Lecture 7

Electrical Machines II (EPM 302)
3rd year Electrical Power and machines 1st term
‫بـرنامج هـندسـة الـقوى واالالت الكـهربيـة‬
Lecture 7: Three phase Induction Machines
Dr. Mahmoud Gamal Hemeida

Assistant professor power and machines
8.34 Starting of 3-Phase Induction Motors
• At starting,
- The voltage induced in the induction motor rotor is maximum. Since the rotor impedance is low, the
rotor current is excessively large.
- This large rotor current is reflected in the stator because of transformer action. This results in high
starting current (4 to 10 times the full-load current) in the stator at low power factor and
consequently the value of starting torque is low.
• Importance of starting methods for Three phase IM

1. Preventing Damage: IM draw high starting current, this current cause overheating and potential
damage to motor windings, cables, and circuit breakers.
2. Reducing Mechanical Stress: High startup torque can induce mechanical stress on the motor and
connected equipment (like belts, gears, and shafts).
3. Efficiency Considerations: Different starting methods affect the efficiency of the motor through
gradual increase of torque during startup.
4. Voltage Drops Mitigation: When multiple motors start simultaneously or when a large motor
starts, it can lead to significant voltage drops in the supply network.
8.35 Methods of Starting 3-Phase Induction Motors
• If motor is started with full voltage, the starting torque is good but it draws very large currents, which causes
objectionable voltage drop in the power supply lines and hence undesirable dip in the supply line voltage.
• If the motor is started with reduced voltage, there is no problem of high currents but it produces an
objectionable reduction in the starting torque, because motor torque is proportional to the square of the
applied voltage.
• Methods of Starting 3-Phase Induction Motors
There are basic four methods of starting the squirrel cage induction motor using
1) Direct online starters
2) Stator Resistor (or reactor) Starters
3) Auto-transformer Starters
4) Star-Delta Starters
5) Rotor resistance starting
Methods (1) to (4) are applicable to both squirrel-cage and slip ring motors. However, method (5) is applicable
only to slip ring motors.
In practice, any one of the first four methods is used for starting squirrel cage motors, depending upon ,the size
of the motor. But slip ring motors are invariably started by rotor resistance starting
8.36 Methods of Starting Squirrel-Cage Motors
Many methods could be used to start squirrel cage motor
1) Direct online starters
2) Stator Resistor (or reactor) Starters
3) Auto-transformer Starters
4) Star-Delta Starters
• Starting squirrel-cage motors employ reduced voltage across motor terminals at starting
except for Direct on line starting
Direct-on-line starting: The motor is started by connecting it directly to 3-phase supply. The
impedance of the motor at standstill is relatively low and when it is directly connected to the
supply system, the starting current will be high (4 to 10 times the full-load current) and at a
low power factor.
• It is suitable for relatively small (up to 7.5 kW) machines.

Relation between starling and F.L. torques.
At starting, the starting current (Ist) and slip S = 1, then starting torque (Tst)
If If is the full-load current and sf is the full-load slip,
The starting current is the short-circuit current Isc
Numerical example: Suppose Isc = 5 If and full-load slip sf =0.04
Note that starting current is as large as five times the full-load current but starting torque is just equal to
the full-load torque.
(ii) Stator resistance starting
External resistances are connected in series with each phase of stator winding during starting, this
causes voltage drop across the resistances so that voltage available across motor terminals is reduced
and hence the starting current.
The starting resistances are gradually cut out in steps (two or more steps) from the stator circuit as the
motor picks up speed. When the motor attains rated speed, the resistances are completely cut out and
full line voltage is applied to the rotor.
Drawbacks:
• The reduced voltage during the starting period lowers
the starting torque and hence increases the accelerating time.
• Secondly, a lot of power is wasted in the starting resistances.

(ii) Stator resistance starting
Relation between starting and F.L. torques. Let V be the rated voltage/phase. If the voltage is
reduced by a fraction x by the insertion of resistors in the line, then voltage applied to the motor
per phase will be xV
while the starting current reduces by a fraction x of the rated-voltage starting current (Isc), the
starting torque is reduced by a fraction x2 of that obtained by direct switching.
The reduced voltage applied to the motor during the starting period lowers the starting current but at
the same time increases the accelerating time because of the reduced value of the starting torque.
Therefore, this method is used for starting small motors only

(iii) Autotransformer starting
• The motor is connected to a reduced supply at starting and then connecting it to the full voltage as the
motor picks up sufficient speed.
• The tapping on the autotransformer when it is in the circuit, applied 65% to 80% of line voltage is applied to
the motor.
• At the instant of starting, the change-over switch is thrown to “start” position. This puts the autotransformer
in the circuit and thus reduced voltage is applied to the circuit. Consequently, starting current is limited to
safe value.
• When the motor attains about 80% of normal speed, the changeover switch is thrown to “run” position. This
takes out the autotransformer from the circuit and puts the motor to full line voltage.
Autotransformer starting has several advantages
1. low power loss,
2. low starting current
3. less radiated heat.
For large machines (over 25 H.P.), this method of starting is often used.
This method can be used for both star and delta connected motors.
(iii) Autotransformer starting
• Relation between starting And F.L. torques.
Consider a star-connected squirrel-cage induction motor. If V is the line voltage, then voltage across
motor phase on direct switching is V/√3 and starting current is Ist = Isc. In case of autotransformer, if a
tapping of transformation ratio K (a fraction) is used, then phase voltage across motor is KV/ √3 and
Ist = K Isc,
The current taken from the supply or by autotransformer is I1 = KI2 = K2Isc. Note that motor
current is K times, the supply line current is K2 times and the starting torque is K2 times the value
it would have been on direct-on-line starting.
(iv) Star-delta starting
• This method of starting is used for medium-size machines (up to about 25 H.P.).
• The stator winding of the motor is connected in star during the starting period
• when the machine is up to speed, the connections are changed to delta,
• The six leads of the stator windings are connected to the changeover switch (or a control
system).
The disadvantages of this method are:
(a) With star-connection during starting, stator phase voltage is (1/√3) times the line voltage.
Consequently, starting torque is (1/√3)2 or 1/3 times the value it would have with ∆
connection. This is rather a large reduction in starting torque.
(b) The reduction in voltage is fixed.
Relation between starting and F.L. torques.
In direct delta starting, Starting current/phase, Isc = V/Zsc where V = line voltage Starting line
current = √3 Isc In star starting, we have
where Isc = starting phase current (delta) If = F.L. phase current (delta)
Note that: the starting line current is reduced to one-third as compared to starting with the
winding delta connected. Further, starting torque is reduced to one-third of that obtainable by
direct delta starting.
This method is cheap but limited to applications where high starting torque is not necessary
e.g., machine tools, pumps etc
8.37 Starting of Wound rotor IM
Wound rotor motors are invariably started by rotor resistance starting. In this method, a variable star
connected rheostat is connected in the rotor circuit through slip rings and full voltage is applied to the
stator winding.
(i) At starting, the handle of rheostat is set in the OFF position so that maximum resistance is placed in
each phase of the rotor circuit. This reduces the starting current and increases the starting torque
(ii) As the motor picks up speed, the handle of rheostat is gradually moved in clockwise direction and
cuts out the external resistance in each phase of the rotor circuit.
When the motor attains normal speed, the change-over switch is in the ON position and the whole
external resistance is cut out from the rotor circuit.
8.38 Slip-Ring Motors Versus Squirrel Cage Motors
The advantages of wound over the squirrel cage motors:

i. High starting torque with low starting current.
ii. Smooth acceleration under heavy loads.
iii. No abnormal heating during starting.
iv. Good running characteristics after external rotor resistances are cut out.
v. Adjustable speed.
The disadvantages of slip-ring motors are:

• The initial and maintenance costs are greater compared to squirrel cage.
• The speed regulation is poor when run with resistance in the rotor circuit
8.39 Induction Motor Rating
• The nameplate of a 3-phase induction motor provides the following
information:
1. Horsepower: the mechanical output of the motor when it is operated at
rated line voltage, rated frequency and rated speed.
2. Line voltage: rated voltage
3. Line current: the current injected to stator at rated output mech. power
4. Speed : The speed given on the nameplate is the actual speed of the motor
at rated full load (not the synchronous speed)
5. Frequency
6. Temperature rise: the temperature rise does not exceed that specified
8.40 Double Squirrel-Cage Motors
• In order to provide high starting torque at low starting current, double-cage
construction is used for squirrel cage motor.
• Construction: the rotor of this motor has two squirrel-cage windings located one
above the other
(i) The outer winding has high resistance and low inductance: it consists of bars of
smaller cross-section short-circuited by end rings. Also, winding has relatively open
slots and a poorer flux path around its bars.
(ii) The inner winding has low resistance and high inductance: it consists of bars of
greater cross-section short-circuited by end rings. The bars of the inner winding are
thoroughly buried in iron.
When a rotating magnetic field sweeps across the two windings, equal e.m.f.s are
induced in each.
• At starting, nearly all the rotor current flows in the high-resistance outer cage
winding this gives high starting torque at low starting current: the rotor
frequency is the same as that of the line (50 Hz), making the reactance of the
inner winding much higher than that of the outer winding
• As the motor accelerates, nearly all the rotor current flows in the low-resistance
inner cage winding, this results in good operating efficiency and speed
regulation at the normal operating speed of the motor : the rotor frequency
decreases (2 to 3 Hz), thereby lowering the reactance of the inner winding,
• It is classed as a high-torque, low starting current motor: The starting torque
ranges from 2 to 2.5 full-load torque with a starting current of 4 to 6 times the
full-load current
The operating characteristics of double squirrel-cage motor

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Electrical Machines II (EPM 302)

3rd year Electrical Power and machines 1st term

‫بـرنامج هـندسـة الـقوى واالالت الكـهربيـة‬

Lecture 7: Three phase Induction Machines

Dr. Mahmoud Gamal Hemeida

• Importance of starting methods for Three phase IM

• It is suitable for relatively small (up to 7.5 kW) machines.

Numerical example: Suppose Isc = 5 If and full-load slip sf =0.04

• Secondly, a lot of power is wasted in the starting resistances.

Therefore, this method is used for starting small motors only

The advantages of wound over the squirrel cage motors:

The disadvantages of slip-ring motors are:

The operating characteristics of double squirrel-cage motor

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