Freeund 2

MECH226VIBRATIONSection
1A – Free
VibrationUseful
texts:
Den Hartog, J.P., Mechanical vibrations, 1985 ISBN 0-486-64785-4 (620.3 DEN)
Hibbeler, R.C., Engineering Mechanics Dynamics, published by Prentice-Hall,

7th edition, 1997 ISBN 0-13-741018-2 (or later editions) (620.1054 HIB)
MacCallion, H., Vibration of linear mechanical systems, published by theLongman
Group, 1973 (620.3 MAC)
Meriam, J.L. and Kraige, L.G., Engineering Mechanics Vol. 2, Dynamics, 2ndEdition
1987 ISBN 0-471-84912-X (620.104 MER) (or later editions)
T235:Engineering mechanics: solids Block 8 Vibration, published by the

OpenUniversity,
1990 ISBN 0-7492-6036-X (620.105 OPE)
Thomson, W.T. and Dahleh, M.D., Theory of vibration with applications,5thedition,
published by Prentice-Hall, 1998 ISBN 0-13-651068-X , 620.

3Tongue,
B.H., Principles of Vibration, 1996 ISBN 0-19-510661 (620.3 TON)
1.
IntroductionIn
order to vibrate, a system must have two characteristics: elasticity and mass.
Since all solids possess both, all solids, under the right conditions, are capable
ofvibration.
By this I mean they can experience some form of cyclic deformation
ordisplacement.
Vibration can be useful. Without it there would be no music or
clocks;manymachines
rely on vibration for conveying or sorting materials. However, it canalso

cause problems for the mechanical engineer, and much effort may be spentin
reducing unwanted vibration.
Unwanted vibration causes two main problems: fatigue failure and failure due
toexcessive
deformation.
Fatigue failure occurs when a component is subjected to sustained cyclic loads.
The amplitude and mean stress may be smaller than the tensile strength of thematerial,
but the repeated stress cycles cause crack growth, until a critical cracklength
is reached and the material fails. Aluminium alloys are a class of materialthat
are particularly susceptible to fatigue failure. So even small
amplitudevibration
transmitted to aluminium components may eventually cause them tofail.
Excessive deformation may be caused if vibration occurs at a resonantfrequency.
One example is that of a washing machine with an unbalanced load.

At a particular speed of rotation of the drum during the spin cycle, vibration of alarge
amplitude may occur, which may be sufficient to damage the machine or its
supports. A famous failure caused by resonance was that of the TacomaNarrows
Bridge.
We will look more closely at the phenomenon of resonance in due course.
In general, vibration can be classed as either free (or natural) or forced.Freevibration
occurs when a system is given a small displacement or deformation andthen

released. An example is that of a diving board; when the diver has jumpedoff
it, the board will be set vibrating. Another example is that of a guitar stringthat
is plucked once; it continues to vibrate when released. Forced vibration
isproduced
when a cyclic force is applied to the system.
Both these classes of vibration can be considered to be either undamped

ordamped.
Damping in a system causes energy to be dissipated and may arisefrom

a number of different sources, including internal friction, within the materialitself,
and external friction, such as that between the system and its supports.
Vibrating systems may be classified by the number of degrees of freedom

theypossess.
This is the number of parameters required to describe the motion

ofelements
within the system. In this course we will consider only single degree-of-
freedom systems. We will start by looking more closely at each of the
fourclasses
of vibration:
Free
Free damped vibration
Forced vibration
Forced damped vibration
vibrationLater,
we will look at vibrations caused by rotary imbalance, and at ways
ofachieving
vibration isolation.
2. Free vibration of a single degree-of-freedom
systemAs
I said above, in order to vibrate a system needs elasticity and mass.

Thesimplest
such system consists of a weight attached to a spring (Figure 1.1):
Figure 1.1 Simple spring-mass
1.2. FBD of theweight
systemkmLexmkemgFigure

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MECH226VIBRATIONSection

Hibbeler, R.C., Engineering Mechanics Dynamics, published by Prentice-Hall,

MacCallion, H., Vibration of linear mechanical systems, published by theLongman

Group, 1973 (620.3 MAC)

1987 ISBN 0-471-84912-X (620.104 MER) (or later editions)

T235:Engineering mechanics: solids Block 8 Vibration, published by the

1990 ISBN 0-7492-6036-X (620.105 OPE)

Thomson, W.T. and Dahleh, M.D., Theory of vibration with applications,5thedition,

published by Prentice-Hall, 1998 ISBN 0-13-651068-X , 620.

B.H., Principles of Vibration, 1996 ISBN 0-19-510661 (620.3 TON)

Vibration can be useful. Without it there would be no music or

rely on vibration for conveying or sorting materials. However, it canalso

Fatigue failure occurs when a component is subjected to sustained cyclic loads.

Excessive deformation may be caused if vibration occurs at a resonantfrequency.

One example is that of a washing machine with an unbalanced load.

We will look more closely at the phenomenon of resonance in due course.

In general, vibration can be classed as either free (or natural) or forced.Freevibration

occurs when a system is given a small displacement or deformation andthen

Both these classes of vibration can be considered to be either undamped

Damping in a system causes energy to be dissipated and may arisefrom

Vibrating systems may be classified by the number of degrees of freedom

This is the number of parameters required to describe the motion

Free damped vibration

Forced damped vibration

2. Free vibration of a single degree-of-freedom

I said above, in order to vibrate a system needs elasticity and mass.

such system consists of a weight attached to a spring (Figure 1.1):

Figure 1.1 Simple spring-mass

1.2. FBD of theweight

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