. 1024x768 pixels,
TrueColor
• Windows Vista / Windows 7 / Windows 8
6 Appendix 22

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Experiment Instructions

WL 102 Change of State of Gases

Last modification by: Dipl.-Ing.-Päd. Dipl.-Ing.(FH)

This manual must be kept by the unit.

Before operating the unit:

Version 0.7 Subject to technical alterations

3.1 Unit Design and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

The WL 102 table unit is for demonstrating

perspex vessel. The sealing liquid works like a

2.1 Intended use

The unit is to be used only for teaching purposes.

2.2 Structure of safety instructions

The signal words DANGER, WARNING or

An additional symbol indicates the nature of the

Signal word Explanation

Indicates a situation which, if not avoided, will result in

Indicates a situation which, if not avoided, may result in

Indicates a situation which, if not avoided, may result in

Indicates a situation which may result in damage to

2.3 Safety Instructions

3.1 Unit Design and Function

Fig. 3.1 Complete view of the WL 102

The experiments on the WL 102 are performed in

The advantages of this technique are, firstly, the

6 For cancelling the entry the Exit/F key to be

Fig. 3.3 Cylinder for heating the air

The resulting pressure inside the cylinder is indi-

3.2 Filling of Oil

For filling of oil, at first unscrew the rear panel. At

3 • Use, for example, a filling funnel to fill the oil

• Replace and tighten the sealing screw (1).

3.3 Level Sensor

The Level Sensor is a capacitively working sen-

capacitor will change measurably depending on

Calibrating the level sensor

There are two types of head for the level sensor:

Calibration of the level sensor head using potenti-

On the head are two potentiometers: Zero and

Calibration of the level sensor head using push

• Turn on the compressor using the switch until

3.4 Recording Measurement Data

This experimental device is delivered together

the processes involved.

3.4.1 Installation of the Program

The following is needed for the installation:

• Boot the PC.

– Programm for PC-data acqisition

3.4.2 Operating the Program

• The program is selected and started by choos-

In every gas there is a certain pressure. If the

p  V = const.  T = const.  

The product of pressure and volume is constant.

A further relationship is described by the Gay-

p~T  V = const.  (4.2)

The combination of both laws leads to the general

For a fixed quantity of gas, the expression

5.1 Isothermic Compression

In this experiment, to check Boyle’s law a fixed

• Turn on the unit at the main switch (9).