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International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology, 7(04): 60-65, 2021
Copyright © 2021 International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology
ISSN: 2455-3778 online
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46501/IJMTST0704010
Available online at: http://www.ijmtst.com/vol7issue04.html

Reactive Power Compensation Using CPAT-UPFC

Lam Vijay Kumar1 | P Ankineedu Prasad2

1PG Student, Dept of EEE, Vikas Group of Institutions, Vijayawada, India

2Associate Professor, Dept of EEE, Vikas Group of Institutions, Vijayawada, India

To Cite this Article

Lam Vijay Kumar and P Ankineedu Prasad, “Reactive Power Compensation Using CPAT-UPFC”, International Journal for
Modern Trends in Science and Technology, Vol. 07, Issue 04, April 2021, pp.:60-65.

Article Info
Received on 05-March-2021, Revised on 29-March-2021, Accepted on 02-April-2021, Published on 08-April-2021.

ABSTRACT
The stability of an interconnected power system is compare to normal or stable operation after having been
subjected to some form of disturbance. With interconnected systems continually growing in size and
extending over vast geographical regions, it is becoming increasingly more difficult to maintain synchronism
between various parts of the power system. This paper investigates the Custom Power Active
Transformer (CPAT)’s capability to provide UPFC services which includes power flow control, reactive
power compensation, voltage regulation and harmonics elimination. Simulations of the Fuzzy-UPFC
with a stiff grid and a 5-bus power system demonstrates its functionality as an inter -bus coupling
transformer that provides the required grid services. Moreover, th e impact of the Fuzzy-UPFC during
load perturbations on the power system is investigated to further validate its transient and
steady-state response.

KEYWORDS: CPAT, Transient Stability limit, UPFC, Fuzzy Logic Control.

INTRODUCTION important condition such as steady-state

An interconnected power system basically stability, transient stability, harmonics and
consists of several essential components. They disturbance, collapse of voltage and the loss of
are namely the generating units, the transmission reactive power. Recent progresses in power
lines, the loads, the transformer, static VAR electronics and as a result in Flexible AC
compensators and lastly the HVDC lines. During Transmission Systems (FACTS) technology, give
the operation of the generators, there may be the ability to have a real time control on power
some disturbances such as sustained system parameters and improve the transient
oscillations in the speed or periodic variations in stability. UPFC is one of the most effective FACTS
the torque that is applied to the generator. These devices, which is the combination of series and the
disturbances may result in voltage or frequency shunt converter, connected together by a common
fluctuation that may affect the other parts of the DC link and have abilities of two FACTS devices
interconnected power system. External factors, named Static Synchronous Series Compensator
such as lightning, can also cause disturbances to (SSSC) and Static Compensator (STATCOM)
the power system. All these disturbances are together. Studies reported in literatures like have
termed as faults. When a fault occurs, it causes shown that UPFCs can be used to enhance the
the motor to lose synchronism if the natural transient stability of the power system. All
frequency of oscillation coincides with the mentioned papers use Single Machine Infinite Bus
frequency of oscillation of the generators. With (SMIB) power system for simulations. Literature
these factors in mind, the basic condition for a have shown that quadrature voltage injection have
power system with stability is synchronism. most effect on transient stability improvement. As
Besides this condition, there are other mentioned above, not much attention has been

60 International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology

given to effects of UPFC on transient stability But the mathematical model we can write
improvement of Multi-machine power system. In Ei = Vi + jX di I
this paper a study is performed on transient
E i = Vi + jX di P − jQ/ V = Vi +
X diQ X P
stability comparison in multi-machine power + j di
systems using UPFC. V V
The initial generator angle o is then obtained by
MULTI-MACHINE STABILITY adding the pre-transient voltage angle.
The classical model of the power system  0 = i + i
including the synchronous machines shown in is
used to study the stability of the system. This is the
UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER (UPFC)
simplest model used in the study of the system
The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is the
dynamics and requires a minimum amount of data
most versatile member Flexible AC Transmission
to be collected initially. Moreover using this model
Systems (FACTS) family using power electronics
the analysis can be made at a short interval of time.
to power flow on power grids. The UPFC uses a
The time is of the order 1 sec in most power
combination of a shunt controller (STATCOM) and a
systems, during which the system dynamic
series controller (SSSC) interconnected through a
response is largely dependent on the stored kinetic
common DC bus. The Unified Power Flow
energy in the rotating masses. This gives a
Controller (UPFC) is a power electronic co which
multi-port representation of a power system where
can be used to control active and reactive power
always m is less than ‘n’.
flows in a transmission injection of (variable)
voltage in series and reactive current in shunt.

UPFC MODEL:
The UPFC model that used in this paper is shown
in figure 2. It consist of a series voltage source
representing the UPFC series branch, the Iq
parallel current source representing the UPFC
parallel reactive compensating effect and the Ip
parallel current source representing the UPFC
parallel active current [5].

Figure 1: Multi-Machine System

Owing to interconnected systems, the loads
cannot be ignored for transient stability analysis.
Hence the loads are converted to equivalent
admittances between the generators and ground. If
the load bus has a voltage VLi, real power PLi,
reactive power QLi and a current IL flowing into a
load admittance
YL = GL + jBLthen
*
 *

PL + jQL = VL .I L = VL VL (GL − jBL ) = VL GL − jBL 
2

( )
YL = GL − jBL = PL + jQL 2
*
Figure 2: UPFC model connected between buses i
VL and j in the power system
Each generator is found to have an emf source As described in the previous section, for
behind the transient reactance of constant transient stability calculations we need to model
magnitude. This internal voltage is calculated from the UPFC with appropriate loads. Injection model
the load flow study on the system. The internal of UPFC models series branch as loads that depend
angle corresponding to this voltage is calculated on related bus voltages. This model is shown in
from the pre-transient terminal voltage as follows: Figure 2 [5].
Let the terminal voltage be considered as the
reference for time being. V & I can be related by the
expression as
V .I * = P + jQ
I = (P + jQ ) / V  = (P − jQ ) V
*

61 International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology

 Figure 3: Injection model of UPFC
In this model Vs is the series injected voltage
vector, Vs = rVi, Xs is series reactance of the series Figure 4: Control diagram for Series converter for
transformer, BS=1/ Xs and γ is the angle between UPFC
the series injected voltage and the sending end bus The series controller shown in above figure is
voltage. used to compensate voltage interruptions like
sag/swell or harmonics. In series converter the
UPFC CONTROL DIAGRAM gate signals required for three phase VSC is
In the present scenario, the transmission obtained by using PWM technique. The PWM
systems mainly effects due to increasing of day by technique is operated by comparison of carrier and
day demands in electrical utilization and usage of reference signal. In series controller, the reference
different loads such as non-linear and commercial signal is generated by using PCC and Dc link
appliances. These mainly causes the changes in voltages. This controller consists of two loop
system voltages (such as sag, swell, harmonics), namely, inner loop which acts as a DC link
harmonics in current. For compensating these controller and the outer loop which control the pcc
problems a custom power device is proposed in this voltages which helps to compensates voltage
paper. The main components in this system is distortions.
compensating element and a three phase converter UPFC Shunt converter control structure:
for controlling the compensator.
A shunt converter is a one of the repaid hardware
which is associated at the transmission framework.
This shunt repaid framework has the capacity of
either assimilate or produce dynamic power at the
purpose of association subsequently controlling
the voltage extent. Since the transport voltage
extent must be fluctuated inside specific breaking
points, controlling the power stream along these
lines is constrained and shunt converter primarily
fill different needs. A gadget that is associated in
arrangement with the transmission line is alluded Figure 5: Closed loop control Diagram for shunt
to as an 'arrangement gadget'. Arrangement converter.
gadgets impact the impedance of transmission Shunt converter in DPFC is used to compensate
lines. The guideline is to change (decrease or the harmonics in current and for controlling the
increment) the line impedance by embeddings a load current. The three phase shunt converter is
reactor or capacitor. operated/controlled by a three phase hysteresis
The dc link capacitor also acts as compensation controller. The reference signals required for the
device which helps to control the transmission line shunt converter is generated by using PCC signals
parameters i.e impedance, voltage, power factor and dc link voltage. In the inner loop of shunt
and load angle. converter the reference current is generated by
controlling DC link voltage and actual current is
obtained from the PCC current signals in the outer
loop. The closed loop control diagram of shunt
converter is shown in figure 4 and figure 5.
Fuzzy Logic Controller:

62 International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology

 The major complexity in conventional PID outages on different operating conditions and
controller is mathematical analysis with multiple tested upon the standard IEEE 6 bus system.
variables and constant interfacing. The major three
issues with conventional PID controller is (a) time
delay, (b) step function response and (c) ramp or
soak function response.
In order to overcome these issues, this paper is
implemented with soft computing controller called
as Fuzzy logic Controller. Fuzzy Logic is one type in
artificial intelligence and it is based on the
information which is either true or false. FLC is a
function or group of flexible set of if-then rules.

e(t) K1 Rule Figure 7: Typical IEEE 6 bus system

base defuz Whenever a fault occurs on a bus or on a
transmission line various parameters like voltage,
fuzzifi zificat kinetic energy, potential energy, rotor swing angle
etc., of the machines connected to the
cation ion k3 U(t) corresponding buses are also subjected to
variations. These variations are mainly responsible
d Inference for unstable and stable nature of the buses in the
k2 mechanism systems. The forthcoming graphs shows these
dt comparisons experienced in the parameters of the
machines in the standard buses explained above
Figure 6: Architecture of FLC system for the 3 phase short circuit at bus no.3s and bus
Figure 6, shows the basic structure of fuzzy logic no.5 respectively.
controller with two inputs namely error of dc link Case 1: Modelling with Conventional PI controller
voltage and change in error. Each input of FLC is a In this case the proposed system is tested with
set of 5 memberships (i.e MS, S, Z, H, VH). The PI controller and the experimental results are
minimum of the two inputs of Medium small, shown in below figures.
small, zero, high and medium high are chosen
which ultimately try to fire the set of IF-THEN
rules. If error input is Z AND change in error input
is H then the output is MH.
e/ MS S Z H M
ce H
MS MS S Z H M
H
S M H Z S MS
H
Z S Z H M MS
H
H S S M H H
S
M S Z H H M Figure 8: Output waveform for Bus currents
H H
Table 1 Rule-Base formation for 5*5 input FLC
1. SIMULATION RESULTS
Investigations performed on the standard IEEE 6
bus system for determining the transient stability.
Mat lab programming, has been done to test the
systems for stability under various operating
conditions. These results are based on
performance index namely Transient Stability
Index. This index is compare for certain predefined

63 International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology

 Figure 11: Output waveforms Active Power under
Islanding Mode

Figure 9: Output waveforms for Source Voltage,

Injected Voltage and Load Voltage

Figure 12: Total Harmonics Distortion for Grid

Current
Case 2: Modelling with Fuzzy Controller

Figure 13: Grid Current THD with fuzzy

controller

CONCLUSION
This paper has presented the Fuzzy based UPFC
Figure 10: Output waveforms for Load Current, consisting of three single-phase CPATs equipped
Injected Current, and Source Current with a back-to-back converter. Through the
available shunt and series windings in a CPAT,
several services can be supplied to the grid such as
grid harmonic currents elimination, reactive power
compensation and power flow control. Linear and
non-linear modeling approaches of a CPAT has
been presented and investigated under stiff-grid
operation and in a 5-bus power system model. The
presented control architecture has been evaluated

64 International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology

through simulations and an experimental
prototype demonstrating the ability of a Fuzzy to
operate as a UPFC. The analysis, simulation
results confirm the Fuzzy-UPFC ability to provide
the required services.

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