Advances in Nano Research, Vol. 10, No.

3 (2021) 281-293
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12989/anr.2021.10.3.281 281

Nonlocal free vibration analysis of porous FG nanobeams

using hyperbolic shear deformation beam theory
Lazreg Hadji1,2 and Mehmet Avcar3
1
Laboratory of Geomatics and Sustainable Development, University of Tiaret, Algeria
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tiaret, BP 78 Zaaroura, Tiaret 14000, Algeria
3
Department of Civil Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey

(Received September 5, 2020, Revised November 11, 2020, Accepted November 12, 2020)

Abstract. This paper presents a new nonlocal Hyperbolic Shear Deformation Beam Theory (HSDBT) for the free vibration of
porous Functionally Graded (FG) nanobeams. A new displacement field containing integrals is proposed which involves only
three variables. The present model incorporates the length scale parameter (nonlocal parameter) which can capture the small
scale effect and its account for shear deformation by a hyperbolic variation of all displacements through the thickness without
using the shear correction factor. It has been observed that during the manufacture of Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs),
micro-voids and porosities can occur inside the material. Thus, in this work, the investigation of the free vibration analysis of FG
beams taking into account the influence of these imperfections is established. Four different porosity types are considered for FG
nanobeam. Material characteristics of the FG beam are supposed to vary continuously within thickness direction according to a
power-law scheme which is modified to approximate material characteristics for considering the influence of porosities. Based
on the nonlocal differential constitutive relations of Eringen, the equations of motion of the nanobeam are derived using
Hamilton’s principle. The effects of nonlocal parameter, aspect ratio, and the porosity types on the dynamic responses of the
nanobeam are discussed.
Keywords: free vibration; nonlocal theory; FGMs; porosity; nanobeam; HSDBT

1. Introduction simulation methods such as Molecular Dynamics (MD)

modeling and classical continuum mechanics could be used.
Nowadays, with the increasing demands of human being Among these methods, classical continuum mechanics is
day by day, interest in nanomaterials is increasing as a the widely used one by researchers because it serves
result of their excellent mechanical, chemical, electronic, computational simplicity and effectiveness, as well as the
electrical, and optical properties. Carbon nanotubes are experimental studies, which are difficult and time-
well-known nanomaterials and their discovery by (Iijima consuming in nanoscale, and the cost of MD simulations is
1991) has initiated a new era in nano-technology. And then, so high. However, classical continuum mechanics fails to
nano-sized structures such as nanowires, nanotubes, describe size effects because its constitutive models do not
nanobeams and nanoplates whose basis are nanomaterials include material length parameters. Therefore, higher order
being widely used in nanotechnology. Among these continuum mechanics theories which can capture size
nanobeams are one-dimensional nanostructures and have effects have been developed for mechanical behaviors of
applications in Micro-Electromechanical Systems (MEMS) nanostructures, such as the strain gradient elasticity theory
and Nano-Electromechanical Systems (NEMS) some (Akgöz and Civalek 2013, 2017, Arani et al. 2015, Xu et al.
examples are Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), energy 2017, Apuzzo et al. 2018, Bensaid et al. 2018, Liu et al.
harvesting, generators, micro/nano switches, photovoltaic 2019, Şimşek 2019), the modified couple stress theory
cell, resonators, sensors, transistors (Elishakoff and (Akgöz and Civalek 2012, Karami et al. 2019, Khorshidi
Pentaras 2009, Murmu and Adhikari 2010, Danesh et al. and Shariati 2016, Togun and Bağdatli 2016, Akbaş 2017a,
2012, Karlicic et al. 2015). However, in nanoscales, size b, Civalek et al. 2018), non-local elasticity theory (Reddy
effects become very significant in the mechanical behaviors 2007, Aydogdu 2009, Thai 2012, Berrabah et al. 2013,
of nanostructures whose dimensions are small and Demir and Civalek 2013, 2017, Kheroubi et al. 2016,
c o m p ar a b l e t o m o l e cu la r d i s t an c e s. Th er ef o r e, Bensaid 2017, Demir et al. 2018, Numanoğlu et al. 2018,
understanding the mechanical behaviors of nanostructures is Uzun and Civalek 2019, Belmahi et al. 2019, Boutaleb et
great of interest. For this aim, experimental, computer al. 2019, Asghar et al. 2020, Civalek et al. 2020, Khosravi
et al. 2020) and surface elasticity theory (Wang and Feng
2007, Gheshlaghi and Hasheminejad 2011, Yan and Jiang
Corresponding author, Ph.D., 2011, Ansari et al. 2015, Ebrahimi et al. 2019, Eltaher et al.
E-mail: [email protected]; 2019, Shanab et al. 2020). Between said theories, the non-
[email protected] local elasticity theory of Eringen (1972, 1983) the most

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282 Lazreg Hadji and Mehmet Avcar

commonly used one because it includes only one small shear deformation beam theory. Barretta et al. (2016)
scale parameter (e0a) to describe the atomic forces and the proposed the gradient nonlocal model of bending for
internal length scale of nanostructure (Thai et al. 2017). Timoshenko functionally graded nanobeams based on the
Therefore, the nonlocal elasticity theory of Eringen (1972, Eringen model. Ehyaei et al. (2016) investigated the
1983) is adopted in this study. classical and non-classical boundary conditions effect on
Composite materials have superior features such as free vibration characteristics of FG size -dependent
extremely high strength and stiffness combined with a very nanobeams using a semi-analytical differential transform
low density, resistance to chemicals, thermal and electrical method. Barati (2017) concerned with the forced vibration
insulation therefore they have a wide-ranging application analysis of imperfect FG nanobeams resting on three-
variety in modern engineering. However, sharp parameter Kerr foundation under hygro-thermal loading
discontinuity exists between the material properties at the employing a higher-order refined beam theory. Ebrahimi
interface of two different types of material that may cause and Barati (2017) investigated the free vibration
strong failures in connection with stress concentrations, in characteristics of FG nanobeams embedded on the elastic
composites. Therefore, a new class of composite materials medium based on third-order shear deformation beam
called Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) which can theory by presenting a Navier type solution. Ebrahimi and
which eliminate the stress concentration at interfaces with Daman (2017) examined the free vibration of the curved FG
the continuity and gradual variation of material properties, piezoelectric nanosize beam in the thermal environment
has been found (Koizumi 1993). In FGMs, the volume using nonlocal elasticity theory. Ebrahimi et al. (2017)
fraction of two materials (generally ceramic and metal) investigated the thermo-mechanical vibration characteristics
changes as a function of location throughout certain of an FG porous microbeam subjected to various types of
dimensions of the structure to realize the desired functions. thermal loadings based on modified couple stress theory
FGMs have comprehensive applications in the fields of and the exact position of the neutral axis. Ehyaei et al.
aerospace, medicine, defense, energy, optoelectronics, (2017) studied the vibration behavior of rotating FG
automotive, biotechnology, aviation, civil and mechanical nanobeam based on Eringen’s nonlocal theory and Euler-
engineering structures (Koizumi 1997, Birman and Byrd Bernoulli beam model. Mirjavadi et al. (2017) reported the
2007, Chakraverty and Pradhan 2016, Civalek 2017, Avcar thermo-mechanical vibration behavior of two-dimensional
and Mohammed 2018, Noori et al. 2018, Temel and Noori FG porous nanobeam. Shafiei et al. (2017) analyzed the
2019, Alsaid-Alwan and Avcar 2020, Bendenia et al. 2020, vibration behavior of the two-dimensional FG nano and
Civalek and Avcar 2020, Khadimallah et al. 2020, Menasria microbeams which are made of two kinds of porous
et al. 2020, Temel and Noori 2020). materials based on the Timoshenko beam theory. Eltaher et
Because of some technical problems occur during the al. (2018) studied the mechanical bending and vibration of
production of FGMs such as the major difference in porous FG nanobeams using finite elements according to
solidification temperatures between material constituents Euler beam theory. Hadi et al. (2018) presented an
during sintering and production of FGM samples using investigation on the free vibration of three-
multi-step sequential infiltration technique porosities may directional functionally graded material Euler-Bernoulli
arise in FGMs and this results reduction of the density and nano-beam, with small scale effects. Jouneghani et al.
strength of materials, and so it is important to examine the (2018) investigated the bending behavior of FG nanobeams
porosity effect on the mechanical behavior of FGM with internal porosity and subjected to a hygro-thermo-
structures (Zhu et al. 2001, Wattanasakulpong et al. 2012, mechanical loading. Rahmani et al. (2018) carried out the
Wattanasakulpong and Ungbhakorn 2014, Ait Atmane et al. vibration analysis of deep curved FG nano-beam based on
2015, Hadji and Adda Bedia, 2015, Al Rjoub and Hamad the modified couple stress theory. Arani et al. (2019) dealt
2017, Avcar 2019, Bekki et al. 2019, Bourada et al. 2019, with wave propagation of the FG nanobeams based on the
Arefi et al. 2020, Kaddari et al. 2020, Noori et al. 2021, nonlocal elasticity theory considering surface and
Zine et al. 2020). flexoelectric effects. Aria et al. (2019) proposed a nonlocal
With the development of modern technology FGMs and finite element model to analyze the thermo-elastic behavior
nanostructures are started to use together for benefitting of imperfect FG porous nanobeams based on nonlocal
superiorities of them. Therefore, the analysis of mechanical elasticity theory and employing a double-parameter elastic
behaviors of FG nanobeams with and without porosity has foundation. Berghouti et al. (2019) studied the dynamic
become the hot topic of the open literature in recent years. behavior of FG porous nanobeams based on nonlocal nth-
Eltaher et al. (2012) presented the free vibration analysis of order shear deformation theory which takes into the effect
Functionally Graded (FG) size-dependent nanobeams using of shear deformation without considering shear correction
the finite element method on the basis of the nonlocal factors. Ebrahimi-Nejad et al. (2019) investigated the
continuum model. Chaht et al. (2015) addressed the vibrational behavior of a two-directional FG porous
bending and buckling behaviors of size -dependent nanobeam under hygro-thermo-mechanical loading, Jalaei
nanobeams made of FGMs including the thickness and Civalek (2019) examined the dynamic instability of
stretching effect. Ebrahimi and Barati (2016) investigated viscoelastic porous FG nanobeam embedded on visco-
the thermal vibration behavior of FG nanobeams exposed to Pasternak medium subjected to an axially oscillating
various kinds of thermo-mechanical loading including loading as well as the magnetic field. Gafour et al. (2020)
uniform, linear and non-linear temperature rise embedded in focused on the behavior of non-local shear deformation
a two-parameter elastic foundation based on third-order beam theory for the vibration of FG nanobeams with
 Nonlocal free vibration analysis of porous FG nanobeams using hyperbolic shear deformation beam theory 283

2.1 Porous FG nanobeam

In this study, a porous FG nanobeam with a volume

fraction of porosity ξ (ξ « 1) having different forms of
distribution between the metal and the ceramic. The
modified mixture rule proposed by Wattanasakulpong and
Fig. 1 The geometry of the FG porous nanobeam Ungbhakorn (2014) is
𝜉 𝜉
𝑃(𝑧) = 𝑃𝑚 (𝑉𝑚 − ) + 𝑃𝑐 (𝑉𝑐 − ) (2)
2 2
porosities using the nonlocal differential constitutive
relations of Eringen. Matouk (2020) studied the free The power law of the volume fraction of the ceramic is
vibrational behavior of the FG nanobeams integrated into assumed as
the hygro-thermal environment and resting on the elastic
foundation is using a novel integral Timoshenko beam 𝑧 1 𝑘
theory. Rahmani et al. (2020) presented the vibration 𝑉𝑐 = ( + ) (3)
ℎ 2
analysis of bi-directional FG rotating nanobeams with
porosities is studied. She et al. (2020) examined the forced The modified mixture rule becomes
resonance vibration of porous FG curved nanobeam.
As a result of the literature research, it is seen that the 𝑧 1 𝑘 𝜉
effect of different porosity distributions on the free 𝑃(𝑧) = (𝑃𝑐 − 𝑃𝑚 ) ( + ) + 𝑃𝑚 − (𝑃𝑐 + 𝑃𝑚 ) (4)
vibration of FG nanobeams considering the nonlocal ℎ 2 2
HSDBT has not dealt with yet. Therefore, in the present
where k is the power-law index that takes values greater
study, an attempt is made to address this problem. For this
than or equals to zero. FG nanobeam becomes a fully
aim, this paper presents a new nonlocal HSDBT for the
ceramic beam when k is set to zero and a fully metal one for
dynamic behavior of porous FG nanobeams. A new
the large value of k.
displacement field containing integrals is proposed which
The mechanical properties of porous FG nanobeam such
involves only three variables. The present model
as Young’s modulus E and mass density ρ of the can be
incorporates the length scale parameter (nonlocal
written as a function of thickness coordinate z (middle
parameter) which can capture the small scale effect and its
surface), as follows (Ait Atmane et al. 2015, Hadji and
account for shear deformation by a hyperbolic variation of
Adda Bedia 2015).
all displacements through the thickness without using the
shear correction factor. It has been observed that during the
manufacture of FGMs, micro-voids and porosities can occur 𝑧 1 𝑘 𝜉
𝐸(𝑧) = (𝐸𝑐 − 𝐸𝑚 ) ( + ) + 𝐸𝑚 − (𝐸𝑐 + 𝐸𝑚 ) (5a)
inside the material. Thus, in this work, the investigation of ℎ 2 2
the dynamic analysis of FG beams taking into account the
influence of these imperfections is established. Four 𝑧 1 𝑘 𝜉
𝜌(𝑧) = (𝜌𝑐 − 𝜌𝑚 ) ( + ) + 𝐸𝑚 − (𝜌𝑐 + 𝜌𝑚 ) (5b)
different porosity types are considered for FG nanobeam. ℎ 2 2
Material characteristics of the FG beam are supposed to
vary continuously within thickness direction according to a The material properties of a perfect FG nanobeam can
power-law scheme which is modified to approximate be obtained as the volume fraction of porosity ξ is set to
material characteristics for considering the influence of zero. Due to the small variations of the Poisson ratio ν, it is
porosities. Based on the nonlocal differential constitutive assumed to be constant. Table 1 shows the several porosity
relations of Eringen, the equations of motion of the volume fraction distributions which have been studied in
nanobeam are derived using Hamilton’s principle. The the present work.
effects of nonlocal parameter, aspect ratio and the porosity The material properties used in this work are abstracted
types on the dynamic responses of the nanobeam are in Table 2.
discussed.
2.2 Nonlocal hyperbolic shear deformation theory

2. Formulation of the problem Based on the higher-order shear deformation beam

theory, the displacement fields of the beam are presented as
In this research, a straight FG porous nanobeam of follows (Zaoui et al. 2019, Chikr et al. 2020)
thickness h, width b, length L having a rectangular cross-
section is considered. The Cartesian coordinate system O (x, 𝜕𝑤0
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑢0 (𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑧 + 𝑘1 𝑓(𝑧) ∫ 𝜃(𝑥, 𝑡) 𝑑𝑥 (6a)
y, z) is placed on the left edge of the central axis of the 𝜕𝑥
beam, where x-, y-, and z-axes are taken along the length,
width, and depth of the beam, as shown in Fig. 1. Namely, 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑤0 (𝑥, 𝑡) (6b)
the following limit intervals apply.
where, u0, w0 and θ are the unknown displacement of the
−ℎ ℎ −𝑏 𝑏 mid-plane of the beam.
≤𝑧≤ , ≤𝑦≤ , 0≤𝑥≤𝐿 (1)
2 2 2 2 In Eq. (7), f(z) is defined according to the higher-order
284 Lazreg Hadji and Mehmet Avcar

Table 1 Different distribution forms of porosity volume fraction

Distribution forms of porosity Elasticity modulus expression Type

𝑧 1 𝑘 𝜉
Homogeneous 𝐸(𝑧) = (𝐸𝑐 − 𝐸𝑚 ) ( + ) + 𝐸𝑚 − (𝐸𝑐 + 𝐸𝑚 )
ℎ 2 2

𝑧 1 𝑘 𝜉 |𝑧|
Form ‘‘O’’ 𝐸(𝑧) = (𝐸𝑐 − 𝐸𝑚 ) ( + ) + 𝐸𝑚 − (𝐸𝑐 + 𝐸𝑚 ) (1 − 2 )
ℎ 2 2 ℎ

𝑧 1 𝑘 𝜉 𝑧
Form ‘‘X’’ 𝐸(𝑧) = (𝐸𝑐 − 𝐸𝑚 ) ( + ) + 𝐸𝑚 − (𝐸𝑐 + 𝐸𝑚 ) (2 )
ℎ 2 2 ℎ

𝑧 1 𝑘 𝜉 1 𝑧
Form ‘‘V’’ 𝐸(𝑧) = (𝐸𝑐 − 𝐸𝑚 ) ( + ) + 𝐸𝑚 − (𝐸𝑐 + 𝐸𝑚 ) ( + )
ℎ 2 2 2 ℎ

Table 2 Material properties of alumina (Al2O3) and steel 𝜕𝜃

∫ 𝜃 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐴′ (9)
Material E(GPa) ρ (kg/m3) v 𝜕𝑥
Alumina 390 3960 where the coefficient A' is expressed according to the type
0.3
Steel 210 7800 of solution used, in this case via Navier. Therefore, A' and
k1 are expressed as follows

shear deformation beam theory as follows (Akavci 2010, 1

𝐴′ = − , 𝑘1 = 𝛼 2 (10)
Bekki et al. 2019). 𝛼2

3 𝑧 3 1 2 where α is defined in Eq. (23).

𝑓(𝑧) = 𝜋ℎ tanℎ ( ) − 𝜋𝑧 secℎ ( ) (7)
2 ℎ 2 2
2.3 Constitutive relations
The theory used in Eq. (7) accounts for the higher-order
variation of transverse shear strain through the depth of the The response of materials at the nanoscale is different
nanobeam and satisfies the zero traction boundary from those of their bulk counterparts. In the theory of
conditions on the surfaces of the nanobeam without using nonlocal elasticity, the stress at a reference point x is
shear correction factors. considered to be a function of the strain field at every point
The strains associated with the displacements in Eq. (6) in the body. For example, in the nonlocal elasticity, the
are uniaxial constitutive law is expressed as

𝑑 2 𝜎𝑥
𝜀𝑥 = 𝜀𝑥0 + 𝑧 𝑘𝑥𝑏 + 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑘𝑥𝑠 (8a) 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜇 = 𝑄11 𝜀𝑥 (11a)
𝑑𝑥 2
0
𝛾𝑥𝑧 = 𝑔(𝑧) 𝛾𝑥𝑧 (8b)
𝑑 2 𝜏𝑥𝑧
𝜏𝑥𝑧 − 𝜇 = 𝑄55 𝛾𝑥𝑧 (11b)
where 𝑑𝑥 2
where
𝜕𝑢0 𝜕 2 𝑤0
𝜀𝑥0 = , 𝑘𝑥𝑏 = − , 𝑘𝑥𝑠 = 𝑘1 𝜃
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 (8c) 𝜇 = (𝑒0 𝑎)2 (12)
0
𝛾𝑥𝑧 = 𝑘1 ∫ 𝜃 𝑑𝑥
where e0 and a are constant (depend on the material) and
internal characteristic length. For Single-Walled Carbon
and Nanotube (SWCNT), the nonlocal parameter e0a is
estimated to be smaller than 2 nm (Tounsi et al. 2013a,
𝑑𝑓(𝑧) Semmah et al. 2014).
𝑔(𝑧) = (8d)
𝑑𝑧 The Qij expressions in terms of engineering constants
are
The integral defined in the above equations shall be
resolved by a Navier type method and can be written as 𝐸
follow 𝑄11 = 𝐸, 𝑄55 = 𝐺 = (13)
2(1 + 𝜈)
 Nonlocal free vibration analysis of porous FG nanobeams using hyperbolic shear deformation beam theory 285

where E is the elasticity modulus, G is the shear modulus, 𝑑2𝑁 𝑑𝑢0 𝑑 2 𝑤0 𝑑𝜃

and ν the Poisson’s ratio. 𝑁−𝜇 2
= 𝐴 − 𝐵 2
− 𝐵 𝑠 𝑘1 𝐴′ (19a)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2.4 Equations of motion 𝑑 2 𝑀𝑏 𝑑𝑢0 𝑑 2 𝑤0 𝑑𝜃
𝑀𝑏 − 𝜇 = 𝐵 − 𝐷 + 𝐷 𝑠 𝑘1 𝐴′ (19b)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Hamilton’s principle is used herein to derive the
equations of motion. The principle can be stated in the 𝑑 2 𝑀𝑠 𝑠
𝑑𝑢0 𝑠
𝑑 2 𝑤0 𝑑𝜃
analytical form as (Reddy 2002) 𝑀𝑠 − 𝜇 = 𝐵 − 𝐷 + 𝐻 𝑠 𝑘1 𝐴′ (19c)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑡2
𝛿 ∫ (𝑈 − 𝑇)𝑑𝑡 = 0 𝑑 2 𝑄𝑥𝑧 𝜕𝜃
(14) 𝑄𝑥𝑧 − 𝜇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑘1 𝐴′ (19d)
𝑡1 𝑑𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥

where t is the time; t1 and t2 are the initial and end time, where A, B, D, Bs, Ds, Hs and As are the stiffness
respectively; δU is the virtual variation of the strain energy; components as follows.
and δT is the virtual variation of the kinetic energy.
In the present investigation, Hamilton’s principle can be (𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐷, 𝐵𝑠 , 𝐷𝑠 , 𝐻𝑠 ) = ∫ 𝐸(𝑧)(1, 𝑧, 𝑧 2 , 𝑓, 𝑧𝑓, 𝑓 2 ) 𝑑𝐴 (20a)
written as the function of the stresses and strains as follows 𝐴
(Mahi et al. 2015, Bourada et al. 2019).
𝑠
𝐿 𝐴55 = ∫ 𝐺(𝑧)𝑔2 𝑑𝐴 (20b)
𝐴
∫ ∫(𝜎𝑥 𝛿𝜀𝑥 + 𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝛿𝛾𝑥𝑧 ) 𝑑𝐴𝑑𝑥
0 𝐴
𝐿 (15) By replacing the stress resultants of Eq. (19) into
− ∫ ∫ 𝜌(𝑧)[𝑢̇ 𝛿 𝑢̇ + 𝑤̇ 𝛿 𝑤̇ ] 𝑑𝐴𝑑𝑥 equations of motion of Eq. (16), the present nonlocal
0 𝐴 equations of motion can be obtained in terms of
displacements u0, w0, θ as
By replacing Eqs. (5) and (8) into Eq. (15) and
performing the integration by part and collecting the
𝑑 2 𝑢0 𝑑 3 𝑤0 𝑑2𝜃
coefficients δu0, δw0 and δθ yields the three following 𝐴 −𝐵 − 𝐵 𝑠 𝑘1 𝐴′ 2
𝑑𝑥 2 3
𝑑𝑥 .. 𝑑𝑥
equations of motion .. ..
.. 𝑑 2 𝑢0 𝑑𝑤𝑜 𝑑 3 𝑤0
= 𝐼0 (𝑢0 − 𝜇 ) − 𝐼1 ( − 𝜇 ) (21a)
𝑑𝑁 𝜕𝑤̈ 0 𝜕𝜃̈ 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3
(16a) .. ..
𝛿 𝑢0 : = 𝐼0 𝑢̈ 0 − 𝐼1 + 𝑘1 𝐴′𝐽1 𝑑𝜃 𝑑3𝜃
𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
+𝑘1 𝐴′ 𝐽1 ( − 𝜇 3 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2 𝑀𝑏
𝛿 𝑤0 : +𝑞
𝑑𝑥 2 (16b) 𝑑 3 𝑢0 𝑑 4 𝑤0 𝑠 ′
𝑑3 𝜃
𝜕𝑢̈ 0 𝜕 2 𝑤̈ 0 𝜕 2 𝜃̈ 𝐵 − 𝐷 + 𝐷 𝑘1 𝐴
= 𝐼0 𝑤̈ 0 + 𝐼1 − 𝐼2 + 𝐽 𝑘 𝐴′ 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 4.. 𝑑𝑥
..
3
..
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 2 1
𝜕𝑥 2 .. 𝜕 2 𝑤0 𝜕𝑢0 𝜕 3 𝑢0
= 𝐼0 (𝑤0 − 𝜇 ) + 𝐼1 ( −𝜇 ) (21b)
𝜕𝑄𝑥𝑧
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 3
′ .. .. .. ..
𝛿 𝜃: − 𝑘1 𝑀𝑥𝑠 + 𝑘1 𝐴 𝜕𝑥 𝜕 2 𝑤0 𝜕 4 𝑤0 𝜕2𝜃 𝜕4𝜃
′
𝜕𝑢̈ 0 𝜕 2 𝜃̈ 𝜕 2 𝑤̈ 0 (16c) −𝐼2 ( 2 − 𝜇 ) + 𝐽2 𝑘1 𝐴 ( 2 − 𝜇 4 )
= −𝐽1 𝑘1 𝐴′ − 𝐾2 (𝑘1 𝐴′)2 2 + 𝐽2 𝑘1 𝐴′ 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 4 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2
𝑑 3 𝑢0 𝑑 4 𝑤0 𝑑3𝜃 𝜕2𝜃
where the resultants stress and moments N, Mb, Ms and Q 𝐵𝑠 3
− 𝐷𝑠 4
+ 𝐻 𝑠 𝑘1 𝐴′ 3 + 𝐴𝑠 𝑘1 𝐴′ 3 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
are defined as follow 𝜕𝑢̈ 0 𝜕 3 𝑢̈ 0 2
𝜕 2 𝜃̈ 𝜕 4 𝜃̈
= −𝐽1 𝑘1 𝐴′ ( −𝜇 ) − 𝐾 (𝑘 𝐴′) ( − 𝜇 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 3 2 1
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 4 (21c)
(𝑁, 𝑀𝑏 , 𝑀𝑠 ) = ∫𝐴(1, 𝑧, 𝑓) 𝜎𝑥 𝑑𝐴 and 𝑄𝑥𝑧 = ∫𝐴 𝑔𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝐴 (17)
𝜕 2 𝑤̈ 0 𝜕 4 𝑤̈ 0
+ 𝐽2 𝑘1 𝐴′ ( − 𝜇 )
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 4
and
To obtain the equations of motion of local beam theory,
(𝐼0 , 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 ) = ∫ (1, 𝑧, 𝑧 2 )𝜌(𝑧)𝑑𝐴 (18a) just put µ = 0 into Eq. (21).
𝐴

(𝐽1 , 𝐽2 , 𝐾2 ) = ∫(𝑓, 𝑧 𝑓, 𝑓 2 )𝜌(𝑧)𝑑𝐴 (18b) 3. Solution procedure of porous FG-nanobeam

𝐴
The Navier’s procedure is used in this study to solve the
By replacing the strain field of Eqs. (7) and (8) into non- previous nonlocal equations of motion for vibrational
local constitutive relation of Eq. (11) and the obtained analysis of non-local FG beam. The Navier’s procedure can
results into Eq. (17), the stress resultants of the non-local be presented in the following form (Tagrara et al. 2015,
FG beam can be obtained in the following form Bourada et al. 2018).
286 Lazreg Hadji and Mehmet Avcar

Table 3 Dimensionless fundamental frequencies versus varying nonlocal parameter and span-to-depth ratio
µ EBT TBT RBT SSDBT
L/h Present model
(nm2) Reddy (2007) Reddy (2007) Reddy (2007) Tounsi et al. (2013b)
0 9.7112 9.2740 9.2745 9.2752 9.2749
1 9.2647 8.8477 8.8482 8.8488 8.8485
5 2 8.8747 8.4752 8.4757 8.4763 8.4759
3 8.5301 8.1461 8.1466 8.1472 8.1469
4 8.2228 7.8526 7.8530 7.8536 7.8534
0 9.8293 9.7075 9.7075 9.7077 9.7076
1 9.3774 9.2612 9.2612 9.2614 9.2613
10 2 8.9826 8.8713 8.8714 8.8715 8.8714
3 8.6338 8.5269 8.5269 8.5271 8.5269
4 8.3228 8.2196 8.2197 8.2198 8.2197
0 9.8595 9.8281 9.8281 9.8282 9.8282
1 9.4062 9.3763 9.3763 9.3764 9.3763
20 2 9.0102 8.9816 8.9816 8.9816 8.9816
3 8.6604 8.6328 8.6328 8.6329 8.6329
4 8.3483 8.3218 8.3218 8.3218 8.3218
0 9.8692 9.8679 9.8679 9.8679 9.8679
1 9.4155 9.4143 9.4143 9.4143 9.4143
100 2 9.0191 9.0180 9.0180 9.0180 9.0179
3 8.6689 8.6678 8.6678 8.6678 8.6678
4 8.3566 8.3555 8.3555 8.3555 8.3555

Table 4 Dimensionless the first three frequencies versus varying nonlocal parameter and the number of mode (L/h = 5)
µ EBT TBT RBT SSDBT
m Present model
(nm2) Reddy (2007) Reddy (2007) Reddy (2007) Tounsi et al. (2013b)
0 9.7112 9.2740 9.2745 9.2752 9.2749
1 9.2647 8.8477 8.8482 8.8488 8.8485
1 2 8.8747 8.4752 8.4757 8.4763 8.4759
3 8.5301 8.1461 8.1466 8.1472 8.1469
4 8.2228 7.8526 7.8530 7.8536 7.8534
0 37.1120 32.1665 32.1847 32.1948 32.1905
1 31.4239 27.2364 27.2519 27.2604 27.2568
2 2 27.7422 24.0453 24.0589 24.0664 24.0632
3 25.1104 21.7642 21.7765 21.7833 21.7804
4 23.1088 20.0293 20.0407 20.0470 20.0443
0 78.0234 61.4581 61.5746 61.6192 61.6019
1 56.7798 44.7247 44.8095 44.8420 44.8294
3 2 46.8246 36.8831 36.9531 36.9798 36.9695
3 40.7568 32.1036 32.1645 32.1878 32.1788
4 36.5657 28.8023 28.8569 28.8778 28.8697

𝑢0 ∞ 𝑈𝑚 cos( 𝛼 𝑥) 𝑒 𝑖 𝜔 𝑡 𝛼 = 𝑚𝜋/𝐿 (23)

{𝑤0 } = ∑ {𝑊𝑚 sin( 𝛼 𝑥) 𝑒 𝑖 𝜔 𝑡 } (22)
𝜃 𝑚=1 𝑋𝑚 sin( 𝛼 𝑥) 𝑒 𝑖 𝜔 𝑡 where Um, Wm and Xm are arbitrary parameters to be
determined, ω is the frequency of the free vibration of FG
with nano-beam and √𝑖 = −1 the imaginary unit.
 Nonlocal free vibration analysis of porous FG nanobeams using hyperbolic shear deformation beam theory 287

Table 5 Dimensionless fundamental frequencies of porous 4. Results and discussion

FG nanobeam versus varying nonlocal parameter
and the power-law index In this part, several numerical examples are presented
ξ and discussed to verify the accuracy of the present model in
e0a k predicting the fundamental frequencies of simply supported
0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3
porous FG nanobeams.
0 9.4524 9.6568 10.1753 10.9237
0.5 7.3166 7.3515 7.4344 7.5410 4.1 Comparison studies
0 1 6.5638 6.5509 6.5174 6.4681
Tables 3 and 4 present the comparison of dimensionless
5 5.4994 5.4354 5.2825 5.0833
fundamental frequencies of perfect FG nanobeam versus
10 5.2454 5.1725 5.0007 4.7814 varying nonlocal parameter (μ), span-to-depth ratio, (L/h),
0 9.0179 9.2128 9.7075 10.4215 and the number of the modes (m), respectively with the
0.5 6.9803 7.0136 7.0927 7.1943 results of Reddy (2007) and Tounsi et al. (2013b). Here,
0.5 1 6.2621 6.2498 6.2178 6.1708
EBBT, TBT, RBT and SSBT denote Euler-Bernoulli beam
theory, Timoshenko beam theory, Reddy’s beam theory, and
5 5.2466 5.1855 5.0396 4.8496 sinusoidal shear deformation beam theory, respectively. For
10 5.0042 4.9347 4.7708 4.5616 all calculations, the shear correction factor and Poisson’s
0 8.0037 8.1767 8.6157 9.2494 ratio are taken as 5/6 and 0.3, respectively. A conservative
0.5 6.1952 6.2248 6.2949 6.3852 estimate of the nonlocal parameter 0 ≤ e0a ≤ 2 nm for
SWCNTs is proposed by Wang (2005). For all presented
1 1 5.5578 5.5469 5.5185 5.4768 results, the following non-dimensional fundamental
5 4.6565 4.6023 4.4729 4.3042 frequency is utilized.
10 4.4414 4.3797 4.2343 4.0485
0 6.8788 7.0275 7.4048 7.9495 𝜌𝑡 𝐴
𝜔 = 𝜔𝐿2 √ (28)
0.5 5.3245 5.3499 5.4102 5.4878 𝐸𝑡 𝐼
1.5 1 4.7767 4.7673 4.7429 4.7070
5 4.0021 3.9555 3.8442 3.6993 As seen from Tables 3 and 4, the present HSDBT results
are in good agreement with the previously published ones
10 3.8172 3.7642 3.6392 3.4795
adopting EBBT, TBT, RBT and SSBT.
0 5.8858 6.0130 6.3359 6.8019
0.5 4.5559 4.5776 4.6293 4.6956 4.2 Parametrical studies
2 1 4.0871 4.0791 4.0582 4.0276
Study 1: Table 5 shows the change in the values of
5 3.4244 3.3845 3.2893 3.1653 dimensionless fundamental frequencies of porous FG
10 3.2662 3.2208 3.1138 2.9773 nanobeam versus varying nonlocal parameter (e0a), the
power-law index (k), and porosity volume fraction (ξ).
Here, homogenous porosity distribution and the span-to-
Replacing the functions u0, w0, θ of Eq. (22) into the depth ratio, L/h = 5, are considered. The results
equation of motion of Eqs. (21), the analytical solutions can demonstrated that the values of dimensionless fundamental
be obtained in the following matrix form frequencies decrease with the increment of the nonlocal
parameter. Similarly, the values of dimensionless
([𝐾] − 𝜆𝜔2 [𝑀]){𝛥} = {0} (24) fundamental frequencies decrease with the increase of the
power-law index due to the percentage of metal phases
where [K], [M] and {∆} are the stiffness matrix, mass which are weaker than ceramic phases become more
matrix and the displacement vector, respectively and are prominent. Furthermore, the porosity volume fraction has
defined as follows the highest effect on the values of dimensionless
fundamental frequencies for homogenous case (k = 0) while
𝐴𝛼 2 −𝐵𝛼 3 −𝐵𝑠 𝛼𝑘1 the related effect becomes more noticeable as the values of
[𝐾] = [Sym. 𝐷𝛼 4 𝐷𝑠 𝛼 2 𝑘1 ] (25a) the power-law index is larger than one (k > 1) for the
2 2 2 inhomogeneous case. The values of dimensionless
Sym. Sym. 𝐻𝑠 𝑘1 + 𝐴𝑠 (𝑘1 𝐴′) 𝛼
fundamental frequencies decrease with the increase of the
porosity volume fraction for higher values of the power-law
𝐼0 −𝐼1 𝛼 𝐽1 𝛼𝑘1 𝐴′
index, while the values of dimensionless fundamental
[𝑀] = [Sym. 𝐼0 + 𝐼2 𝛼 2 −𝐽2 𝛼 2 𝑘1 𝐴′ ] (25b) frequencies increase with the increase of the porosity
Sym. Sym. 𝐾2 𝛼 2 (𝑘1 𝐴′)2 volume fraction for lower values of the power-law index. It
should be noted that all of the said effects are independent
{𝛥}𝑇 = {𝑈𝑚 , 𝑊𝑚 , 𝑋𝑚 } (25c) of the variation of the nonlocal parameter.
Study 2: Table 6 displays the change in the values of
𝜆 = 1 + 𝜇𝛼 2 (26) dimensionless fundamental frequencies of porous FG
288 Lazreg Hadji and Mehmet Avcar

Table 6 Dimensionless fundamental frequencies of porous

FG nanobeam versus varying span-to-depth ratio,
porosity volume fraction, and power-law index
k
L/h ξ
0 0.5 1 5 10
0.05 8.0037 6.1952 5.5578 4.6565 4.4414
0.1 8.1767 6.2248 5.5469 4.6023 4.3797
5
0.2 8.6157 6.2949 5.5185 4.4729 4.2343
0.3 9.2494 6.3852 5.4768 4.3042 4.0485
0.05 9.4386 7.3018 6.5542 5.5127 5.2557
0.1 9.6426 7.3366 6.5413 5.4500 5.1842
10
0.2 10.1604 7.4192 6.5078 5.3005 5.0157 Fig. 3 Dimensionless fundamental frequencies of porous
0.3 10.9077 7.5256 6.4586 5.1055 4.8008 FG nanobeam versus varying span to depth ratio
0.05 9.8949 7.6536 6.8711 5.7857 5.5153
0.1 10.1089 7.6900 6.8576 5.7204 5.4407
20
0.2 10.6516 7.7766 6.8224 5.5646 5.2650
0.3 11.4351 7.8882 6.7709 5.3615 5.0411
0.05 10.0319 7.7592 6.9662 5.8677 5.5933
0.1 10.2488 7.7961 6.9525 5.8017 5.5178
50
0.2 10.7991 7.8839 6.9169 5.6439 5.3399
0.3 11.5934 7.9970 6.8646 5.4384 5.1133
0.05 10.0519 7.7746 6.9800 5.8796 5.6047
0.1 10.2692 7.8116 6.9663 5.8135 5.5290
100
0.2 10.8206 7.8995 6.9307 5.6555 5.3508
0.3 11.6164 8.0129 6.8783 5.4496 5.1238

Fig. 4 Dimensionless fundamental frequencies of porous

FG nanobeam versus varying porosity volume
fraction

the dimensionless fundamental frequency versus porosity

volume fraction as well as power-law index almost stay
constant for the varying span to depth ratio.
Study 3: Fig. 2 illustrates the change in the values of
dimensionless fundamental frequencies of porous FG
nanobeam versus varying nonlocal parameter (e0a). Here,
the power law index and span to depth ratio are taken to be
k = 1 and L/h = 5 respectively. Homogenous porosity
distribution and the nonlocal parameter, (e0a = 1 nm), are
considered. The results indicate that the values of
Fig. 2 Dimensionless fundamental frequencies of porous dimensionless fundamental frequencies decrease with the
FG nanobeam versus varying nonlocal parameter increase of the nonlocal parameter and porosity volume
fraction. It is also observed that the nonlocal parameter has
a noteworthy effect on the values of dimensionless
nanobeam versus varying span-to-depth ratio (L/h), porosity fundamental frequencies of porous FG nanobeam, however,
volume fraction (ξ), and power-law index (k). Here, it is independent of the varying porosity volume fraction.
homogenous porosity distribution and the nonlocal Study 4: Fig. 3 illuminates the change in the values of
parameter, (e 0a = 1 nm), are considered. The results dimensionless fundamental frequencies of porous FG
revealed that the values of dimensionless fundamental nanobeam versus varying span to depth ratio (L/h). Here,
frequencies increase with the increment of the span to depth the power-law index and porosity volume fraction, and
ratio. The changes in the power-law index and the effect of nonlocal parameter are taken to be k = 2, ξ = 0.2 and e0a = 2
porosity volume fraction on the values of dimensionless nm, respectively. The results indicate that the values of
fundamental frequencies have the same effects as dimensionless fundamental frequencies increase with the
mentioned in study 1. It should be noted that the change in increase of the span to depth ratio. It is also found that type
 Nonlocal free vibration analysis of porous FG nanobeams using hyperbolic shear deformation beam theory 289

of porosity volume fraction distribution has a significant the present problem and yielded successful results but also
effect on the values of dimensionless fundamental it has provided ease in the nonlocal free vibration analysis
frequencies of porous FG nanobeam, however, it is of porous FG nanobeams. In future studies, the presented
independent of the varying span to depth ratio. solution procedure will be extended for mechanical
Study 5: Fig. 4 shows the change in the values of behaviors of other types of structures composed of different
dimensionless fundamental frequencies of porous FG materials with macro/micro dimensions.
nanobeam versus varying porosity volume fraction (ξ).
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