Motor Control Chapter2

DOL Stator:
Why: Different starting methods are employed for starting induction motors because Induction Motor
draws more starting current during starting. To prevent damage to the windings due to the high starting
current flow, we employ different types of starters.
Consists of:
i. Circuit Breaker
ii. Contactors
iii. Overload Relay
Typically, the contactor will be controlled by separate start and stop buttons, and an auxiliary contact on
the contactor is used, across the start button, as a hold in contact. I.e. the contactor is electrically
latched closed while the motor is operating.
Principle of Direct On Line Starter (DOL):
To start, the contactor is closed, applying full line voltage to the motor windings. The motor will draw a
very high inrush current for a very short time, the magnetic field in the iron, and then the current will be
limited to the Locked Rotor Current of the motor. The motor will develop Locked Rotor Torque and begin
to accelerate towards full speed.
As the motor accelerates, the current will begin to drop, but will not drop significantly until the motor is at
a high speed, typically about 85% of synchronous speed. The actual starting current curve is a function
of the motor design, and the terminal voltage, and is totally independent of the motor load.
The motor load will affect the time taken for the motor to accelerate to full speed and therefore the
duration of the high starting current, but not the magnitude of the starting current.
Provided the torque developed by the motor exceeds the load torque at all speeds during the start cycle,
the motor will reach full speed. If the torque delivered by the motor is less than the torque of the load at
any speed during the start cycle, the motor will stops accelerating. If the starting torque with a DOL
starter is insufficient for the load, the motor must be replaced with a motor which can develop a higher
starting torque.
The acceleration Torque= Torque developed by motor – Load torque
The start time is dependent on the acceleration torque and the load inertia.
DOL starting have a maximum start current and maximum start torque.
This may cause an electrical problem with the supply, or it may cause a mechanical problem with the
driven load. So this will be inconvenient for the users of the supply line, always experience a voltage
drop when starting a motor. But if this motor is not a high power one it does not affect much.
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Star-Delta Starter:
Most induction motors are started directly on line, but when very large motors are started that way, they
cause a disturbance of voltage on the supply lines due to large starting current surges. To limit the
starting current surge, large induction motors are started at reduced voltage and then have full supply
voltage reconnected when they run up to near rotated speed.
There are two methods: Star delta starting and Auto transformer stating.
When very large Motor is started, it draws huge inrush current. As a result the motor need a large amount
of supply voltage. This cause a disturbance of voltage on the supply lines due to a large current surges.
To limit the starting current surge, at first large induction motor are started at reduced voltage and when it
run up to near rotated speed, it reconnected with the full supply voltage. That’s why Star-Delta is used.
Important Points:
 Induction motor requires 4/3 times load current of motor at initial stage. So we can use Star Delta
to reduce the initial current.
 In Star connection the initial current reduced by 1/√3.
 Star Delta reduces the Inrush current during the start of Motor, thereby reducing the disturbances
and interference on the electrical supply.
 70% of speed gain in Star, then Delta works automatically.
Forward / Reverse:
The speed of a three-phase AC electric motor is defined in rotations per minute (rpm). For example, if the
motor's declared speed is 1500 rpm, that means that when the motor is running in the stacionary mode of
operation it has 1500 rotations per minute in a given direction. The direction of the rotation of the motor
can be clockwise or vice versa. If we send three phases U, V and W on the poles of the motor, then the
motor will be running in one given direction. To change the direction of rotation of the motor we need to
change two phases of the motor. So, if the voltage poles of the motor are A, B, and C, and if we provide
phase U to pole A, phase V to pole B and phase W to pole C, than the rotation of the motor will be in one
given direction, which we call forward direction of rotation (for example, clockwise direction). Now, if we
change (switch) any two phases of the motor, we will change the direction of the rotation. If we provide
phase U to pole C, phase V to pole B and phase W to pole A (switch the phases of poles A and C), the
rotation of the motor will be opposite from the previous. For this purpose, we need two contactors. For this
the Control and Power circuit is given blew.
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Motor Control Chapter2

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DOL Stator:

Principle of Direct On Line Starter (DOL):

The acceleration Torque= Torque developed by motor – Load torque

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