*KEY* *KEY*

Regents Chemistry

NOTE PACKET
Unit 1: Matter & Measurement

1 Copyright © 2015 Tim Dolgos

Copyright © 2015 Tim Dolgos
2 Copyright © 2015 Tim Dolgos
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Unit Vocabulary:

1. S.I. unit 10. Extensive 19. Homogeneous Mixture

2. Meter 11. Significant Figures 20. Pure Substance
3. Liter 12. Precision 21. Particle Diagram
4. Gram 13. Accuracy 22. Chromatography
5. Mass 14. Matter 23. Filtration
6. Weight 15. Element 24. Distillation
7. Volume 16. Compound 25. Scientific Notation
8. Density 17. Mixture
9. Intensive 18. Heterogeneous Mixture

Unit Objectives: When you complete this unit you will be able to do the following…
1) Classify types of matter
2) Draw particle diagrams to represent different types of matter
3) Recognize various techniques that can be used to separate matter
4) Convert between units of measurements
5) Differentiate between accuracy and precision
6) Write numbers in scientific notation
7) State rules to determine significant figures
8) Count significant figures
9) Understand the importance of significant figures
10) Calculate the volume and density of an object

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Matter
Anything that has mass and
volume (takes up space)

Can NOT be separated CAN be Separated by

by physical means PHYSICAL means

PURE SUBSTANCES MIXTURES (each piece is

(each piece looks the same different – not pure)
– PURE!)
-each piece has exact same
composition.

Same Different
Can NOT be separated Separated by chemical composition composition
by chemical means means, only throughout throughout

ELEMENT (simplest COMPOUND or HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS

form of matter) MOLECULE MIXTURE (uniform MIXTURE (not
(2+ different elements throughout—distinct uniform throughout—
Example: chemically combined) pattern) no pattern)

Monoatomic = Na Example: NaCl (table Example: saltwater, Example: Italian

(One atom) salt), H2O (water) iced tea dressing, concrete,
soil, chocolate chip
Diatomic = Cl2 Homo = same cookie
(Two atoms)
Hetero = opposite

Particle Particle Particle Particle

Diagram Diagram Diagram Diagram

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Practice Problems:

1. Which particle diagram(s) represent a mixture?

2. Which particle diagram(s) represent a pure substance?

3. Which of the following particle diagrams represents a mixture of

one compound and one element?

4. Which particle diagram represents a diatomic element?

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Properties of Matter:

 Physical properties are the constants about a substance; can use

our senses to observe them; do not require chemical analysis

Example: melting point, color, texture

o Extensive Property: a property that depends on how

much material you are dealing with

Ex: energy, mass, heat

o Intensive Property: a property that does not depend on

how much material you are dealing with (help identify
matter; a constant about that particular type of matter)

Ex: melting point, boiling point, color, density, hardness,

solubility

 Chemical properties include behaviors substances adhere to when they

react with other substances

Examples: Group 1 metals react violently with water; methane reacts

with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water; some metals react with
acid, others do not

Guided Practice: Identify the following as being intensive, extensive, or chemical

properties.

__________ 1. The mass of copper wire is 255 g.

__________ 2. The boiling point of ethyl alcohol is 77°C.

__________ 3. Baking soda reacts with vinegar to make carbon dioxide gas.

__________ 4. The density of mercury is 13.6g/mL.

__________ 5. The solubility of sodium chloride in water is 40g/100mL of water.

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Physical vs. Chemical Changes

Matter is always changing. Ice in your drink melts. Wood in
your fire burns.

Physical Change – a change that does NOT alter the chemical properties
of a substance (example: cutting paper, phase change); change in size or
shape; same composition

*PHYSICAL processes can be reversed PHYSICALLY

Example: ice melting to become liquid (it’s still water!)

Chemical Change – a reaction in which the composition of a substance is

changed (example: rusting); properties different composition

 Signs of a chemical rxn: 1. color change

2. bubbling/fizzing
3. heat/energy produced or consumed

Example: firewood burning

Change of Matter Physical or Chemical?

Burning toast
Making ice cubes
Lighting a candle
Spoiling milk
Making kool-aid

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Elements vs. Compounds

Element = formula that contains only one symbol
Compound = formula which contains 2+ different symbols/elements

1. Circle ( ) all the elements and underline the compounds below.

2. On the line provided, record the number of different symbols within the species.

CO ___ Mg ___ Co ___

C2H5OH ___ Al(CN)3 ___ Cl2 ___

H2SO4 ___ He ___ NI3 ___

O2 ___ H2O ___ NaCl ___

C ___ Cu ___ I ___

Questions:
1) Does each compound have the same number of symbols? ____
2) For each ELEMENT above, how many total symbols are listed? __
3) What is the minimum number of symbols that must be present in
order for a species to be considered a compound? __

Understanding Compound Formulas:

 Within a compound, you may see subscripts. These subscripts tell you the
number of each type of atom that is present.

Example: CO2

# carbon atoms __ # oxygen atoms __

 If there are parentheses present around two or more atoms, the subscript
applies to all atoms within the parentheses.

Example: Al(CN)3

# aluminum atoms __ # carbon atoms __ # nitrogen atoms __

 If one of the atoms within the parentheses has a subscript, you multiply this
number by the number outside of the parentheses.

Example: Fe2(SO4)3

# iron atoms __ # sulfur atoms __ # oxygen atoms ___

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 There is no vodcast for this page. Just know that you will be responsible for memorizing
the symbol and name for the most commonly used elements, which appear below. You will
be quizzed on each of the two sets below at some point next week. I recommend making
flash cards for all of them (there’s a flashcard app, and my former students loved it) and
spend a couple minutes a night going over them.

The Common Elements

Rules for writing element symbols: 1) 1st letter is always capitalized.

2) If a second letter exists, it is lower case.

* Symbol * * Name * * Symbol * * Name *

Ag silver I iodine
Al aluminum K potassium
Ar argon Kr krypton
As arsenic Li lithium
Au gold Mg magnesium
B boron Mn manganese
Ba barium N nitrogen
Be beryllium Na sodium
Br bromine Ne neon
C carbon Ni nickel
Ca calcium O oxygen
Cl chlorine P phosphorus
Co cobalt Pb lead
Cr chromium Ra radium
Cs cesium Rb rubidium
Cu copper Rn radon
F fluorine S sulfur
Fe iron Si silicon
Fr francium Sn tin
H hydrogen Sr strontium
He helium U uranium
Hg mercury Xe xenon
Zn zinc

MEMORIZE both directions (symbol to name, name to symbol) for Quiz on _____________

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Separation of Matter
Separation Apparatus Type of Description of What types of
Separation Technique matter will it
(Physical separate?
or
Chemical)
Filtration
Filtrate flows HETEROGENEOUS
through filter mixtures
PHYSICAL paper, or
undissolved Mixtures involving
particles (solid) more than 1 phase
remain on filter
paper (ex: sand & water)

Watch Glass Evaporation

http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/Biology1111/animations/dissolve.html

 Separate solute
(dissolved solid)
from solvent
PHYSICAL (liquid) by HOMOGENEOUS
boiling solution mixture (solution)
 Solute escapes
Crucible Evaporation  Very limited
precision

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Separation of Matter
(continued)

Distillation  Separate solute

from solvent by
boiling solution
and
recondensing in
receiving flask HOMOGENEOUS
(both solute and (can use to remove
PHYSICAL solvent impurities from
captured) water)

 Separate 2 or
more liquids w/
diff b.p.’s

Chromatography

Separates
particles based
PHYSICAL on: HOMOGENEOUS
1) size
2) solubility

On the other hand  Chemical Separation requires reacting

a sample with something else in order to turn it into a completely
different compound

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SCIENTIFIC NOTATION – method for expressing very large or

small numbers easily (Example: 6.02 x 1023 atoms = 1 mole)

For example, the number 1,000,000 is in standard formation format.

The scientific notation of this number is 1.0 x 106
 We always move the decimal place to make the mantissa (the number out in
front) between 1-9
 We then arrange the exponent (the number up to the right of the ten)
 Now, check your work  if you were to take the 1.0 and move the decimal
place 6 places to the right (since it is a positive number), you would get the
original number (1,000,000)

Example: 123000000000 1.23 x 1011

Normal (standard) notation Scientific Notation

Guided Practice – Write the following numbers in scientific notation

(remember the mantissa rule!)

1. 34000000 =

2. 0.0000067 =

3. 25,864 =

Now, write the following scientific notations in standard (normal)

notation form:

4. 5.7 x 108 =

5. 6.34 x 10-11 =

Calculator Practice:
First, let’s enter the number 2.3 x 10-5 in scientific notation:
1. Type “2”
2. Type the decimal point
3. Type “3”
4. Then press the “ee” “EXP” or “ ” key(s)
5. Press the “+/-“ key (NOT the “—“ or “subtract” key)
6. Type “5”
Next, let’s enter that number by 1 mole, or 6.02 x 1023. What do you get for

your answer? _________________

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 *There are no vodcasts for tonight’s homework (NP p. 12-15). This should be review.*

Measurements and the Metric System

In chemistry we measure matter using SI units. This is an abbreviation for System
International.

SI BASE UNITS (AKA Base Units):

**If you forget, use Table D in your Reference Tables!

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SI Metric Prefixes

Numerical (Multiply Root Word

Prefix Symbol Exponential
by)*
tera T 1,000,000,000,000 1012
giga G 1,000,000,000 109
mega M 1,000,000 106
kilo k 1,000 103
hecto h 100 102
deca da 10 101
no prefix: 1 100
deci d 0.1 10¯1
centi c 0.01 10¯2
milli m 0.001 10¯3
micro  0.000001 10¯6
nano n 0.000000001 10¯9
pico p 0.000000000001 10¯12
femto f 0.000000000000001 10¯15
atto a 0.000000000000000001 10¯18

*Example: In the word kilometer, the root word (base unit) is “meter” and
the prefix is “kilo.” Kilo means multiply the root word by 1000. Therefore,
one kilometer is 1000 meters (1 km = 1000 m).

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Conversion Factors – a mathematical expression that relates two units that
measure the same type of quantity

Examples: 1 min = 60 sec 1000 g = 1 kg 1 L = 1000 mL

*Rest Assured! For the Regents, the most you will have to convert will be between the
milli-/kilo-/base unit (g, L, etc.). This is always a matter of 3 or 6 decimal places. You
must also make sure you move the decimal the correct direction (right or left, which
depends on whether you are converting from small to big or vice versa).

TRICK:
Kilo Hecta Deca base unit deci centi milli

K H D base unit d c m

“Kids Hate Doing math during cold months”

“King Henry Died by drinking crusty mustard”

Let’s practice!
1. A car travels 845 km. How many meters is this?

2. Convert 0.0290 L to milliliters.

3. Convert 2500mL to liters.

4. 3 g = _______ kg 9. 12 mL = ______ L

5. 1 km = ______ m Compare by placing a <, >, or = on

the line provided:
6. 1 kg = _______ g
10. 56 cm __ 6 m
7. 1 L = ________ mL
11. 7g __ 698 mg
8. 7 m = _______ mm

Once you get your answer, check it! Does it make sense?

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Dimensional Analysis

Often you will be required to solve a problem with mixed units, or to convert from one set
of units to another. Dimensional analysis is a simple method to accomplish this task.

Ex: How many minutes are there in 15 days?

Solution A:

STEP 1: Figure out the units that you have and the steps to get to the units
that you need.

HAVE (What’s missing?) NEED

Days (d) Hours (h) Minutes (min)

STEP 2: Make a “grid” and plug in the numbers to make your first conversion.
The number/units you HAVE goes in the top left, the number/units
you NEED go in the top right, and the conversion factor goes in the
bottom right.
Need
15 d 24 h =
Have 1d
Conversion Factor

STEP 3: Cancel “like terms.” Then, multiply the top numbers (the numerators)
together and divide the result by the bottom number (the
denominator).

15 d 24 h = 360 h
1d

Since 24 hours and 1 day are equivalent, you are actually multiplying
15 days by a factor of 1. This means that the magnitude of your
number stays the same and only the units change.
In other words, 15 days = 360 hours
STEP 4: Now, use your answer from Step 3 as the new “HAVE” and repeat
the process using the conversion factor 60 minutes = 1 hour

360 h 60 min
= 21,600 min
1h

Now you try one: How many minutes are there in the month of October?

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ACCURACY VS. PRECISION

Accuracy – how close your results are to the desired value
Ex: Hitting bulls eye when you are aiming for it

*For most experiments, ACCURATE means +/- 5% from

the expected value

Precision – how close your results are to one another; how repeatable
your results are; consistency/grouping

*For an experiment with +/- 5% as the margin for accuracy,

that means the difference between the highest and lowest
percent error cannot exceed a RANGE of 10%

Ex: If the highest percent error for an experiment is

+7.6%, and the lowest is -5.4% that range is 13.0%,
which means that experiment was not precise

Practice: Cheryl, Cynthia, Carmen, and Casey take target practice in PE. Assuming
that they were all aiming at the bulls eye, match each target with the proper
description.

(a) Accurate and precise

(b) Not precise, but one piece of data accurate
(c) Precise but not accurate
(d) Neither precise nor accurate

Practice: The following data was collected during a lab experiment. The density of
the cube should be 10.8 g/mL. Is this data is accurate, precise, both, or neither?
Justify your answer. ______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Trial Number Density of Cube

1 6.2 g/mL
2 6.3 g/mL
3 6.5 g/mL

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SIGNIFICANT FIGURES - also known as Sig Figs (SF)

 A method for handling UNCERTAINTY in all measurements

 This arises due to the fact that we have different equipment with different
degrees of ACCURACY
 Significant figures are associated with MEASURED VALUES
 EXACT NUMBERS do NOT COUNT when determining sig figs
o Ex: Atomic masses on periodic table
Conversions (1in = 2.54 cm)

Examples:
1. Reading a ruler

 We know for sure that the object is more than _____, but less than _____

 We know for sure that the object is more than _____, but less than _____

 This ruler allows us to estimate the length to _______

2. Reading a graduated cylinder:

 Measurements are read from the bottom of the MENISCUS

 Which gives a volume reading of _______

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The Atlantic/Pacific Method – alternate method for sig figs

1) Determine if a decimal point is present. If a decimal is present, think

of “P” for “present.” If there is no decimal, think of “A” for “Absent.”
P stands for the Pacific coast and A stands for the Atlantic Coast.
2) Imagine the number you are looking at is a map of the USA. Begin
counting from the correct side of the number (Atlantic/right side or
Pacific/left side) based on what you determined in step 1. Consider
the first nonzero number you land on the start of your count.
Consider each digit from here on out significant as well until you reach
the other end of the number.

Pacific Coast Atlantic Coast

Decimal is Decimal is
Present Absent

1. Start @ 1st 1. Start @ 1st

NONZERO NONZERO

2. Count all 2. Count all

the way to the the way to the
Atlantic—NO Pacific—NO
EXCEPTIONS EXCEPTIONS

Determine the number of significant numbers in each of the following:

1) 357 _______ 5) 0.0357 _______

2) 3570 _______ 6) 3.570 x 103 _______

3) 3570. _______ 7) 0.3570 _______

4) 0.357 _______

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(There is no vodcast for this page. You may either use these rules or Atlantic/Pacific to complete the practice)

Rules for Determining Number of Significant Figures in a Given Number

Rule Example
1. All nonzero numbers (ex: 1 – 9) are always 123456789 m
significant
1.23 x 102

2. Zeros located between nonzero numbers 40.7 L

are significant (CAPTIVE zeroes)
87,009 km

3. For numbers less than one, all zeros to 0.009587 m

the left of the 1st nonzero number are
NOT significant (LEADING zeroes) 0.0009 kg

4. Zeros at the end of a number and to the 85.00 g

right of a decimal point are significant
(TRAILING zeroes) 9.070000000 L

5. Zeros at the end of a whole number may 2000 m

be significant or not. If there is a decimal
after the last zero, they are significant.
If there is not a decimal point after the 2000. m
end zeros, they are NOT significant
6. Exact numbers have an infinite
number of significant figures (includes 1 ft = 12 inch
conversions) Counting 10 marbles
THEY DON’T COUNT!

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PRACTICE:
Measurement Number of Significant Figures Rule(s) Applied
1020 mL
1200 m
1200. L
1200.00 mm
0.001 km
10.00 L
12000 m
00.100 cL
22.101 mm
101,000 km

Rules for Using Sig Figs in Calculations

General Rule  Final answer must be expressed in the lowest amount of significant figures
that were originally given to you (you can’t create accuracy when you didn’t have it to start
with!)

Operation Rule Examples

Multiplication/Division Perform operation as 12.257 x 1.162 =

normal & express 14.242634
answer in least # sig
figs that were given to =_______
you

3.95
Addition/Subtraction Line decimal points up; 2.879
round final answer to + 213.6____
lowest decimal place 220.429
(least accurate) value
given =________

Examples: 5.1456 – 2.31 = ___________ (to hundredths)

69.25/45.8 = ___________ (to 3 sig figs)

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Rules for Calculations with Numbers in Scientific Notation:
Rule Example
Addition/Subtraction  All values must
have the same exponent. Result is the 4.5 x 106 - 2.3 x 105 = ____________
sum or difference of the mantissas,
multiplied by the same exponent of 10
Multiplication  mantissas are
multiplied and exponents of 10 are (3.1 x 103) (5.01 x 104) = ____________
added
Division  mantissas are divided and
exponents are subtracted 7.63 x 103 / 8.6203 x 104 = _________

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MEASURING MATTER
1. Mass vs. Weight

MASS WEIGHT
Directly
proportional: as Depends on gravity
How much MATTER
mass increases, (force pulling object
something has
weight toward earth, moon,
increases or other planet)

*We really only work with MASS in chemistry class!

** We have the same MASS whether we are on earth or on the moon. The
different forces of gravity on each cause us to weigh more on earth than on
the moon though (this is why we float on the moon!)

2. Volume - amount of SPACE an object takes up

 Techniques:
Liquids  use graduated cylinder, burette (beaker, flask)

Regular Solids  measure dimensions and use l x w x h formula

Irregular Solids  Displacement method

3. Density: amount of mass in a given space; RATIO of mass to volume

Formula (Table T): D = m/V

BOX A BOX B

Which box has a higher density? Explain your answer.

____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________

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Density Problems – Show all work!

*Note: the density of water is 1 g/mL or 1 g/cm3 (1 mL = 1 cm3)
displacement vs. lxwxh
1) What is the density of an object with a mass of 60 g and a volume of 2 cm3?

2) If you have a gold brick that is 2.0 cm x 3.0 cm x 4.0 cm and has a mass of
48.0 g, what is its density?

3) If a block of wood has a density of 0.6 g/ cm3 and a mass of 120 g, what is
its volume?

4) What is the mass of an object that has a volume of 34 cm3 and a density
of 6.0 g/cm3?

5) Which is heavier, a ton of feathers or a ton of bowling balls?

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Percent Error
 Measurement of the % that the measured value is “off” from accepted value
Measured value = value you “get”
Accepted value = value you “should get”

 Formula is found in Table T (back page 12) of your Reference Tables:

If negative, your measured value is LESS THAN the accepted value

If positive, your measured value is GREATER THAN the accepted value

*It is very important that you put the given values into the proper place in the
formula!

Sample Problem: In a lab experiment, you are told by your teacher that the actual
(or accepted) amount of sugar in a can of Coke is 39 g. You experimentally
determine it to be 40 g based on your own data and calculations. What is your
percent error? Express answer in the proper amount of significant figures.

25 Copyright © 2015 Tim Dolgos