Chapter 1

Introduction:
“The number system or the numeral system is the system of naming or representing numbers.
There are various types of number systems in math like binary, decimal, etc.”

Definition
A number system is defined as a system of writing for expressing numbers. It is the
mathematical notation for representing numbers of a given set by using digits or other symbols in
a consistent manner. It provides a unique representation of every number and represents the
arithmetic and algebraic structure of the figures. It also allows us to operate arithmetic operations
like addition, subtraction, and division.
The value of any digit in a number can be determined by:

 The digit
 Its position in the number
 The base of the number system

Number: A number is a mathematical object used to count, label and measure the entities.
To represent numbers, the basic symbols used are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, which are called
digits. By suitably concatenating these digits together with the following symbols
¡=¢
We form more numbers. For example: 1, 110, ¡12, 1/2, 1.234, -0.031, etc.

The numbers can be classified into sets, called number system

Following are some number system:

Real numbers
Natural numbers
Integers
Even/odd integers
Rational numbers
Irrational numbers
Decimal
 1. Terminating decimals
2. Non-Terminating decimals
2.1. Terminating decimals
2.2. Non-recurring decimals
Real Number:
 The real numbers include all the rational numbers, such as the integer −5 and the fraction  4/3,
and all the irrational numbers, such as √ (1.41421356..., the square root of 2 an irrational a
algebraic numbers Included within the irrationals are the transcendental numbers, such
as π (3.14159265...)

Each possible number that can be formed from digits 0 to 9 is a real number. The
Set of all real numbers is denoted by R. Every real number can be represented by decimal
expansion,
1=1.0, ½=0.5, 1/3=0.333 etc.

Π=circumference of circle/diameter of circle=3.14.

The real numbers are further classified as;

Natural numbers:  
Are a part of the number system which includes all the positive integers from 1 till infinity? It is
an integer which is always greater than zero (0). It should be noted that the natural numbers
include only the positive integers i.e. set of all the counting numbers like 1, 2, 3…..excluding the
fractions, decimals, and negative numbers. Natural numbers are part of real numbers.
It is denoted by N= {1, 2, 3, 4…}

Integers:
An integer (from the Latin integer meaning "whole") is a number that can be written without
a fractional component. For example, 21, 4, 0, and −2048 are integers, while
9.75, 5+1/2and √2 are not.
The set of integers consists of zero (0), the positive natural numbers (1, 2, 3 ...), also
called whole numbers or counting numbers, and their additive inverses (the negative integers,
i.e., −1, −2, −3 ...).

Even/odd numbers:
A number which is divisible by 2 and generates a remainder of 0 is called an even number.
An odd number is a number which is not divisible by 2. The remainder in the case of an odd
number is always “1”.
 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 … are sequential even numbers
Odd numbers are whole numbers that cannot be divided exactly into pairs. ... 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13,
15 … are sequential odd numbers
An integer is called even integer if it is divisible by 2, e.g., -4, -2, 0, 2, 4 are
all even integers. An integer which is not divisible by 2 is called an odd integer, e.g., -3, -1, 1, 3
are all odd integers. Note that an integer is either even or odd but not both

Rational numbers:
In mathematics a rational number is a number that can be expressed as the quotient
or fraction p/q of two integers a numerator  p and a non-zero denominator q. Since q may be
equal to 1, every integer is a rational number. The set of all rational numbers, often referred to as
"the rationales", the field of rationales or the field of rational numbers is usually denoted by a
boldface Q 
A real number that can be written as a fraction of integers is called a rational number e.g,
½, -3/2, 1/100 etc.
The set of all rational numbers is denoted by Q. The integer lies above the fraction is called the
numerator and the integer below is called the denominator.

Irrational number:

Real numbers which are not rational numbers are called irrational numbers.
This means irrational numbers cannot be written as fraction of integers. For example,
π (Pi) is a famous irrational number.

We cannot write down a simple fraction that equals Pi. The popular approximation of 22/7 =
3.1428571428571... is close but not accurate. Another clue is that the decimal goes on forever
without repeating.

Decimal numbers:

A decimal number can be defined as a number whose whole number part and the fractional part
is separated by a decimal point. The dot in a decimal number is called a decimal following the
 decimal point show a value smaller than one. Decimal numbers are used to represent
numbers that are smaller than 1 unit. An expression of the following form
1.248549, -1.95879,0.85934

is a decimal. Thus decimals are exactly real numbers and vice versa. We firstly classify decimals
into
two classes: terminating decimals and non-terminating decimals
Decimals in which there are ¯nite digits after decimal point, e.g.,
1.3848, -9.4334, 5.2939
In other words, decimals whose expansion terminate/stop are called terminating decimals.
Decimals whose expansion continue inde¯nitely are called non-terminating
decimals, e.g.,

4.8448….,-9.847593….,0.485749…..

The non-termination decimals can be further divided into two categories: recurring decimals and
non-recurring decimals.
A repeating decimal or recurring decimal is decimal representation of a number whose digits are
periodic (repeating its values at regular intervals) and the infinitely repeated portion is not zero.
A non-terminating decimal in which block of one or more than one digit
repeat indefinitely is called a recurring decimal. For example

 0.444444... = 49 since the repeating block is 4 (a 1-digit block),

 0.565656...
 0.012012...
 0.999999...
A non-terminating decimal which is not recurring is called non-recurring
decimal. For example, An example of this is the number π. The decimal equivalent of π never
repeats and never terminates (here's a link to the first 70 billion digits). Other
common examples are any square root except for roots of perfect squares and the number φ
which is the Golden Ratio.
Real number R all decimals

Natural number N 1,2,3……

Integers Z 0,+-1,+-2,+-2,+-4……

Rational Number Q fraction of integers

Irrational numbers Q’ can’t be written in fraction of integers or

decimal which are non-terminating and
Non-recurring
Which of the following numbers is divisible by 2?
1. 178653
 2. 164857
3. 176485
4. 178560
point. The digits following the decimal point show a value smaller than one. Decimal numbers
are used to represent numbers that are smaller than 1 unit. An expression of the following
form
1.248549, -1.95879,0.85934

is a decimal. Thus decimals are exactly real numbers and vice versa. We firstly classify decimals
into
two classes: terminating decimals and non-terminating decimals.

Terminating decimals:

Decimals in which there are ¯nite digits after decimal point, e.g.,
1.3848, -9.4334, 5.2939
In other words, decimals whose expansion terminate/stop are called terminating decimals.

Non-terminating decimals: Decimals whose expansion continue inde¯nitely are called

non-terminating
decimals, e.g.,

4.8448….,-9.847593….,0.485749…..

The non-termination decimals can be further divided into two categories: recurring decimals
and non-recurring decimals.

Recurring decimals:

A repeating decimal or recurring decimal is decimal representation of a number whose digits

are periodic (repeating its values at regular intervals) and the infinitely repeated portion is not
zero. A non-terminating decimal in which block of one or more than one digit
repeat indefinitely is called a recurring decimal. For example

 0.444444... = 49 since the repeating block is 4 (a 1-digit block),

 0.565656...
 0.012012...
 0.999999...
Non-recurring decimals:

A non-terminating decimal which is not recurring is called non-recurring

decimal. For example, An example of this is the number π. The decimal equivalent of π never
repeats and never terminates (here's a link to the first 70 billion digits). Other
common examples are any square root except for roots of perfect squares and the number φ
which is the Golden Ratio.

Summary:
Symbol definition

Real number R all decimals

Natural number N 1,2,3……

Integers Z 0,+-1,+-2,+-2,+-4……

Rational Number Q fraction of integers

Irrational numbers Q’ can’t be written in fraction of integers or

decimal which are non-terminating and
Non-recurring

Examples:

Which of the following numbers is divisible by 2?

1. 178653
2. 164857
3. 176485
4. 178560