Results in Optics 10 (2023) 100366

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Results in Optics
journal homepage: www.sciencedirect.com/journal/results-in-optics

Design and analysis of wavelength tunable metamaterial reflector

Ankit a, Kamal Kishor a, Ravindra Kumar Sinha a, b, *
a
TIFAC-Center of Relevance and Excellence in Fiber Optics and Optical Communication, Department of Applied Physics, Delhi Technological University, Bawana Road,
Delhi 110042, India
b
Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Gautam Budh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201312, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: This paper reports the design and performance characteristics of perfect reflector tunable metamaterial (MTM).
Metamaterial (MTM) The reported MTM parameters are optimized to achieve nearly 100 % reflection at resonance wavelength (λr )
µ-negative (MNG) metamaterial 1550 nm. The propagation characteristic of the proposed MTM structure was obtained by the finite element
Effective permittivity (εeff.)
method (FEM). The electromagnetic parameters such as effective permittivity (εeff.), effective permeability (µeff.),
Effective permeability (µeff.)
Effective refractive index (ηeff.)
and effective refractive index (ηeff.) are calculated using Nicolson-Ross-Weir (NRW) method and analysed for the
Effective medium ratio (EMR) 1400–1700 nm wavelength range. It has been observed that the proposed MTM structure exhibits µ-negative
(MNG) metamaterial characteristics as well as a negative effective refractive index at λr . Further, it has also been
shown that by varying the number of arrays of unit cells and using a mirror image of the unit cell, the operating
wavelength can be easily tuned as required for different applications. The overall perfect reflectance and the
tunable performance of the proposed MTM has a potential applications in the design and development of
compact photonic devices such as optical resonators and antennas.

1. Introduction are the applications of these MTM structures.

Over the last two decades, metamaterials have realized various
Metamaterial (MTM) is an area of tremendous scientific and tech­ fascinating electromagnetic properties, covering a vast operating fre­
nological importance with optical properties that are very different from quency from GHz (Vendik and Vendik, 2013) and THz (Xu et al., 2017)
ordinary materials (Islam et al., 2021; Liu and Zhang, 2011). These to infrared and visible regions. The core of the early research at GHz and
properties include negative refractive index (Smith et al., 2004), THz used the electric-dipole resonance in metallic wires and the
improved optical reflection, transmission (Fan et al., 2005), and ab­ magnetic-dipole resonance in the split-ring resonator (SRR) to achieve
sorption (Landy et al., 2008), etc. The materials can be classified as negative permittivity and negative permeability, respectively (Smith
single negative, double negative, and double positive based on their et al., 2000). Due to the loss associated with resonant metallic structures,
effective permittivity (εeff) and effective permeability (µeff) parameters. it has often been difficult to apply these metamaterial design concepts to
The single negative (SNG) metamaterial can be further classified into geometry with submicron or nanoscale in the infrared and optical fre­
two types, i.e., ε-negative (ENG) and µ-negative (MNG) metamaterial, in quency ranges (Xiao et al., 2010). Another approach to produce electric
which either the effective permittivity or effective permeability is or magnetic resonances with less loss is based on the interaction of
negative. Recently, many metamaterial unit cell structures, such as H- electromagnetic waves with dielectric particles with a wide range of
shaped, modified H-shaped, I-shaped, oval-shaped, dumbbell-shaped potential photonic devices such as perfect reflectors (O’Brien and Pen­
etc, have been proposed (Askari et al., 2018; Hossain et al., 2018; Kishor dry, 2002; Zhao et al., 2009). Instead of using metallic mirrors, Bragg
et al., 2015; Idrus et al., 2022; Hossain et al., 2021). For instance, reflectors can also achieve high reflectivity. The main drawback of Bragg
tunable negative refractive index metamaterial (Kishor et al., 2014), bio- reflectors is that they require large number of layers to obtain the
sensing (Alizadeh et al., 2022), terahertz absorber (Nourbakhsh et al., necessary reflectivity; therefore, the deposition of various dielectric
2020), antenna (Bai et al., 2020), refractive index and temperature materials is a time-consuming procedure that raises the cost of the
sensor (Agarwal et al., 2022) and invisibility cloaking (Paul et al., 2012) product (Slovick et al., 2013). The benefit of MTM over metallic mirrors

* Corresponding author at: TIFAC-Center of Relevance and Excellence in Fiber Optics and Optical Communication, Department of Applied Physics, Delhi Tech­
nological University, Bawana Road, Delhi 110042, India.
E-mail address: [email protected] (R.K. Sinha).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rio.2023.100366
Received 15 November 2022; Received in revised form 20 December 2022; Accepted 18 January 2023
Available online 21 January 2023
2666-9501/© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nc-nd/4.0/).
Ankit et al. Results in Optics 10 (2023) 100366

Fig. 1. (a) Designed MTM structure and (b) setup arrangement for scattering parameters.

Fig. 2. MTM unit cell design methodology.

is their suitability for large-area applications due to the absence of of 2.23, proving its significance in designing and developing compact
periodicity requirement for truly homogeneous media (Smith et al., tunable photonic devices such as perfect reflectors, antennas and filters,
2005). etc.
Our primary focus in the present research work is to design an MTM
unit cell with nearly 100 % reflection for operating wavelength at 1550 2. Metamaterial design and simulation geometry
nm in the C-band of the optical communication window. The operating
wavelength can also easily be tuned by varying the number of arrays and The proposed MTM unit cell consists of 90 nm thick silicon
using the mirror image arrangement, resulting in a significant shift in (permittivity (ε) of 11.7 (Shur, 1990) over an 1180 nm × 690 nm silica
resonance wavelength from the C-band to the S-band of optical ((ns ) = 1.45Malitson, 1965) substrate. The schematic scenario of the
communication. The proposed MTM structure exhibit µ-negative (MNG) MTM unit cell is represented in Fig. 1, wherein Fig. 1(a) exhibits the
metamaterial characteristic and negative effective refractive index at λr . perspective view of the MTM unit cell, and Fig. 1(b) shows the setup
The effective medium ratio (EMR) is calculated and achieved to a value with input and output ports for the measurement of scattering

Fig. 3. (a) The Reflection (S11) and (b) Transmission coefficient (S21) for the different designs step (design 1 to proposed design) with respect to wavelength from
1400 nm to 1700 nm.

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Fig. 4. Variation of (a) reflection coefficient (S11) and (b) transmission coefficient (S21) with the incident wave with the change in the different dielectric substrates.

Table 1
Various properties and S21 parameters results from different substrate materials.
Sr. No. Substrate Relative permittivity Resonance wavelength of S21 (nm) Optical wavelength band Magnitude (dB)

1. FR-4 4.5 1412 E (Extended band) − 10

2. Silica (proposed) 3.75 1550 C (Conventional band) ¡28.2
3. Roger’s RT 6202 2.9 1661 U (Ultra long wavelength) − 11.9
4. Roger’s RT 6002 2.94 1667 U (Ultra long wavelength) − 12.9

parameters of MTM. we achieved nearly 100 % reflection coefficient at 1432 nm resonance

The perfect magnetic conductor (PMC) and perfect electric wavelength, as shown in Fig. 3(a). For design 2, two more horizontal
conductor (PEC) boundary conditions are used along the x- and y-axis, strips are added in Design 1, and the resonance wavelength is observed
respectively. At MTM unit cell, the electromagnetic wave is incident at 1437 nm. In Design 3, two more vertical strips are added at the ends of
normally along the z-axis with a linearly polarized electric field along Design 2 and acquire a resonance wavelength of 1443 nm.
the y-axis. Two waveguide ports are kept at the specified positive and Further, a vertical strip is inserted to connect the two mirror shapes
negative z-directions to analyse the MTM behaviour along the operating resulting in Design 4 with a 1547 nm resonance wavelength. Finally, one
wavelength between 1400 nm to 1700 nm. The modelling and simula­ horizontal strip is added between the two similar shapes to obtain the
tion analysis has been performed using the finite element method (FEM) proposed design to achieve a nearly 100 % reflection coefficient at λr as
and verified using two commercial simulation tools: COMSOL MULTI­ shown in Fig. 3(a). Corresponding transmission coefficient (S21) for all
PHYSICS and CST MICROWAVE STUDIO. designs are also calculated and plotted in Fig. 3(b).

3. Optimization of MTM unit cell

3.2. Parametric investigation on proposed MTM unit cell
3.1. Design methodology
In this section, we have performed a detailed computational analysis
In Fig. 2, the design methodology of the proposed MTM structure has to examine the impact of various parameters including substrate mate­
been shown, including five design steps. rial, geometrical parameters of resonator and substrate on the resonance
Design 1 is obtained by combining two L-shaped mirror strips on the wavelength.
substrate. The strips create resonance when propagating electromag­
netic wave incidences on their surface along the z-axis. With Design 1, 3.2.1. Effect of different substrate materials
The various dielectric materials such as FR-4, Roger’s versions (RT

Fig. 5. Variation of different substrate thicknesses (ts ) of the designed MTM with the incident wave resulting in its impact on (a) reflection coefficient (S11) and (b)
transmission coefficient (S21).

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Fig. 6. Variation of silicon dielectric resonator thickness (tm ) of the designed MTM with the incident wave resulting in its impact on (a) reflection coefficient (S11)
and (b) transmission coefficient (S21).

6002 and RT 6202) and Silica have been considered as substrate. The
Table 2
obtained reflection and transmission coefficient are plotted in Fig. 4.
Unit Cell Dimension.
From Fig. 4, we observed that MTM is resonating at 1412 nm, 1661
nm, 1667 nm, and 1550 nm for FR-4, RT 6202, RT 6002, and Silica, Parameters Values (nm) Description

respectively, as substrate materials. All the above findings are summa­ bs 1180 breadth of substrate in y
rized in Table 1. The resonance shifted towards the lower wavelength ls 692 length of substrate in x
lm 425 material length in x
when we used FR-4 and Silica substrate instead of Roger’s versions,
bm 949 material length in y
which indicates that the MTM performance depends on the substrate ts 157 substrate thickness
selection, as shown in Fig. 4. The impact of silica substrate on the wc 47 width of central line
resonance wavelength is highly noticeable and it is showing nearly 100 tm 90 thickness of material
% reflection. Using Silica as a substrate in the proposed MTM structure, wm 94 width of MTM strip

the transmission coefficient (S21) value is near to − 30 dB shown in Fig. 4

(b). Correspondingly, the maximum reflectance (0 dB) is shown in the optimized MTM unit cell are presented in Table 2.
reflection coefficient (S11) (Fig. 4(a)) at 1550 nm resonance wavelength.
However, the remaining substrate materials do not give nearly 100 %
4. Results and discussion
reflectance and resonates at other wavelengths than that of 1550 nm.
Therefore, we kept Silica as a substrate material for the proposed MTM
In this section, the effective electromagnetic parameters have been
unit cell.
calculated and analysed. The tunability characteristic of the designed
MTM is also investigated and discussed using the structure’s array
3.2.2. Effect of silica substrate thickness (ts)
analysis and mirror image.
The substrate acts as a dielectric medium, creating capacitance be­
tween the two waveguide ports. Now, as the thickness of the substrate
(ts ) increases, the parallel capacitance increases, increasing the reso­ 4.1. Scattering parameters of optimized MTM unit cell
nance wavelength (Bellal Hossain et al., 2022). We have analysed the
variation of thickness of substrate material “silica” from 97 nm to 217 The Drude-Lorentz variables were applied to evaluate the scattering
nm, and the obtained result is plotted in Fig. 5. In the proposed MTM parameters using FEM-based COMSOL Multiphysics and CST Microwave
unit cell, the resonance wavelength of S11 & S21 parameters shifted to­ studio simulation tools.
wards the higher wavelength side with an increase in ts . According to Fig. 7(a and b), the study of S11 & S21 from two different
From Fig. 5, it is observed that the proposed MTM unit cell gets the simulation platforms showed great similarity. In Fig. 7(c) the reflectance
required resonance wavelength in C-band at λr with a substrate thickness spectra of the proposed structure is plotted. It is observed that due to the
of 157 nm. magnetic dipole resonance, the designed MTM structure exhibits nearly
100 % reflectance at λr . The primary condition for perfect reflectance is
3.2.3. Effect of resonator material (silicon) thickness (tm) achieved by the nature of permeability (µ) and permittivity (ε). When
We varied the resonator material thickness from 60 nm to 130 nm the value of µ>0 and ε＜0, it corresponds to the electric dipole reso­
and observed the corresponding variation in the resonance wavelength. nance, whereas when µ＜0 and ε > 0, it corresponds to the magnetic
The following equation represents the relation between wavelength and dipole resonance (Slovick et al., 2013; Moitra et al., 2015). It is clearly
inductance: seen in Fig. 8(a) that the µ is negative and ε is positive at the operating
√̅̅̅̅̅̅ resonance wavelength i.e., 1550 nm where nearly 100 % reflection is
c
λ = = c LC (1) achieved. The reflectance of different metamaterial structures has been
f
summarized in Table 3. It can be observed that the reflectance of the
where c is speed of light, L is inductance and C is capacitance. proposed structure is higher at 1550 nm resonance wavelength
In our proposed MTM structure, the inductance plays a significant compared to other structures presented in Table 3 below (Slovick et al.,
role. In Fig. 6, when the thickness of silicon material (tm) increases, 2013; Moitra et al., 2015; Moitra et al., 2014; Chen et al., 2020).
inductance also increases resulting in increase in resonance wavelength
(Eq. (1)), called red-shift. 4.2. Effective electromagnetic parameters
From Fig. 6, it is reported that the proposed MTM unit cell with
silicon resonator acquires the required resonance wavelength in C-band To explore the extraordinary electromagnetic behaviour of the MTM
at λr with a thickness of 90 nm. The geometrical parameters of the structure, we require to evaluate its effective electromagnetic parame

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Ankit et al. Results in Optics 10 (2023) 100366

Fig. 7. (a) Reflection (S11) and (b) Transmission (S21) coefficient have been calculated from both COMSOL and CST software (c) calculated reflectance spectra of the
proposed metamaterial from COMSOL.

Fig. 8. (a) The real parts of μeff . (effective permeability) and εeff . (effective permittivity), (b) neff . (effective refractive index) curves of the proposed MTM structure.

method. NRW method extracts the εeff. , μeff . and neff. using the trans­
Table 3
mission coefficient (S21 ) and reflection coefficient (S11 ). The following
Comparison of % reflectance of the designed MTM structure with previous
literature data.
simplified equations are being used (Rothwell et al., 2016; Islam et al.,
2015; Ziolkowski and Heyman, 2001; Chen et al., 2004):
Ref. Period Shape Resonance Reflectance
(nm) wavelength (%) 2 (1 − V1 ) c (1 − S21 − S11 ) λ (1 − S21 − S11 )
εeff . = × = = (2)
(Slovick 820×820 Silicon cubes 1500 nm 99.9 jk0 d (1 + V1 ) jπνd (1 + S21 + S11 ) jπ d (1 + S21 + S11 )
et al.,
2013) 2 (1 − V2 ) c (1 − S21 + S11 ) λ (1 − S21 + S11 )
(Moitra 660×660 Silicon cylinder 1450 nm 99.9 μeff . = × = = (3)
jk0 d (1 + V2 ) jπνd (1 + S21 − S11 ) jπd (1 + S21 − S11 )
et al.,
2014) √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
√{ }̅
(Moitra 820×820 Silicon cylinder 1530 nm 99.7 √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ c √ (S − 1) 2
− (S ) 2
et al., neff . = εr μr = √ 21 11
2
2015)
jπνd (S21 + 1)2 − (S11 )
(Chen 720×720 • Si disk array • 1050–1110 nm >97 √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
√{ } ̅
et al., Diamond 1040–1100 λ √ 2 2
√ (S21 − 1) − (S11 ) (4)
2020) disc array nm = 2
Our work 692×1180 Silicon structure 1550 nm 99.8
jπd (S21 + 1)2 − (S11 )

where V1 = |S21 | + |S11 |, V2 = |S21 | − |S11 | , k0 = 2πν

c , c is the velocity of
ters, such as permittivity, permeability, and refractive index. Ziolkowski light, d is the metamaterial slab thickness, and λ is the operating
et al. present a mathematical form to extract effective permittivity and wavelength.
permeability based on the most widely used Nicolson-Ross Wier (NRW) Using the above Eqs. (2)-(4) the effective permittivity (εeff . ), effective

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Ankit et al. Results in Optics 10 (2023) 100366

Fig. 9. A plot of normalized (a) Electric Field and (b) Magnetic Field Distribution of the MTM structure atλr

permeability (μeff. ) and effective refractive index (neff. ) is calculated with The EMR of the reported MTM unit cell is achieved to 2.23 at the
respect to the operating wavelength and plotted in Fig. 8. operating resonance wavelength, 1550 nm. The relatively high value of
From Fig. 8(a), it can be seen that at λr , 1550 nm, εeff. has a positive EMR ensures the compactness of the devices assembled using the re­
value whereas μeff . has a negative value. Also, the μeff . exhibits entirely ported MTM.
negative behaviour beyond 1560 nm however, effective permeability is
utterly negative in 1400–1700 nm confirming the MNG characteristic of 4.3. Analysis of normalized electric and magnetic field distribution
the proposed MTM. Also, achieving negative permeability at the reso­
nance wavelength could be beneficial in long-distance communication. MTM unit cell is projected with a normal electromagnetic wave
Further, from Fig. 8(b) it is observed that neff is having a negative value along z-axis with a linearly polarized electric field along the y-axis. The
at λr . split gap of the proposed MTM builds the capacitance and generates
Furthermore, the EMR, one of the significant aspects for the design electric resonance, whereas the resonator strip creates the inductance,
and development of metamaterial which provides the compactness of resulting in magnetic resonance (Islam et al., 2014). The electric field
the metamaterial structure, is also calculated using the following for­ and magnetic field distribution of the MTM structure have been evalu­
mula (Almutairi et al., 2019): ated for the λr and demonstrated in Fig. 9(a and b).
From Fig. 9(a), it is observed that the maximum accumulation of
EMR =
Operating Wavelength for the unit cell
(5) electric field distribution is of the order of 108 V/m. Further, it is along
length of the unit cell the gap between the edge of the central line (wc ) and the edge of the
MTM resonator strip shown by the yellowish region enclosed by a black

Fig. 10. Top view of the arrays of the metamaterial (a) (1×1), (b) (1×2), (c) (1×3), (d) (1×4), (e) (2×1), (f) (3×1) and (g) (4×1) of the proposed MTM structure.

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Ankit et al. Results in Optics 10 (2023) 100366

Fig. 11. Variation of (a) S11 (reflection coefficient), (b) S21 (transmission coefficient), (c) μeff . (effective permeability), (d) εeff . (effective permittivity) and (e) neff .
(effective refractive index) with wavelength for the proposed MTM structure’s (1×1), (1×2), (1×3) and (1×4) arrays.

Fig. 12. Variation of (a) S11 (reflection coefficient), (b) S21 (transmission coefficient), (c) μeff . (effective permeability), (d) εeff . (effective permittivity) and (e) neff .
(effective refractive index) with wavelength for the proposed structure’s (1×1), (2×1), (3×1) and (4×1) arrays.

dotted rectangle. However, the accumulation of magnetic field distri­ This investigation will help in design and development of tunable MTM
bution is maximum in the middle of the structure, of the order of 106 A/ for different applications.
m, shown in Fig. 9(b).
4.4.1. Design and analysis of (1×1), (1×2), (1×3), (1×4) and (2×1),
(3×1), (4×1) of the unit cell structure
4.4. Tunability characteristic of MTM unit cell We have studied (1×1), (1×2), (1×3), (1×4) and (2×1), (3×1),
(4×1) arrays structure of MTM unit cell shown below in Fig. 10. The
The arranging a number of MTM unit cells in a regular fashion is physical dimension of each unit structure of every assembly has similar
investigated to analyse the tunability of the reported MTM structure.

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Ankit et al. Results in Optics 10 (2023) 100366

In Fig. 12, when we form arrays of (1×1), (2×1), (3×1) and (4×1),
the inductor of one unit cell is in series to the other. Therefore, the
equivalent inductance increases consequently resonance wavelength
increases, called red-shift (using Eq. (1)). It is also reported that when we
move in the column-wise increment in the array structure, i.e., (2×1),
(3×1) and (4×1) keeping the one row fixed, then the shifting in the
resonance wavelength is negligible. It indicates that making the array in
this form less affects the resonance wavelength. The variation of reso­
nance wavelength with the array of the MTM unit cell is plotted and
shown in Fig. 13.
It is seen from Fig. 13 that the variation of resonance wavelength in
the view of the increase of column (i.e., (1×1), (1×2), (1×3) and (1×4))
is significant i.e., the resonance wavelength decreases from 1550 nm to
1466 nm however, with the row variation ((2×1), (3×1) and (4×1)) is
insignificant in the form of an array of the MTM structure.

4.4.2. Mirror image of the proposed MTM unit cell structure

Further, we have analysed the effect on resonance wavelength by
adding the mirror image of the design in the MTM unit cell, as shown in
Fig. 13. Variation of resonance wavelength with different arrays of the
MTM structure. the inset of Fig. 14(a). The reflection and transmission characteristics,
along with variation in electromagnetic parameters (μeff , εeff , neff ) are
calculated and plotted in Fig. 14.
physical dimensions as shown in Table 1. The boundary conditions,
From Fig. 14, it is observed that adding the mirror image of structure
wavelength range, and the direction of an incident plane wave on an
in the MTM unit cell shows the same behaviour but with a shift in
MTM unit cell are used same as already mentioned above to study the
resonance wavelength from 1550 nm (C-band) to 1504 nm (S-band).
influence of different array structures.
This way, the reported work will provide a potentially more straight
Firstly, the variation of scattering parameters, effective permeability,
forward method to tune the resonance wavelength for our desired
effective permittivity, and effective refractive index with the wavelength
application. Hence, this study will help in the design and development of
of an incident wave for (1×1), (1×2), (1×3) and (1×4) MTM array
tunable MTM.
structures have been calculated and plotted in Fig. 11. In Fig. 11, when
we form arrays of (1×1), (1×2), (1×3) and (1×4), the inductor of one
unit cell is in parallel to the other. Therefore, the equivalent inductance 5. Conclusion
decreases consequently resonance wavelength decreases, called blue-
shift (using Eq. (1)). In brief, a nearly 100 % perfect reflector tunable MTM structure is
Secondly, the variation of scattering parameters, effective perme­ designed and analysed for optical communication with operating reso­
ability, effective permittivity, and effective refractive index with the nance wavelength 1550 nm. The optimization of the structure in terms
wavelength of an incident wave for (2×1), (3×1) and (4×1) MTM array of design methodology and parametric investigation on MTM unit cell, i.
structures have also been calculated and plotted in Fig. 12. e., effect of different substrate materials, the effect of silica substrate
thickness (ts ) and the effect of silicon resonator thickness (tm ), results in

Fig. 14. Variation of (a) scattering parameter i.e., S11 (reflection coefficient) and S21 (transmission coefficient), (inset shows the designed mirror image of the
metamaterial unit cell) (b) μeff . (effective permeability), (c) εeff . (effective permittivity) and (d) neff . (effective refractive index) of the mirror image of MTM structure
with wavelength.

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Ankit et al. Results in Optics 10 (2023) 100366

the λr = 1550 nm. The effective propagation characteristic of the pro­ Hossain, M.B., Faruque, M.R.I., Islam, S.S., Islam, M.T., 2021. Modified double dumbbell-
shaped split-ring resonator-based negative permittivity metamaterial for satellite
posed MTM was investigated over 1400–1700 nm wavelength range,
communications with high effective medium ratio. Sci. Rep. 11, 19331. https://doi.
and the effective medium parameters were obtained. Analysis of the org/10.1038/s41598-021-98703-4.
proposed MTM exhibits an effective negative refractive index and MNG Hossain, T.M., Jamlos, M.F., Jamlos, M.A., Soh, P.J., Islam, M.I., Khan, R., 2018.
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Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process. 124, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-018-1593-6.
perfect reflector with nearly 100 % reflectance. The normalized electric Idrus, I.N., Faruque, M.R.I., Abdullah, S., Khandaker, M.U., Tamam, N., Sulieman, A.,
and magnetic field distribution has been plotted at the resonance 2022. An Oval-Square Shaped Split Ring Resonator Based Left-Handed Metamaterial
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Islam, S.S., Faruque, M.R.I., Islam, M.T., 2014. A new double negative metamaterial for
is 2.23, which shows the structure’s compactness. It is also evaluated multi-band microwave applications. Appl. Phys. A. 116, 723–733. https://doi.org/
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and (2×1), (3×1), (4×1) confirm the tunability of the proposed MTM. Islam, S.S., Faruque, M.R.I., Islam, M.T., 2015. A new direct retrieval method of
refractive index for the metamaterial. Curr. Sci. 109, 337–342. https://doi.org/
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at 1505 nm wavelength, which lies in S-band used for Passive optical Islam, M.R., Islam, M.T., Moniruzzaman, M., Samsuzzaman, M., Arshad, H., 2021. Penta
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Declaration of Competing Interest
Kishor, K., Baitha, M.N., Sinha, R.K., 2015. Design and simulation of “i” shaped split ring
resonator metamaterial at optical communication window around 1.55 μm. Optik
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial (Stuttg) 126, 4708–4711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2015.08.086.
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence Landy, N.I., Sajuyigbe, S., Mock, J.J., Smith, D.R., Padilla, W.J., 2008. Perfect
Metamaterial Absorber. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 207402 https://doi.org/10.1103/
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Acknowledgments Moitra, P., Slovick, B.A., Li, W., Kravchencko, I.I., Briggs, D.P., Krishnamurthy, S.,
Valentine, J., 2015. Large-Scale All-Dielectric Metamaterial Perfect Reflectors. ACS
Authors gratefully acknowledge the initiatives and support from the Photonics. 2, 692–698. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.5b00148.
Nourbakhsh, M., Zareian-Jahromi, E., Basiri, R., Mashayekhi, V., 2020. An Ultra-
TIFAC-Centre of Relevance and Excellence in Fiber Optics and Optical Wideband Terahertz Metamaterial Absorber Utilizing Sinusoidal-Patterned
Communication at Delhi College of Engineering, now DTU, Delhi, under Dielectric Loaded Graphene. Plasmonics. 15, 1835–1843. https://doi.org/10.1007/
the Mission REACH program of Technology Vision-2020, Government of s11468-020-01203-w.
O’Brien, S., Pendry, J.B., 2002. Photonic band-gap effects and magnetic activity in
India. One of the authors, Mr. Ankit, would like to acknowledge (i) Delhi
dielectric composites. J. Phys. Condens. Matter. 14, 4035–4044. https://doi.org/
Technological University, Delhi, for financial support in the Research 10.1088/0953-8984/14/15/317.
Fellowship, (ii) Dr. Yogita Kalra, DTU Delhi, and (iii) Dr. Monu Nath Paul, O., Urzhumov, Y., Elsen, C., Smith, D., Rahm, M., 2012. Construction of invisibility
Baitha of Yonsei University for critical and useful discussions on this cloaks of arbitrary shape and size using planar layers of metamaterials. J. Appl. Phys.
111 (12) https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4729012.
research work. Rothwell, E.J., Frasch, J.L., Ellison, S.M., Chahal, P., Ouedraogo, R.O., 2016. Analysis of
the Nicolson-Ross-Weir method for characterizing the electromagnetic properties of
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