Case: 20-1834 Document: 41 Page: 1 Filed: 05/07/2021

NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.

United States Court of Appeals

for the Federal Circuit
______________________

DEBRA TAO,
Petitioner

v.

MERIT SYSTEMS PROTECTION BOARD,

Respondent
______________________

2020-1834
______________________

Petition for review of the Merit Systems Protection

Board in No. SF-1221-19-0147-W-1.
______________________

Decided: May 7, 2021

______________________

JAMES SOLOMON, Solomon, Maharaj & Kasimati, P.A.,

Tampa, FL, for petitioner.

CALVIN M. MORROW, Office of General Counsel, United

States Merit Systems Protection Board, Washington, DC,
for respondent. Also represented by TRISTAN L. LEAVITT,
KATHERINE MICHELLE SMITH.

SHERYL GOLKOW, United States Office of Special Coun-

sel, Washington, DC, for amicus curiae Office of Special
Counsel. Also represented by ELISABETH REBECCA BROWN,
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2 TAO v. MSPB

EMILEE COLLIER, HENRY J. KERNER, LOUIS LOPEZ, SOPHIA

WOLMAN.
______________________

Before DYK, MAYER, and HUGHES, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM.
Dr. Debra Tao petitions for review of a decision by the
Merit Systems Protection Board (“Board”) that dismissed
an individual right of action appeal for lack of jurisdiction.
On review, the Board and the Office of Special Counsel
agree that the administrative judge (“AJ”) erred in multi-
ple respects. We reverse in part, vacate in part, and re-
mand.
BACKGROUND
I
The Whistleblower Protection Act provides a federal
employee an individual right of action to seek corrective ac-
tion from the Board for any personnel action, as defined in
the Act, that the employee reasonably believes was taken
in retaliation for any act of whistleblowing. Young v. Merit
Sys. Prot. Bd., 961 F.3d 1323, 1328 (Fed. Cir. 2020); see also
5 U.S.C. § 1221. The statute provides that, subject to ex-
hausting administrative remedies with the Office of Spe-
cial Counsel (or “OSC”), see 5 U.S.C. § 1214(a)(3), “an
employee . . . may, with respect to any personnel action
taken, or proposed to be taken, against such employee . . . ,
as a result of a prohibited personnel practice described in
section 2302(b)(8) or section 2302(b)(9)(A)(i), (B), (C), or
(D), seek corrective action from the [Board],” 5 U.S.C.
§ 1221(a).
We have described § 2302(b)(8) as covering “reprisal
based on disclosure of information” and § 2302(b)(9) as cov-
ering “reprisal based upon exercising a right to complain.”
Serrao v. Merit Sys. Prot. Bd., 95 F.3d 1569, 1575 (Fed. Cir.
1996) (quoting Spruill v. Merit Sys. Prot. Bd., 978 F.2d 679,
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TAO v. MSPB 3

690 (Fed. Cir. 1992) (specifically discussing

§ 2302(b)(9)(A)). Reprisals are any “personnel action,” as
defined in 5 U.S.C. § 2302(a)(2), taken “because of . . . any
disclosure” protected under § 2302(b)(8) or “because of” ac-
tivities protected under § 2302(b)(9). 5 U.S.C. § 2302(a)(2),
(b)(8)–(9); see also Spruill, 978 F.2d at 681 n.2 (Fed. Cir.
1992) (discussing § 2302’s terminology).
Under § 2302(b)(8), a protected disclosure is one which
the employee “reasonably believes evidences (i) any viola-
tion of any law, rule, or regulation, or (ii) gross mismanage-
ment, a gross waste of funds, an abuse of authority, or a
substantial and specific danger to public health or safety.”
Hessami v. Merit Sys. Prot. Bd., 979 F.3d 1362, 1367 (Fed.
Cir. 2020) (quoting § 2302(b)(8)).
As relevant to this case, under § 2302(b)(9), the follow-
ing are protected activities:
(A) the exercise of any appeal, complaint, or griev-
ance right granted by any law, rule, or regulation—
(i) with regard to remedying a violation of
paragraph (8) . . . ;
(B) testifying for or otherwise lawfully assisting
any individual in the exercise of any right referred
to in subparagraph (A)(i) or (ii);
(C) cooperating with or disclosing information to
the Inspector General (or any other component re-
sponsible for internal investigation or review) of an
agency, or the Special Counsel, in accordance with
applicable provisions of law . . . .
5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(9).
II
At the time of the relevant events of this case, Dr. Tao
had been employed as a pharmacist (Pharmacy Program
Manager) at the Department of Veterans Affairs Greater
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4 TAO v. MSPB

Los Angeles Health Care System Pharmacy Service for

thirty years. On February 20, 2018, Dr. Tao filed a com-
plaint alleging prohibited personal practices with OSC.
The retaliatory personnel actions Dr. Tao alleged with OSC
were a three-day suspension imposed on her on June 17,
2017, her detail to a staff pharmacist position at a different
location beginning July 24, 2017, a proposed removal letter
issued on February 16, 2018, and the failure to provide a
performance rating. OSC informed Dr. Tao on October 11,
2018, that OSC was closing its inquiry into her case and
advised her that she “may have a right to seek corrective
action from the [Board]” by filing an individual right of ac-
tion appeal. J.A. 318–19. Dr. Tao filed a timely individual
right of action appeal with the Board, making largely the
same allegations that she had raised in her OSC complaint
and supplemental disclosures to OSC while her case was
pending.
Before the Board, Dr. Tao raised sixteen actions that
she contended were protected under § 2302(b)(8), (9), or
both. The AJ appears to have addressed seven of these,
and the AJ dismissed Dr. Tao’s appeal for lack of jurisdic-
tion because she had not sufficiently alleged making pro-
tected disclosures under § 2302(b)(8). The AJ’s decision
became the final decision of the Board on March 17, 2020.
Dr. Tao petitions for review. We have jurisdiction under 5
U.S.C. § 7703(b)(1)(A) and 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(9).
On review, of the sixteen total items, the Board admits
that the AJ’s ruling was erroneous with respect to five of
them, admits that the AJ erroneously failed to consider two
items, and takes no position as to the remainder. OSC has
filed a brief as amicus curiae and argues that the AJ com-
mitted reversible error with respect to five of the actions
raised by Dr. Tao. OSC did not address the remaining
eleven.
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TAO v. MSPB 5

DISCUSSION
I
We first describe Dr. Tao’s sixteen allegations, and as
to each, the AJ’s ruling, and the position on review of the
Board and OSC. Generally, Tao’s allegations concerned
the conduct of Dr. Yusef Dawoodbhai, the acting Chief of
Pharmacy that Tao reported to, and the conduct of the
Chief of Staff, Scotte Hartronft. We describe our disposi-
tion as to each of these items in Part II of this section.
(1) Dr. Tao alleges that on June 20, 2017, she advised
Hartronft and human resources officials over email of po-
tential abuses of authority by “‘concur[ring]’ with Adminis-
trative Officer Elizabeth Luevano’s June 20, 2017 email,”
which “convey[ed] that acting Chief of Pharmacy Yusef
Dawoodbhai abused his authority by engaging in unspeci-
fied ‘inappropriate abusive treatment.’” J.A. 2 (citation
omitted). 1 Dr. Tao also alleges that she disclosed to OSC
that “Dawoodbhai yelled at her, pointed his fingers, threat-
ened discipline, and improperly called her a senior man-
ager.” Id. (citation omitted).
Dr. Tao contends that this item is protected under
§ 2302(b)(8) and does not assert that it is protected under
§ 2302(b)(9). The AJ determined that there was no juris-
diction under § 2302(b)(8). Id. at 6. On review, the Board
takes no position on the merits of the AJ’s determination,
nor does OSC.
(2) Dr. Tao alleges that on June 26, 2017, she “wrote a
letter to a U.S. Senator [Dianne Feinstein] complaining

1 Dr. Tao replied to Luevano’s email with the state-

ment, “I concur with what Ms. Luevano wrote below. . . . I
have additional Reports of Contact regarding the Acting
Chief of Pharmacy’s inappropriate behavior towards me.”
J.A. 221–22.
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6 TAO v. MSPB

that Dawoodbhai, Hartronft, and HR officials were acting

improperly towards her, improperly detailing Dawoodbhai
without competition, [and] improperly detailing Dawood-
bhai’s spouse to a supervisory HR position creating an ‘im-
proper alliance between the two services’ as set forth in the
record.” Id. at 2 (citation omitted). The AJ determined
that these disclosures did not establish jurisdiction under
§ 2302(b)(8). Id. at 6–7. On review, the Board concedes
that the AJ’s ruling with respect to the letter to Senator
Feinstein was erroneous, as discussed further in item (8)
below. OSC takes no position.
(3) Dr. Tao alleges that on July 13, 2017, she informed
the agency’s Office of Accountability and Whistleblower
Protection (or “OAWP”) “that Dawoodbhai and Hartronft
were improperly disciplining and otherwise taking action
against employees that management had not previously
addressed.” Id. at 2. Dr. Tao contends that this action was
protected under § 2302(b)(9)(C). The AJ determined that
this action did not establish jurisdiction under § 2302(b)(8).
The Board appears to concede that the AJ’s ruling was er-
roneous because Dr. Tao “provided information to the
agency’s OAWP investigatory unit” and that such activity
“is likely covered under [§] 2302(b)(9)(A).” Resp’t Br. 16.
OSC contends that “fil[ing] with [the agency’s] OAWP”
“ha[s] long been held to be protected under [§] 2302(b)(9).”
OSC Br. 11.
(4) Dr. Tao alleges that on August 15, 2017, “she dis-
closed to the Federal Labor Relations Authority . . . ,
through a claim of unfair labor practice . . . , that the
agency improperly ‘stated that [she] was a manager’
. . . even though she ha[d] been detailed to a staff pharma-
cist position, away from her manager position,” and, as a
result, Dr. Tao was ineligible for union representation.
J.A. 2–3 (citation omitted). Dr. Tao asserts that this action
was protected under both § 2302(b)(8) and (b)(9)(A)(i). The
AJ determined that this item did not establish jurisdiction
under § 2302(b)(8). The Board takes no position on the
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TAO v. MSPB 7

merits of the AJ’s determination with respect to this disclo-

sure. OSC takes the view that Dr. Tao’s act of “filing a
claim of an unfair labor practice with the Federal Labor
Relations Authority” is “protected under [§] 2302(b)(9).”
OSC Br. 3.
(5) Dr. Tao alleges that on November 13, 2017, she “in-
formed the OSC Disclosure Unit that Dawoodbhai was im-
properly disciplining employees.” J.A. 3 (citation omitted).
Dr. Tao contends this action is protected under
§ 2302(b)(9)(C). The AJ concluded that this item did not
establish jurisdiction under § 2302(b)(8). The Board con-
cedes that the AJ’s ruling was erroneous because Dr. Tao’s
act of “fil[ing] disclosures with OSC’s Disclosure Unit” “is
explicitly protected under section 2302(b)(9)(C).” Resp’t
Br. 15. OSC takes the same view.
(6) Dr. Tao alleges that on January 6, 2018, she “testi-
fied in support of Luevano’s request for a restraining order
against Dawoodbhai arising from Luevano’s equal employ-
ment opportunity (EEO) claim of sexual harassment, in a
local court proceeding,” J.A. 3, which Dr. Tao contends is
protected under § 2302(b)(9)(B). The AJ determined that
this item did not establish jurisdiction under § 2302(b)(8).
Id. at 6. The Board concedes that the AJ erred because
Dr. Tao’s act of “provid[ing] an affidavit supporting
coworker Luevano’s sex discrimination suit in a local court
for a restraining order against Dawoodbhai” is “protected
under [§] 2302(b)(9)(B), which applies to ‘testifying or oth-
erwise lawfully assisting any individual in the exercise of
any right referred to in subparagraph (A)(i) or (ii).’” Resp’t
Br. 15–16 (citation omitted). OSC does not address this
item in its brief.
(7) Dr. Tao alleges that on February 5 and 21, 2018,
she “disclosed to a Board administrative judge that man-
agement was improperly disciplining employees,” J.A. 3,
which Dr. Tao contends is protected under § 2302(b)(9)(B).
It appears that this activity related to written testimony
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8 TAO v. MSPB

that Dr. Tao provided in support of a former Chief of Phar-

macy, Dr. Jeffrey Sayers, who was appealing his removal
to the Board. The AJ determined that this item did not
establish jurisdiction under § 2302(b)(8). The Board con-
cedes that the AJ’s ruling was erroneous, and that
Dr. Tao’s act of “provid[ing] her written testimony support-
ing a former Chief of Pharmacy’s MSPB appeal from his
removal” is protected under § 2302(b)(9)(B). Resp’t Br. 15.
OSC takes the same view.
(8) Dr. Tao alleges that she “disclosed Dr. Dawoodbhai
was unqualified for the Chief of Pharmacy position,” Pet’r
Br. 19, which Dr. Tao asserts is a protected disclosure un-
der § 2302(b)(8). This disclosure appears to refer at least
in part to Dr. Tao’s June 26, 2017, letter to Senator Fein-
stein, discussed above in item (2), in which she complained
that Dawoodbhai was unqualified for his position because
he lacked the required experience. 2 The Board concedes
that the AJ’s ruling was erroneous because he “did not rec-
ognize the alleged potential violation of law” even though
“it is clear . . . that the petitioner made a nonfrivolous pro-
tected disclosure that the agency’s action in detailing
Dawoodbhai to a position that he was unqualified for was
a violation of applicable agency regulations.” Resp’t
Br. 19–20. OSC takes no position.
(9) Dr. Tao alleges that she also “disclosed concerns of
nepotism and abuse of authority regarding the detail of
Dr. Dawoodbhai’s spouse” in her letter to Senator Fein-
stein, Pet’r Br. 19, which Dr. Tao asserts is a protected dis-
closure under § 2302(b)(8). Although the AJ analyzed
Dr. Tao’s disclosure that human resource officials had “im-
properly detail[ed] Dawoodbhai’s spouse to a supervisory

2 The Board notes that there was a violation of

agency policy in detailing Dawoodbhai and “[t]he agency
did not remedy this violation until November 2017.” Resp’t
Br. 19 (citing J.A. 352).
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TAO v. MSPB 9

HR position creating an ‘improper alliance between the two

services,’” J.A. 2 (item two above), the AJ did not address
Dr. Tao’s allegation of nepotism. The Board and OSC do
not discuss this item in their briefs.
(10) Dr. Tao alleges that she engaged in “formal and
informal EEO activity, including contacting the Agency’s
EEO counselor on two separate occasions, filing a formal
complaint, requesting a hearing, and continuing to engage
in the EEO process.” Pet’r Br. 19. This item also appears
to include Dr. Tao’s “participat[ion]” in an EEO case filed
by her coworker, Elizabeth Luevano. See id. at 11 (quoting
J.A. 269). Dr. Tao contends that such activity is protected
under § 2302(b)(9)(A)(i). The AJ noted that “appellant
ha[d] filed two formal EEO discrimination complaints,”
J.A. 3, and “allege[d] that she was the victim of EEO dis-
crimination and retaliation,” id. at 6, and concluded that
these actions are not protected.
The Board concedes that the AJ “erred in failing to con-
sider” that during the months of April and May 2017,
Dr. Tao also “provided witness statements for Luevano’s
EEO case naming Dawoodbhai as a Responsible Manage-
ment Official.” Resp’t Br. 16. The Board further concedes
that the AJ erred in that Tao’s testimony in Luevano’s EEO
case “appears to be . . . protected activity.” Id. OSC takes
the same view. Neither the Board nor OSC take a view on
the other aspects of this item.
(11) Dr. Tao alleges that she engaged in “submitting
and pursuing both a disclosure and a prohibited personnel
practices complaint to the Office of Special Counsel, as well
as copying OSC attorneys onto certain Agency emails.”
Pet’r Br. 19. Dr. Tao contends that these activities are pro-
tected under § 2302(b)(9)(C). The AJ did not address
Dr. Tao’s filing of a claim with OSC or copying OSC attor-
neys onto agency emails, nor do the Board or OSC in their
briefs.
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10 TAO v. MSPB

(12) Dr. Tao alleges that she engaged in “submission of

disclosures to the Agency’s Office of Accountability and
Whistleblower Protection.” Pet’r Br. 20. Dr. Tao contends
that this activity is protected under § 2302(b)(9)(C). It is
unclear whether Dr. Tao contends that she made disclo-
sures other than those discussed above as the third item,
which the AJ did address and the Board requests remand
on. The Board and OSC do not separately address this item
in their briefs.
Dr. Tao contends that the AJ failed to address four
other items: (13) her “participation in an Administrative
Investigation Board [looking] into conduct unbecoming and
other charges for Dr. Dawoodbhai,” (14) her “disclosure
that the Agency failed to complete a delegation of authority
after Dr. Dawoodbhai was relieved of the position and the
identity of the new Acting Chief of Pharmacy was unknown
to pharmacy employees,” (15) her “email to Ms. Ahnya
Slaughter alleging that individuals who participated in the
Administrative Investigation Board were retaliated
against for their participation,” and (16) her “email to the
Privacy Officer disclosing a breach of her own [Personally
Identifying Information (“PII”)], as well as the PII of other
employees, in violation of the Privacy Act.” Pet’r Br. 20.
Dr. Tao contends that these disclosures and activities are
protected under § 2302(b)(8), (b)(9), or both. The AJ did not
address these activities and disclosures, nor do the Board
and OSC in their briefs.
II
We may not set aside a Board’s decision unless it is
“(1) arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or other-
wise not in accordance with law; (2) obtained without pro-
cedures required by law, rule, or regulation having been
followed; or (3) unsupported by substantial evidence.” Par-
kinson v. Dep’t of Just., 874 F.3d 710, 715 (Fed. Cir. 2017)
(en banc) (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 7703). “We review whether
the Board has jurisdiction de novo.” De Santis v. Merit Sys.
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TAO v. MSPB 11

Prot. Bd., 826 F.3d 1369, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2016). The Board
does not dispute that Dr. Tao has exhausted her adminis-
trative remedies, nor does OSC.
The Board also concedes that the AJ’s ruling that
Dr. Tao’s actions were not protected was erroneous with re-
spect to items (5), (6), and (7), and likely erroneous with
respect to item (3). The Board concedes as well that the AJ
erred with respect to items (2) and (8) regarding Dr. Tao’s
letter to Senator Feinstein, which the Board concedes con-
tained a protected disclosure under § 2302(b)(8), and item
(10), which the Board concedes involved a protected activ-
ity under § 2302(b)(9)(B).
We reverse the AJ as to items (2), (3), (5)–(8), and (10),
agree with the Board that they at least in part allege pro-
tected activities and disclosures over which the Board has
jurisdiction, and remand for further proceedings. Our re-
versal is limited to the parts of these items as to which the
Board has conceded the AJ erred or likely erred. As to the
parts of these items that the Board has not conceded, we
vacate and remand for the Board to reconsider or consider
in the first instance.
The Board takes no position on items (1), and (4) which
the AJ did address in his ruling, and (12), which the AJ
appears to have addressed at least in part, or items (9),
(11), and (13)–(16), which the AJ did not address. We re-
mand these aspects of Dr. Tao’s claim for the Board to re-
consider or consider in the first instance.
On remand, given the magnitude of the AJ’s errors, re-
assignment is appropriate. See Alta Wind I Owner Lessor
C v. United States, 897 F.3d 1365, 1382 (Fed. Cir. 2018);
Contreras v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 844 F.3d 1363,
1369 (Fed. Cir. 2017). On remand, the case should be re-
assigned to a new administrative judge.
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12 TAO v. MSPB

CONCLUSION
We vacate and remand to the Board for further pro-
ceedings consistent with this opinion. On remand, the
Board shall reassign Dr. Tao’s appeal to a different admin-
istrative judge.
REVERSED-IN-PART, VACATED-IN-PART, AND
REMANDED
COSTS
Costs to Dr. Tao.