Hypothesis Tests for Population Means

INTRODUCTION

In earlier lessons, we learned that there are two basic forms of statistical inference: confidence intervals and
hypothesis tests. In earlier lessons, we constructed confidence intervals for a population mean. Now, we will
test the hypothesis that a population mean is equal to a specified value. We use the four-step hypothesis
testing process.

Monarch’s Magnetic Fields

TRY THESE

Some people believe that the earth’s magnetic field guides some animals as they travel over great distances.
However, it is not clear how these animals detect the earth’s magnetic field. The monarch butterfly is an
example of an animal that may travel this way. Monarch butterflies cannot survive a long cold winter, so
they migrate long distances south in the fall. Monarch butterflies fly to the same winter roosts year after
year. Often they fly to the same trees each winter. It is not known how the monarch butterflies locate their
winter homes. One possibility is that they have some magnetic material in their bodies that allows them to
sense a magnetic field.

Biologists wanted to determine whether monarch butterflies have some magnetic material in their bodies.1
The biologists used a tool called a magnetometer for this test. The magnetometer measures electromagnetic
units that are called nano-emus. Unfortunately, the magnetometer itself creates some magnetic intensity.
The magnetometer creates about 20 nano-emus of magnetic intensity. (A nano-emu is 10í9 electromagnetic
units.) In order to demonstrate that monarch butterflies have some magnetic material in their bodies, the
biologists needed to be able to show that the monarch butterflies’ mean magnetic intensity is greater than
20 nano-emus.

For this test, we will use a 5% level of significance. We will assume that the population of magnetic
intensities in monarch butterflies is normally distributed.

1
Douglas Jones and Bruce MacFadden, “Induced Magnetization in the Monarch Butterfly, Danaus Plexippus (Insecta, Lepidoptera)” Journal
of Experimental Biology 96 (1982): 1-9.
Statway® Version 3.1, © 2018 WestEd. All rights reserved.
Step 1: Determine the Hypotheses

The null hypothesis states that the population mean is equal to a specific value:

H0: — = 

The alternative hypothesis is one of the following inequalities:

Ha: — <  For a left-tailed test

Ha: — >  For a right-tailed test

Ha: —   For a two-tailed test

1 Let μ be the mean magnetic intensity for all monarch butterflies.

A State the null and alternative hypotheses.

B Is this a left-tailed, right-tailed, or two-tailed test? Be sure to explain your answer.

Step 2: Collect the Data

2 The biologists examined a random sample of 16 monarch butterflies. The measured magnetic intensity
(in nano-emus) of each monarch butterfly is given in the table below.

Magnetic Intensity of Monarch Butterflies (in nano-emus)

48.6 32.8 53.2 32.3 17.3 12.2 36.6 29.8

12.4 21.9 26.4 49.0 14.5 7.5 40.2 29.0

A Are the criteria for the approximate normality of the sampling distribution of sample means
satisfied?

(1A) Answer: H0: μ= k, Ha: ȝ > 20.

(1B) Answer: Right-tailed test, since the alternative hypothesis has a greater than inequality symbol.

(2A) Answer: Yes. While the sample size is less than 30, the population from which we are sampling
is assumed to be normal.
 B Calculate the sample size, sample mean, and sample standard deviation.

C Is the sample mean consistent with the alternative hypothesis?

(2B) Answer: [  , V  , Q  .

(2C) Answer: Yes.

Step 3: Assess the Evidence

In this step, we calculate the test statistic and the P-value.

The test statistic varies according to a T-distribution when two criteria are met:

● The sampling distribution of sample means is normal, and

● We use a sample standard deviation to standardize the sample mean.

[−ȝ
The formula for the test statistic is 7 V
̼Q

We will use technology or tables to find P-values.

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 Lesson 9.3.1: Hypothesis Tests for Population Means

For a left-tailed test, the P-value is the

area to the left of the test statistic.

For a right-tailed test, the P-value is the

area to the right of the test statistic.

For a two-tailed test, the P-value is twice

the area to the right of a positive test
statistic, or twice the area to the left of a
negative test statistic.

3 We can use the T-distribution in this case since the normality criteria for the sampling distribution are
met.

A Calculate the test statistic for the observed sample mean.

x−μ 28.98 − 20
(3A) Answer: T = s = 14.150 = 2.54 .
̼ 16
 B Sketch the T-distribution and identify the position of the observed test statistic. Shade the area that
represents the P-value.

C Is the test statistic unusual? Be sure to explain your answer.

D Use the test statistic to find the P-value.

Step 4: State a Conclusion

4 Do the data provide enough evidence to claim that at the 5% significance level, the mean magnetic
intensity for monarch butterflies is greater than 20 nano-emus?

A How does the P-value compare to the significance level? Should we reject or fail to reject the null
hypothesis?

B What can you conclude about the alternative hypothesis?

C State a conclusion in the context of the problem. Be sure to explain what the conclusion means in
relation to the magnetic intensity of monarch butterflies.

(3B) Answer: Students should sketch a bell curve with the test statistic in the right tail. The area to
the right of T = 2.54 should be shaded.

(3C) Answer: Yes, it is greater than 2.

(3D) Answer: 0.011.

(4A) Answer: P-value < 0.05. We should reject the null hypothesis.

(4B) Answer: We should support the alternative hypothesis.

(4C) Answer: At the 5% level of significance, there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean
magnetic intensity of monarch butterflies exceeds 20 nano-emus. This means that monarch
butterflies contain a natural magnetic intensity.
NEXT STEPS

Mean Lifespan of Batteries

Imagine that a company sells portable walkie-talkie radios to construction crews. The batteries for these
radios last for an average of 55 hours. The purchasing manager for this company receives a brochure in the
mail that advertises a new brand of batteries. This new brand of batteries is cheaper than the brand that the
company currently uses. However, the purchasing manager is concerned that the cheaper batteries may
have a shorter average battery life than the current brand. (Note: The number of hours that batteries last is
called their battery life.) The pricing manager wants to perform a statistical test at the 1% level of
significance to determine whether the cheaper batteries have a shorter average battery life.

TRY THESE

Step 1: Determine the Hypotheses

5 State the null and alternative hypotheses for this test.

6 Is this a left-tailed, right-tailed, or two-tailed test? Be sure to explain your answer.

Step 2: Collect the Data

To test this hypothesis, the pricing manager installs 40 randomly selected batteries of the new brand in the
company’s walkie-talkie radios. He finds that the mean lifetime for the sample is 52 hours, with a standard
deviation of 10 hours.

7 Does the manager’s sample satisfy the criteria for the approximate normality of the sampling
distribution of sample means? Be sure to explain your answer.

8 Is the sample mean consistent with the alternative hypothesis?

ȋͷȌ •™‡”ǣ H0: ȝ = 55, Ha: ȝ < 55.

ȋ͸Ȍ Answer: A left-tailed test, since the alternative hypothesis has a less than inequality symbol.

ȋ͹Ȍ Answer: Since the sample size is greater than 30, we can assume that the sampling distribution
can be modeled with a normal distribution.

ȋͺȌ Answer: Yes, the sample mean is less than 55 hours.

 Step 3: Assess the Evidence

9 Calculate the test statistic for the observed sample mean.

10 Sketch the T-distribution and identify the position of the observed test statistic. Shade the area that
represents the P-value.

11 Use the test statistic to find the P-value.

Step 4: State a Conclusion

12 How does the P-value compare to the significance level? Should we reject or fail to reject the null
hypothesis?

13 What can you conclude about the alternative hypothesis?

14 State a conclusion in the context of the problem.

15 It is possible that the conclusion was incorrect. The new, cheaper batteries may indeed have a shorter
lifespan that the old batteries. If this is the case, what type of error was made?

x−μ 52 − 55
ȋͻȌ Answer: T = s = 10 = −1.90 .
̼40

ȋͳͲȌ Answer: Students should sketch a bell curve with the test statistic in the left tail. The area to the
left of T = í 1.90 should be shaded.

ȋͳͳȌ •™‡”ǣ 0.032.

ȋͳʹȌ Answer: P-value > 0.01. We fail to reject the null hypothesis.

ȋͳ͵Ȍ Answer: We do not have enough evidence to support the alternative hypothesis.

ȋͳͶȌ Answer: At the 1% level of significance, there is not sufficient evidence to conclude that the
mean battery lifetime of the new brand is shorter than the mean battery lifetime of the original
brand.

ȋͳͷȌ Answer: Type II error.

Designing an Experiment: Confounding Variables

In experiments, it is important to consider the potential confounding variables, which could influence how
we must interpret the causal relationship. A confounding variable is a variable that has an effect on the
response variable, but was not properly controlled for in the experiment. For example, suppose a student
living in a dorm wanted to do an experiment to see if offering a free t-shirt would get more people to come
to his social activism club. He put up large signs on the third and fourth floors of his dorm advertising a free
t-shirt and free pizza for those who attended the next meeting. He did not put up any signs on the first and
second floors. He found that more students from the third and fourth did, in fact, attend the next meeting.

After talking to a Statway student, he realized he could not conclude that offering a free t-shirt increased
attendance, because there were confounding variables in his experiment.

16 What are two potential confounding variables in his experiment?

Researchers should attempt to control for such confounding variables by carefully designing their
experiment.

17 How might the student have controlled for the two confounding variables that you noted in your answer
for Question 16?

ȋͳ͸Ȍ Answer: Answers will vary, but the two clearest confounding variables are free pizza and
increased awareness of the meeting from the signs, both of which could have caused increased
attendance independently of the free t-shirt.

ȋͳ͹Ȍ Answer: The student could have …‘–”‘ŽŽ‡† for these by only offering one incentive (free t-shirt)
and by posting similar signs on the first and second floors that had the same information but did
not offer a free t-shirt. These controls would have helped to eliminate those confounding
variables to isolate the effect of offering a free t-shirt.

Statway® Version 3.1, © 2018 WestEd. All rights reserved.

 T -Distribution p -Values

Degrees of F reedom
T.S. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 
0 .0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0
0 .1 .5 3 2 .5 3 5 .5 3 7 .5 3 7 .5 3 8 .5 3 8 .5 3 8 .5 3 9 .5 3 9 .5 3 9 .5 3 9 .5 3 9 .5 3 9 .5 3 9 .5 3 9 .5 3 9 .5 3 9 .5 3 9 .5 3 9 .5 3 9 .5 3 9 .5 3 9 .5 3 9 .5 3 9 .5 3 9 .5 3 9 .5 4 0 .5 4 0 .5 4 0 .5 4 0 .5 4 0 .5 4 0 .5 4 0 .5 4 0 .5 4 0 .5 4 0 .5 4 0 .5 4 0
0 .2 .5 6 3 .5 7 0 .5 7 3 .5 7 4 .5 7 5 .5 7 6 .5 7 6 .5 7 7 .5 7 7 .5 7 7 .5 7 7 .5 7 8 .5 7 8 .5 7 8 .5 7 8 .5 7 8 .5 7 8 .5 7 8 .5 7 8 .5 7 8 .5 7 8 .5 7 8 .5 7 8 .5 7 8 .5 7 9 .5 7 9 .5 7 9 .5 7 9 .5 7 9 .5 7 9 .5 7 9 .5 7 9 .5 7 9 .5 7 9 .5 7 9 .5 7 9 .5 7 9 .5 7 9
0 .3 .5 9 3 .6 0 4 .6 0 8 .6 1 0 .6 1 2 .6 1 3 .6 1 4 .6 1 4 .6 1 5 .6 1 5 .6 1 5 .6 1 5 .6 1 6 .6 1 6 .6 1 6 .6 1 6 .6 1 6 .6 1 6 .6 1 6 .6 1 6 .6 1 6 .6 1 7 .6 1 7 .6 1 7 .6 1 7 .6 1 7 .6 1 7 .6 1 7 .6 1 7 .6 1 7 .6 1 7 .6 1 7 .6 1 7 .6 1 8 .6 1 8 .6 1 8 .6 1 8 .6 1 8
0 .4 .6 2 1 .6 3 6 .6 4 2 .6 4 5 .6 4 7 .6 4 9 .6 5 0 .6 5 0 .6 5 1 .6 5 1 .6 5 2 .6 5 2 .6 5 2 .6 5 2 .6 5 3 .6 5 3 .6 5 3 .6 5 3 .6 5 3 .6 5 3 .6 5 3 .6 5 4 .6 5 4 .6 5 4 .6 5 4 .6 5 4 .6 5 4 .6 5 4 .6 5 4 .6 5 4 .6 5 4 .6 5 5 .6 5 5 .6 5 5 .6 5 5 .6 5 5 .6 5 5 .6 5 5
0 .5 .6 4 8 .6 6 7 .6 7 4 .6 7 8 .6 8 1 .6 8 3 .6 8 4 .6 8 5 .6 8 6 .6 8 6 .6 8 7 .6 8 7 .6 8 7 .6 8 8 .6 8 8 .6 8 8 .6 8 8 .6 8 8 .6 8 9 .6 8 9 .6 8 9 .6 8 9 .6 8 9 .6 8 9 .6 8 9 .6 8 9 .6 8 9 .6 9 0 .6 9 0 .6 9 0 .6 9 0 .6 9 0 .6 9 1 .6 9 1 .6 9 1 .6 9 1 .6 9 1 .6 9 2
0 .6 .6 7 2 .6 9 5 .7 0 5 .7 1 0 .7 1 3 .7 1 5 .7 1 6 .7 1 7 .7 1 8 .7 1 9 .7 2 0 .7 2 0 .7 2 1 .7 2 1 .7 2 1 .7 2 2 .7 2 2 .7 2 2 .7 2 2 .7 2 2 .7 2 3 .7 2 3 .7 2 3 .7 2 3 .7 2 3 .7 2 3 .7 2 3 .7 2 3 .7 2 3 .7 2 4 .7 2 4 .7 2 4 .7 2 5 .7 2 5 .7 2 5 .7 2 5 .7 2 5 .7 2 6
0 .7 .6 9 4 .7 2 2 .7 3 3 .7 3 9 .7 4 2 .7 4 5 .7 4 7 .7 4 8 .7 4 9 .7 5 0 .7 5 1 .7 5 1 .7 5 2 .7 5 2 .7 5 3 .7 5 3 .7 5 3 .7 5 4 .7 5 4 .7 5 4 .7 5 4 .7 5 4 .7 5 5 .7 5 5 .7 5 5 .7 5 5 .7 5 5 .7 5 5 .7 5 5 .7 5 5 .7 5 6 .7 5 6 .7 5 7 .7 5 7 .7 5 7 .7 5 7 .7 5 7 .7 5 8
0 .8 .7 1 5 .7 4 6 .7 5 9 .7 6 6 .7 7 0 .7 7 3 .7 7 5 .7 7 7 .7 7 8 .7 7 9 .7 8 0 .7 8 0 .7 8 1 .7 8 2 .7 8 2 .7 8 2 .7 8 3 .7 8 3 .7 8 3 .7 8 3 .7 8 4 .7 8 4 .7 8 4 .7 8 4 .7 8 4 .7 8 5 .7 8 5 .7 8 5 .7 8 5 .7 8 5 .7 8 6 .7 8 6 .7 8 7 .7 8 7 .7 8 7 .7 8 7 .7 8 7 .7 8 8
0 .9 .7 3 3 .7 6 8 .7 8 3 .7 9 1 .7 9 5 .7 9 9 .8 0 1 .8 0 3 .8 0 4 .8 0 5 .8 0 6 .8 0 7 .8 0 8 .8 0 8 .8 0 9 .8 0 9 .8 1 0 .8 1 0 .8 1 0 .8 1 1 .8 1 1 .8 1 1 .8 1 1 .8 1 2 .8 1 2 .8 1 2 .8 1 2 .8 1 2 .8 1 2 .8 1 2 .8 1 3 .8 1 4 .8 1 4 .8 1 4 .8 1 5 .8 1 5 .8 1 5 .8 1 6
1 .0 .7 5 0 .7 8 9 .8 0 5 .8 1 3 .8 1 8 .8 2 2 .8 2 5 .8 2 7 .8 2 8 .8 3 0 .8 3 1 .8 3 2 .8 3 2 .8 3 3 .8 3 3 .8 3 4 .8 3 4 .8 3 5 .8 3 5 .8 3 5 .8 3 6 .8 3 6 .8 3 6 .8 3 6 .8 3 7 .8 3 7 .8 3 7 .8 3 7 .8 3 7 .8 3 7 .8 3 8 .8 3 9 .8 3 9 .8 4 0 .8 4 0 .8 4 0 .8 4 0 .8 4 1
1 .1 .7 6 5 .8 0 7 .8 2 4 .8 3 4 .8 3 9 .8 4 3 .8 4 6 .8 4 8 .8 5 0 .8 5 1 .8 5 3 .8 5 4 .8 5 4 .8 5 5 .8 5 6 .8 5 6 .8 5 7 .8 5 7 .8 5 8 .8 5 8 .8 5 8 .8 5 8 .8 5 9 .8 5 9 .8 5 9 .8 5 9 .8 6 0 .8 6 0 .8 6 0 .8 6 0 .8 6 1 .8 6 2 .8 6 2 .8 6 2 .8 6 3 .8 6 3 .8 6 3 .8 6 4
1 .2 .7 7 9 .8 2 4 .8 4 2 .8 5 2 .8 5 8 .8 6 2 .8 6 5 .8 6 8 .8 7 0 .8 7 1 .8 7 2 .8 7 3 .8 7 4 .8 7 5 .8 7 6 .8 7 6 .8 7 7 .8 7 7 .8 7 8 .8 7 8 .8 7 8 .8 7 9 .8 7 9 .8 7 9 .8 7 9 .8 8 0 .8 8 0 .8 8 0 .8 8 0 .8 8 0 .8 8 1 .8 8 2 .8 8 3 .8 8 3 .8 8 3 .8 8 3 .8 8 4 .8 8 5
1 .3 .7 9 1 .8 3 8 .8 5 8 .8 6 8 .8 7 5 .8 7 9 .8 8 3 .8 8 5 .8 8 7 .8 8 9 .8 9 0 .8 9 1 .8 9 2 .8 9 3 .8 9 3 .8 9 4 .8 9 5 .8 9 5 .8 9 5 .8 9 6 .8 9 6 .8 9 7 .8 9 7 .8 9 7 .8 9 7 .8 9 8 .8 9 8 .8 9 8 .8 9 8 .8 9 8 .9 0 0 .9 0 0 .9 0 1 .9 0 1 .9 0 1 .9 0 2 .9 0 2 .9 0 3
1 .4 .8 0 3 .8 5 2 .8 7 2 .8 8 3 .8 9 0 .8 9 5 .8 9 8 .9 0 1 .9 0 3 .9 0 4 .9 0 6 .9 0 7 .9 0 8 .9 0 8 .9 0 9 .9 1 0 .9 1 0 .9 1 1 .9 1 1 .9 1 2 .9 1 2 .9 1 2 .9 1 3 .9 1 3 .9 1 3 .9 1 3 .9 1 4 .9 1 4 .9 1 4 .9 1 4 .9 1 5 .9 1 6 .9 1 7 .9 1 7 .9 1 7 .9 1 8 .9 1 8 .9 1 9
1 .5 .8 1 3 .8 6 4 .8 8 5 .8 9 6 .9 0 3 .9 0 8 .9 1 1 .9 1 4 .9 1 6 .9 1 8 .9 1 9 .9 2 0 .9 2 1 .9 2 2 .9 2 3 .9 2 4 .9 2 4 .9 2 5 .9 2 5 .9 2 5 .9 2 6 .9 2 6 .9 2 6 .9 2 7 .9 2 7 .9 2 7 .9 2 7 .9 2 8 .9 2 8 .9 2 8 .9 2 9 .9 3 0 .9 3 1 .9 3 1 .9 3 1 .9 3 1 .9 3 2 .9 3 3
1 .6 .8 2 2 .8 7 5 .8 9 6 .9 0 8 .9 1 5 .9 2 0 .9 2 3 .9 2 6 .9 2 8 .9 3 0 .9 3 1 .9 3 2 .9 3 3 .9 3 4 .9 3 5 .9 3 5 .9 3 6 .9 3 7 .9 3 7 .9 3 7 .9 3 8 .9 3 8 .9 3 8 .9 3 9 .9 3 9 .9 3 9 .9 3 9 .9 4 0 .9 4 0 .9 4 0 .9 4 1 .9 4 2 .9 4 3 .9 4 3 .9 4 3 .9 4 3 .9 4 4 .9 4 5
1 .7 .8 3 1 .8 8 4 .9 0 6 .9 1 8 .9 2 5 .9 3 0 .9 3 4 .9 3 6 .9 3 8 .9 4 0 .9 4 1 .9 4 3 .9 4 4 .9 4 4 .9 4 5 .9 4 6 .9 4 6 .9 4 7 .9 4 7 .9 4 8 .9 4 8 .9 4 8 .9 4 9 .9 4 9 .9 4 9 .9 5 0 .9 5 0 .9 5 0 .9 5 0 .9 5 0 .9 5 2 .9 5 2 .9 5 3 .9 5 3 .9 5 4 .9 5 4 .9 5 4 .9 5 5
1 .8 .8 3 9 .8 9 3 .9 1 5 .9 2 7 .9 3 4 .9 3 9 .9 4 3 .9 4 5 .9 4 7 .9 4 9 .9 5 0 .9 5 2 .9 5 3 .9 5 3 .9 5 4 .9 5 5 .9 5 5 .9 5 6 .9 5 6 .9 5 7 .9 5 7 .9 5 7 .9 5 8 .9 5 8 .9 5 8 .9 5 8 .9 5 9 .9 5 9 .9 5 9 .9 5 9 .9 6 0 .9 6 1 .9 6 2 .9 6 2 .9 6 2 .9 6 2 .9 6 3 .9 6 4
1 .9 .8 4 6 .9 0 1 .9 2 3 .9 3 5 .9 4 2 .9 4 7 .9 5 0 .9 5 3 .9 5 5 .9 5 7 .9 5 8 .9 5 9 .9 6 0 .9 6 1 .9 6 2 .9 6 2 .9 6 3 .9 6 3 .9 6 4 .9 6 4 .9 6 4 .9 6 5 .9 6 5 .9 6 5 .9 6 6 .9 6 6 .9 6 6 .9 6 6 .9 6 6 .9 6 7 .9 6 8 .9 6 8 .9 6 9 .9 6 9 .9 7 0 .9 7 0 .9 7 0 .9 7 1
2 .0 .8 5 2 .9 0 8 .9 3 0 .9 4 2 .9 4 9 .9 5 4 .9 5 7 .9 6 0 .9 6 2 .9 6 3 .9 6 5 .9 6 6 .9 6 7 .9 6 7 .9 6 8 .9 6 9 .9 6 9 .9 7 0 .9 7 0 .9 7 0 .9 7 1 .9 7 1 .9 7 1 .9 7 2 .9 7 2 .9 7 2 .9 7 2 .9 7 2 .9 7 3 .9 7 3 .9 7 4 .9 7 5 .9 7 5 .9 7 5 .9 7 6 .9 7 6 .9 7 6 .9 7 7
2 .1 .8 5 9 .9 1 5 .9 3 7 .9 4 8 .9 5 5 .9 6 0 .9 6 3 .9 6 6 .9 6 7 .9 6 9 .9 7 0 .9 7 1 .9 7 2 .9 7 3 .9 7 4 .9 7 4 .9 7 5 .9 7 5 .9 7 5 .9 7 6 .9 7 6 .9 7 6 .9 7 7 .9 7 7 .9 7 7 .9 7 7 .9 7 7 .9 7 8 .9 7 8 .9 7 8 .9 7 9 .9 8 0 .9 8 0 .9 8 0 .9 8 1 .9 8 1 .9 8 1 .9 8 2
2 .2 .8 6 4 .9 2 1 .9 4 2 .9 5 4 .9 6 1 .9 6 5 .9 6 8 .9 7 1 .9 7 2 .9 7 4 .9 7 5 .9 7 6 .9 7 7 .9 7 7 .9 7 8 .9 7 9 .9 7 9 .9 7 9 .9 8 0 .9 8 0 .9 8 0 .9 8 1 .9 8 1 .9 8 1 .9 8 1 .9 8 2 .9 8 2 .9 8 2 .9 8 2 .9 8 2 .9 8 3 .9 8 4 .9 8 4 .9 8 4 .9 8 5 .9 8 5 .9 8 5 .9 8 6
2 .3 .8 7 0 .9 2 6 .9 4 8 .9 5 9 .9 6 5 .9 6 9 .9 7 3 .9 7 5 .9 7 7 .9 7 8 .9 7 9 .9 8 0 .9 8 1 .9 8 1 .9 8 2 .9 8 2 .9 8 3 .9 8 3 .9 8 4 .9 8 4 .9 8 4 .9 8 4 .9 8 5 .9 8 5 .9 8 5 .9 8 5 .9 8 5 .9 8 5 .9 8 6 .9 8 6 .9 8 7 .9 8 7 .9 8 8 .9 8 8 .9 8 8 .9 8 8 .9 8 8 .9 8 9
2 .4 .8 7 4 .9 3 1 .9 5 2 .9 6 3 .9 6 9 .9 7 3 .9 7 6 .9 7 8 .9 8 0 .9 8 1 .9 8 2 .9 8 3 .9 8 4 .9 8 5 .9 8 5 .9 8 6 .9 8 6 .9 8 6 .9 8 7 .9 8 7 .9 8 7 .9 8 7 .9 8 8 .9 8 8 .9 8 8 .9 8 8 .9 8 8 .9 8 8 .9 8 9 .9 8 9 .9 8 9 .9 9 0 .9 9 0 .9 9 1 .9 9 1 .9 9 1 .9 9 1 .9 9 2
2 .5 .8 7 9 .9 3 5 .9 5 6 .9 6 7 .9 7 3 .9 7 7 .9 8 0 .9 8 2 .9 8 3 .9 8 4 .9 8 5 .9 8 6 .9 8 7 .9 8 7 .9 8 8 .9 8 8 .9 8 9 .9 8 9 .9 8 9 .9 8 9 .9 9 0 .9 9 0 .9 9 0 .9 9 0 .9 9 0 .9 9 1 .9 9 1 .9 9 1 .9 9 1 .9 9 1 .9 9 2 .9 9 2 .9 9 2 .9 9 3 .9 9 3 .9 9 3 .9 9 3 .9 9 4
2 .6 .8 8 3 .9 3 9 .9 6 0 .9 7 0 .9 7 6 .9 8 0 .9 8 2 .9 8 4 .9 8 6 .9 8 7 .9 8 8 .9 8 8 .9 8 9 .9 9 0 .9 9 0 .9 9 0 .9 9 1 .9 9 1 .9 9 1 .9 9 1 .9 9 2 .9 9 2 .9 9 2 .9 9 2 .9 9 2 .9 9 2 .9 9 3 .9 9 3 .9 9 3 .9 9 3 .9 9 4 .9 9 4 .9 9 4 .9 9 4 .9 9 5 .9 9 5 .9 9 5 .9 9 5
2 .7 .8 8 7 .9 4 3 .9 6 3 .9 7 3 .9 7 9 .9 8 2 .9 8 5 .9 8 7 .9 8 8 .9 8 9 .9 9 0 .9 9 0 .9 9 1 .9 9 1 .9 9 2 .9 9 2 .9 9 2 .9 9 3 .9 9 3 .9 9 3 .9 9 3 .9 9 4 .9 9 4 .9 9 4 .9 9 4 .9 9 4 .9 9 4 .9 9 4 .9 9 4 .9 9 4 .9 9 5 .9 9 5 .9 9 6 .9 9 6 .9 9 6 .9 9 6 .9 9 6 .9 9 7
2 .8 .8 9 1 .9 4 6 .9 6 6 .9 7 6 .9 8 1 .9 8 4 .9 8 7 .9 8 8 .9 9 0 .9 9 1 .9 9 1 .9 9 2 .9 9 3 .9 9 3 .9 9 3 .9 9 4 .9 9 4 .9 9 4 .9 9 4 .9 9 5 .9 9 5 .9 9 5 .9 9 5 .9 9 5 .9 9 5 .9 9 5 .9 9 5 .9 9 5 .9 9 6 .9 9 6 .9 9 6 .9 9 6 .9 9 7 .9 9 7 .9 9 7 .9 9 7 .9 9 7 .9 9 7
2 .9 .8 9 4 .9 4 9 .9 6 9 .9 7 8 .9 8 3 .9 8 6 .9 8 9 .9 9 0 .9 9 1 .9 9 2 .9 9 3 .9 9 3 .9 9 4 .9 9 4 .9 9 5 .9 9 5 .9 9 5 .9 9 5 .9 9 5 .9 9 6 .9 9 6 .9 9 6 .9 9 6 .9 9 6 .9 9 6 .9 9 6 .9 9 6 .9 9 6 .9 9 7 .9 9 7 .9 9 7 .9 9 7 .9 9 7 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8
3 .0 .8 9 8 .9 5 2 .9 7 1 .9 8 0 .9 8 5 .9 8 8 .9 9 0 .9 9 2 .9 9 3 .9 9 3 .9 9 4 .9 9 5 .9 9 5 .9 9 5 .9 9 6 .9 9 6 .9 9 6 .9 9 6 .9 9 6 .9 9 7 .9 9 7 .9 9 7 .9 9 7 .9 9 7 .9 9 7 .9 9 7 .9 9 7 .9 9 7 .9 9 7 .9 9 7 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 9
3 .1 .9 0 1 .9 5 5 .9 7 3 .9 8 2 .9 8 7 .9 8 9 .9 9 1 .9 9 3 .9 9 4 .9 9 4 .9 9 5 .9 9 5 .9 9 6 .9 9 6 .9 9 6 .9 9 7 .9 9 7 .9 9 7 .9 9 7 .9 9 7 .9 9 7 .9 9 7 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9
3 .2 .9 0 4 .9 5 7 .9 7 5 .9 8 4 .9 8 8 .9 9 1 .9 9 3 .9 9 4 .9 9 5 .9 9 5 .9 9 6 .9 9 6 .9 9 7 .9 9 7 .9 9 7 .9 9 7 .9 9 7 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9
3 .3 .9 0 6 .9 6 0 .9 7 7 .9 8 5 .9 8 9 .9 9 2 .9 9 3 .9 9 5 .9 9 5 .9 9 6 .9 9 7 .9 9 7 .9 9 7 .9 9 7 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9
3 .4 .9 0 9 .9 6 2 .9 7 9 .9 8 6 .9 9 0 .9 9 3 .9 9 4 .9 9 5 .9 9 6 .9 9 7 .9 9 7 .9 9 7 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9
3 .5 .9 1 1 .9 6 4 .9 8 0 .9 8 8 .9 9 1 .9 9 4 .9 9 5 .9 9 6 .9 9 7 .9 9 7 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9
3 .6 .9 1 4 .9 6 5 .9 8 2 .9 8 9 .9 9 2 .9 9 4 .9 9 6 .9 9 7 .9 9 7 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9
3 .7 .9 1 6 .9 6 7 .9 8 3 .9 9 0 .9 9 3 .9 9 5 .9 9 6 .9 9 7 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9
3 .8 .9 1 8 .9 6 9 .9 8 4 .9 9 0 .9 9 4 .9 9 6 .9 9 7 .9 9 7 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9
3 .9 .9 2 0 .9 7 0 .9 8 5 .9 9 1 .9 9 4 .9 9 6 .9 9 7 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9
4 .0 .9 2 2 .9 7 1 .9 8 6 .9 9 2 .9 9 5 .9 9 6 .9 9 7 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9
4 .1 .9 2 4 .9 7 3 .9 8 7 .9 9 3 .9 9 5 .9 9 7 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9
4 .2 .9 2 6 .9 7 4 .9 8 8 .9 9 3 .9 9 6 .9 9 7 .9 9 8 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9
4 .3 .9 2 7 .9 7 5 .9 8 8 .9 9 4 .9 9 6 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9
4 .4 .9 2 9 .9 7 6 .9 8 9 .9 9 4 .9 9 7 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9
4 .5 .9 3 0 .9 7 7 .9 9 0 .9 9 5 .9 9 7 .9 9 8 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9
4 .6 .9 3 2 .9 7 8 .9 9 0 .9 9 5 .9 9 7 .9 9 8 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9
4 .7 .9 3 3 .9 7 9 .9 9 1 .9 9 5 .9 9 7 .9 9 8 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9
4 .8 .9 3 5 .9 8 0 .9 9 1 .9 9 6 .9 9 8 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9
4 .9 .9 3 6 .9 8 0 .9 9 2 .9 9 6 .9 9 8 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9
5 .0 .9 3 7 .9 8 1 .9 9 2 .9 9 6 .9 9 8 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9
Fro m E lem entary Statistics - M anaging Variability and E rror by S c o tt G u th . U se d by p e rm issio n .
 T -Distribution p -Values

Degrees of F reedom
T.S. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 
-0 .0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0
-0 .1 .4 6 8 .4 6 5 .4 6 3 .4 6 3 .4 6 2 .4 6 2 .4 6 2 .4 6 1 .4 6 1 .4 6 1 .4 6 1 .4 6 1 .4 6 1 .4 6 1 .4 6 1 .4 6 1 .4 6 1 .4 6 1 .4 6 1 .4 6 1 .4 6 1 .4 6 1 .4 6 1 .4 6 1 .4 6 1 .4 6 1 .4 6 1 .4 6 1 .4 6 1 .4 6 1 .4 60 .4 6 0 .4 6 0 .4 6 0 .4 6 0 .4 6 0 .4 6 0 .4 6 0
-0 .2 .4 3 7 .4 3 0 .4 2 7 .4 2 6 .4 2 5 .4 2 4 .4 2 4 .4 2 3 .4 2 3 .4 2 3 .4 2 3 .4 2 2 .4 2 2 .4 2 2 .4 2 2 .4 2 2 .4 2 2 .4 2 2 .4 2 2 .4 2 2 .4 2 2 .4 2 2 .4 2 2 .4 2 2 .4 2 2 .4 2 2 .4 2 2 .4 2 2 .4 2 1 .4 2 1 .4 2 1 .4 2 1 .4 2 1 .4 2 1 .4 2 1 .4 2 1 .4 2 1 .4 2 1
-0 .3 .4 0 7 .3 9 6 .3 9 2 .3 9 0 .3 8 8 .3 8 7 .3 8 6 .3 8 6 .3 8 6 .3 8 5 .3 8 5 .3 8 5 .3 8 5 .3 8 4 .3 8 4 .3 8 4 .3 8 4 .3 8 4 .3 8 4 .3 8 4 .3 8 4 .3 8 4 .3 8 3 .3 8 3 .3 8 3 .3 8 3 .3 8 3 .3 8 3 .3 8 3 .3 8 3 .3 83 .3 8 3 .3 8 3 .3 8 3 .3 8 3 .3 8 2 .3 8 2 .3 8 2
-0 .4 .3 7 9 .3 6 4 .3 5 8 .3 5 5 .3 5 3 .3 5 2 .3 5 1 .3 5 0 .3 4 9 .3 4 9 .3 4 8 .3 4 8 .3 4 8 .3 4 8 .3 4 7 .3 4 7 .3 4 7 .3 4 7 .3 4 7 .3 4 7 .3 4 7 .3 4 7 .3 4 6 .3 4 6 .3 4 6 .3 4 6 .3 4 6 .3 4 6 .3 4 6 .3 4 6 .3 4 6 .3 4 5 .3 4 5 .3 4 5 .3 4 5 .3 4 5 .3 4 5 .3 4 5
-0 .5 .3 5 2 .3 3 3 .3 2 6 .3 2 2 .3 1 9 .3 1 7 .3 1 6 .3 1 5 .3 1 5 .3 1 4 .3 1 4 .3 1 3 .3 1 3 .3 1 2 .3 1 2 .3 1 2 .3 1 2 .3 1 2 .3 1 1 .3 1 1 .3 1 1 .3 1 1 .3 1 1 .3 1 1 .3 1 1 .3 1 1 .3 1 1 .3 1 1 .3 1 0 .3 1 0 .3 10 .3 1 0 .3 1 0 .3 0 9 .3 0 9 .3 0 9 .3 0 9 .3 0 9
-0 .6 .3 2 8 .3 0 5 .2 9 5 .2 9 0 .2 8 7 .2 8 5 .2 8 4 .2 8 3 .2 8 2 .2 8 1 .2 8 0 .2 8 0 .2 7 9 .2 7 9 .2 7 9 .2 7 9 .2 7 8 .2 7 8 .2 7 8 .2 7 8 .2 7 8 .2 7 7 .2 7 7 .2 7 7 .2 7 7 .2 7 7 .2 7 7 .2 7 7 .2 7 7 .2 7 7 .2 7 6 .2 7 6 .2 7 5 .2 7 5 .2 7 5 .2 7 5 .2 7 5 .2 7 4
-0 .7 .3 0 6 .2 7 8 .2 6 7 .2 6 1 .2 5 8 .2 5 5 .2 5 3 .2 5 2 .2 5 1 .2 5 0 .2 4 9 .2 4 9 .2 4 8 .2 4 8 .2 4 7 .2 4 7 .2 4 7 .2 4 6 .2 4 6 .2 4 6 .2 4 6 .2 4 6 .2 4 6 .2 4 5 .2 4 5 .2 4 5 .2 4 5 .2 4 5 .2 4 5 .2 4 5 .2 44 .2 4 4 .2 4 3 .2 4 3 .2 4 3 .2 4 3 .2 4 3 .2 4 2
-0 .8 .2 8 5 .2 5 4 .2 4 1 .2 3 4 .2 3 0 .2 2 7 .2 2 5 .2 2 3 .2 2 2 .2 2 1 .2 2 0 .2 2 0 .2 1 9 .2 1 9 .2 1 8 .2 1 8 .2 1 7 .2 1 7 .2 1 7 .2 1 7 .2 1 6 .2 1 6 .2 1 6 .2 1 6 .2 1 6 .2 1 6 .2 1 5 .2 1 5 .2 1 5 .2 1 5 .2 1 4 .2 1 4 .2 1 3 .2 1 3 .2 1 3 .2 1 3 .2 1 3 .2 1 2
-0 .9 .2 6 7 .2 3 2 .2 1 7 .2 1 0 .2 0 5 .2 0 1 .1 9 9 .1 9 7 .1 9 6 .1 9 5 .1 9 4 .1 9 3 .1 9 2 .1 9 2 .1 9 1 .1 9 1 .1 9 0 .1 9 0 .1 9 0 .1 8 9 .1 8 9 .1 8 9 .1 8 9 .1 8 9 .1 8 8 .1 8 8 .1 8 8 .1 8 8 .1 8 8 .1 8 8 .1 87 .1 8 6 .1 8 6 .1 8 6 .1 8 5 .1 8 5 .1 8 5 .1 8 4
-1 .0 .2 5 0 .2 1 1 .1 9 6 .1 8 7 .1 8 2 .1 7 8 .1 7 5 .1 7 3 .1 7 2 .1 7 0 .1 6 9 .1 6 9 .1 6 8 .1 6 7 .1 6 7 .1 6 6 .1 6 6 .1 6 5 .1 6 5 .1 6 5 .1 6 4 .1 6 4 .1 6 4 .1 6 4 .1 6 3 .1 6 3 .1 6 3 .1 6 3 .1 6 3 .1 6 3 .1 6 2 .1 6 1 .1 6 1 .1 6 0 .1 6 0 .1 6 0 .1 6 0 .1 5 9
-1 .1 .2 3 5 .1 9 3 .1 7 6 .1 6 7 .1 6 1 .1 5 7 .1 5 4 .1 5 2 .1 5 0 .1 4 9 .1 4 7 .1 4 7 .1 4 6 .1 4 5 .1 4 4 .1 4 4 .1 4 3 .1 4 3 .1 4 3 .1 4 2 .1 4 2 .1 4 2 .1 4 1 .1 4 1 .1 4 1 .1 4 1 .1 4 1 .1 4 0 .1 4 0 .1 4 0 .1 39 .1 3 8 .1 3 8 .1 3 8 .1 3 7 .1 3 7 .1 3 7 .1 3 6
-1 .2 .2 2 1 .1 7 7 .1 5 8 .1 4 8 .1 4 2 .1 3 8 .1 3 5 .1 3 2 .1 3 0 .1 2 9 .1 2 8 .1 2 7 .1 2 6 .1 2 5 .1 2 4 .1 2 4 .1 2 3 .1 2 3 .1 2 2 .1 2 2 .1 2 2 .1 2 2 .1 2 1 .1 2 1 .1 2 1 .1 2 1 .1 2 0 .1 2 0 .1 2 0 .1 2 0 .1 1 9 .1 1 8 .1 1 7 .1 1 7 .1 1 7 .1 1 7 .1 1 7 .1 1 5
-1 .3 .2 0 9 .1 6 2 .1 4 2 .1 3 2 .1 2 5 .1 2 1 .1 1 7 .1 1 5 .1 1 3 .1 1 1 .1 1 0 .1 0 9 .1 0 8 .1 0 7 .1 0 7 .1 0 6 .1 0 6 .1 0 5 .1 0 5 .1 0 4 .1 0 4 .1 0 4 .1 0 3 .1 0 3 .1 0 3 .1 0 3 .1 0 2 .1 0 2 .1 0 2 .1 0 2 .1 01 .1 0 0 .0 9 9 .0 9 9 .0 9 9 .0 9 9 .0 9 8 .0 9 7
-1 .4 .1 9 7 .1 4 8 .1 2 8 .1 1 7 .1 1 0 .1 0 6 .1 0 2 .1 0 0 .0 9 8 .0 9 6 .0 9 5 .0 9 3 .0 9 3 .0 9 2 .0 9 1 .0 9 0 .0 9 0 .0 8 9 .0 8 9 .0 8 8 .0 8 8 .0 8 8 .0 8 7 .0 8 7 .0 8 7 .0 8 7 .0 8 6 .0 8 6 .0 8 6 .0 8 6 .0 8 5 .0 8 4 .0 8 3 .0 8 3 .0 8 3 .0 8 3 .0 8 2 .0 8 1
-1 .5 .1 8 7 .1 3 6 .1 1 5 .1 0 4 .0 9 7 .0 9 2 .0 8 9 .0 8 6 .0 8 4 .0 8 2 .0 8 1 .0 8 0 .0 7 9 .0 7 8 .0 7 7 .0 7 7 .0 7 6 .0 7 6 .0 7 5 .0 7 5 .0 7 4 .0 7 4 .0 7 4 .0 7 3 .0 7 3 .0 7 3 .0 7 3 .0 7 2 .0 7 2 .0 7 2 .0 71 .0 7 0 .0 6 9 .0 6 9 .0 6 9 .0 6 9 .0 6 8 .0 6 7
-1 .6 .1 7 8 .1 2 5 .1 0 4 .0 9 2 .0 8 5 .0 8 0 .0 7 7 .0 7 4 .0 7 2 .0 7 0 .0 6 9 .0 6 8 .0 6 7 .0 6 6 .0 6 5 .0 6 5 .0 6 4 .0 6 4 .0 6 3 .0 6 3 .0 6 2 .0 6 2 .0 6 2 .0 6 1 .0 6 1 .0 6 1 .0 6 1 .0 6 0 .0 6 0 .0 6 0 .0 5 9 .0 5 8 .0 5 7 .0 5 7 .0 5 7 .0 5 7 .0 5 6 .0 5 5
-1 .7 .1 6 9 .1 1 6 .0 9 4 .0 8 2 .0 7 5 .0 7 0 .0 6 7 .0 6 4 .0 6 2 .0 6 0 .0 5 9 .0 5 7 .0 5 7 .0 5 6 .0 5 5 .0 5 4 .0 5 4 .0 5 3 .0 5 3 .0 5 2 .0 5 2 .0 5 2 .0 5 1 .0 5 1 .0 5 1 .0 5 1 .0 5 0 .0 5 0 .0 5 0 .0 5 0 .0 48 .0 4 8 .0 4 7 .0 4 7 .0 4 7 .0 4 6 .0 4 6 .0 4 5
-1 .8 .1 6 1 .1 0 7 .0 8 5 .0 7 3 .0 6 6 .0 6 1 .0 5 7 .0 5 5 .0 5 3 .0 5 1 .0 5 0 .0 4 9 .0 4 8 .0 4 7 .0 4 6 .0 4 5 .0 4 5 .0 4 4 .0 4 4 .0 4 4 .0 4 3 .0 4 3 .0 4 3 .0 4 2 .0 4 2 .0 4 2 .0 4 2 .0 4 1 .0 4 1 .0 4 1 .0 4 0 .0 3 9 .0 3 8 .0 3 8 .0 3 8 .0 3 8 .0 3 7 .0 3 6
-1 .9 .1 5 4 .0 9 9 .0 7 7 .0 6 5 .0 5 8 .0 5 3 .0 5 0 .0 4 7 .0 4 5 .0 4 3 .0 4 2 .0 4 1 .0 4 0 .0 3 9 .0 3 8 .0 3 8 .0 3 7 .0 3 7 .0 3 6 .0 3 6 .0 3 6 .0 3 5 .0 3 5 .0 3 5 .0 3 5 .0 3 4 .0 3 4 .0 3 4 .0 3 4 .0 3 4 .0 32 .0 3 2 .0 3 1 .0 3 1 .0 3 1 .0 3 0 .0 3 0 .0 2 9
-2 .0 .1 4 8 .0 9 2 .0 7 0 .0 5 8 .0 5 1 .0 4 6 .0 4 3 .0 4 0 .0 3 8 .0 3 7 .0 3 5 .0 3 4 .0 3 3 .0 3 3 .0 3 2 .0 3 1 .0 3 1 .0 3 0 .0 3 0 .0 3 0 .0 2 9 .0 2 9 .0 2 9 .0 2 9 .0 2 8 .0 2 8 .0 2 8 .0 2 8 .0 2 8 .0 2 7 .0 2 6 .0 2 6 .0 2 5 .0 2 5 .0 2 4 .0 2 4 .0 2 4 .0 2 3
-2 .1 .1 4 2 .0 8 5 .0 6 3 .0 5 2 .0 4 5 .0 4 0 .0 3 7 .0 3 5 .0 3 3 .0 3 1 .0 3 0 .0 2 9 .0 2 8 .0 2 7 .0 2 7 .0 2 6 .0 2 6 .0 2 5 .0 2 5 .0 2 4 .0 2 4 .0 2 4 .0 2 3 .0 2 3 .0 2 3 .0 2 3 .0 2 3 .0 2 2 .0 2 2 .0 2 2 .0 21 .0 2 0 .0 2 0 .0 2 0 .0 1 9 .0 1 9 .0 1 9 .0 1 8
-2 .2 .1 3 6 .0 7 9 .0 5 8 .0 4 6 .0 4 0 .0 3 5 .0 3 2 .0 3 0 .0 2 8 .0 2 6 .0 2 5 .0 2 4 .0 2 3 .0 2 3 .0 2 2 .0 2 1 .0 2 1 .0 2 1 .0 2 0 .0 2 0 .0 2 0 .0 1 9 .0 1 9 .0 1 9 .0 1 9 .0 1 8 .0 1 8 .0 1 8 .0 1 8 .0 1 8 .0 1 7 .0 1 6 .0 1 6 .0 1 6 .0 1 5 .0 1 5 .0 1 5 .0 1 4
-2 .3 .1 3 1 .0 7 4 .0 5 3 .0 4 2 .0 3 5 .0 3 1 .0 2 8 .0 2 5 .0 2 4 .0 2 2 .0 2 1 .0 2 0 .0 1 9 .0 1 9 .0 1 8 .0 1 8 .0 1 7 .0 1 7 .0 1 7 .0 1 6 .0 1 6 .0 1 6 .0 1 5 .0 1 5 .0 1 5 .0 1 5 .0 1 5 .0 1 5 .0 1 4 .0 1 4 .0 13 .0 1 3 .0 1 3 .0 1 2 .0 1 2 .0 1 2 .0 1 2 .0 1 1
-2 .4 .1 2 6 .0 6 9 .0 4 8 .0 3 7 .0 3 1 .0 2 7 .0 2 4 .0 2 2 .0 2 0 .0 1 9 .0 1 8 .0 1 7 .0 1 6 .0 1 5 .0 1 5 .0 1 5 .0 1 4 .0 1 4 .0 1 3 .0 1 3 .0 1 3 .0 1 3 .0 1 2 .0 1 2 .0 1 2 .0 1 2 .0 1 2 .0 1 2 .0 1 2 .0 1 1 .0 1 1 .0 1 0 .0 1 0 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 8
-2 .5 .1 2 1 .0 6 5 .0 4 4 .0 3 3 .0 2 7 .0 2 3 .0 2 1 .0 1 9 .0 1 7 .0 1 6 .0 1 5 .0 1 4 .0 1 3 .0 1 3 .0 1 2 .0 1 2 .0 1 2 .0 1 1 .0 1 1 .0 1 1 .0 1 0 .0 1 0 .0 1 0 .0 1 0 .0 1 0 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 08 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 6
-2 .6 .1 1 7 .0 6 1 .0 4 0 .0 3 0 .0 2 4 .0 2 0 .0 1 8 .0 1 6 .0 1 4 .0 1 3 .0 1 2 .0 1 2 .0 1 1 .0 1 1 .0 1 0 .0 1 0 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5
-2 .7 .1 1 3 .0 5 7 .0 3 7 .0 2 7 .0 2 1 .0 1 8 .0 1 5 .0 1 4 .0 1 2 .0 1 1 .0 1 0 .0 1 0 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 05 .0 0 5 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 3
-2 .8 .1 0 9 .0 5 4 .0 3 4 .0 2 4 .0 1 9 .0 1 6 .0 1 3 .0 1 2 .0 1 0 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3
-2 .9 .1 0 6 .0 5 1 .0 3 1 .0 2 2 .0 1 7 .0 1 4 .0 1 2 .0 1 0 .0 0 9 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 03 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2
-3 .0 .1 0 2 .0 4 8 .0 2 9 .0 2 0 .0 1 5 .0 1 2 .0 1 0 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 1
-3 .1 .0 9 9 .0 4 5 .0 2 7 .0 1 8 .0 1 3 .0 1 1 .0 0 9 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 02 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1
-3 .2 .0 9 6 .0 4 3 .0 2 5 .0 1 7 .0 1 2 .0 0 9 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1
-3 .3 .0 9 4 .0 4 0 .0 2 3 .0 1 5 .0 1 1 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 01 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1
-3 .4 .0 9 1 .0 3 8 .0 2 1 .0 1 4 .0 1 0 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1
-3 .5 .0 8 9 .0 3 6 .0 2 0 .0 1 2 .0 0 9 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 01 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1
-3 .6 .0 8 6 .0 3 5 .0 1 8 .0 1 1 .0 0 8 .0 0 6 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1
-3 .7 .0 8 4 .0 3 3 .0 1 7 .0 1 0 .0 0 7 .0 0 5 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 01 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1
-3 .8 .0 8 2 .0 3 1 .0 1 6 .0 1 0 .0 0 6 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1
-3 .9 .0 8 0 .0 3 0 .0 1 5 .0 0 9 .0 0 6 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 01 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1
-4 .0 .0 7 8 .0 2 9 .0 1 4 .0 0 8 .0 0 5 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1
-4 .1 .0 7 6 .0 2 7 .0 1 3 .0 0 7 .0 0 5 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 01 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1
-4 .2 .0 7 4 .0 2 6 .0 1 2 .0 0 7 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1
-4 .3 .0 7 3 .0 2 5 .0 1 2 .0 0 6 .0 0 4 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 01 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1
-4 .4 .0 7 1 .0 2 4 .0 1 1 .0 0 6 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1
-4 .5 .0 7 0 .0 2 3 .0 1 0 .0 0 5 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 01 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1
-4 .6 .0 6 8 .0 2 2 .0 1 0 .0 0 5 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1
-4 .7 .0 6 7 .0 2 1 .0 0 9 .0 0 5 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 01 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1
-4 .8 .0 6 5 .0 2 0 .0 0 9 .0 0 4 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1
-4 .9 .0 6 4 .0 2 0 .0 0 8 .0 0 4 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 01 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1
-5 .0 .0 6 3 .0 1 9 .0 0 8 .0 0 4 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1
Fro m E lem entary Statistics - M anaging Variability and E rror by S c o tt G u th . U se d by p e rm issio n .