NUMBER SYSTEM

In Hindu Arabic System, we use ten symbols 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

called digits to represent any number. This is the decimal system
where we use the numbers 0 to 9. 0 is called insignificant digit
whereas 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 are called significant digits.
A group of figures, denoting a number is called a numeral. For a given
numeral, we start from extreme right as Unit's place, Ten's place,
Hundred's place and so on.
We represent the number 50,78,69,324 as shown below
We read it as Fifty crores, seventy -eight lacs, sixty nine thousands
,three hundred and twenty four.
In this numeral:
The Place value of 4 is 4 1 = 4
The place value of 2 is 2 10 = 20
The place value of 3 is 3 100 = 300
The place value of 9 is 9 1000 = 9000 and so on.
The place value of 9 is 6 10000 = 60000 and so on
The face value of a digit in a number is the value itself wherever it
may be.
Thus, the face value of 7 in the above numeral is 7. The face value of
6 in the above numeral is 6 and so on.
NATURAL NUMBERS
Counting numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... are known as natural numbers.
The set of all natural numbers can be represented by N = {1, 2, 3, 4,
5, ...}.
WHOLE NUMBERS
If we include 0 among the natural numbers, then the numbers 0, 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, ... are called whole numbers.
The set of whole numbers can be represented by W =
{0,1,2,3,4,5, ...}
Clearly, every natural number is a whole number but 0 is a whole
number which is not a natural number.
INTEGERS
All counting numbers and their negatives including zero are known as
integers.
The set of integers can be represented by
Z or I = {... 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ......}
POSITIVE INTEGERS
The set I
+
= {1, 2, 3, 4, ....} is the set of all positive integers. Clearly,
positive integers and natural numbers are synonyms.
NEGATIVE INTEGERS
The set { 1, 2, 3, ...} is the set of all negative integers. 0 is
neither positive nor negative.
NON-NEGATIVE INTEGERS
The set {0, 1, 2, 3, ... } is the set of all non-negative integers.
RATIONAL NUMBERS
The numbers of the form
q
p
, where p and q are integers andq

0,
are known as rational numbers.
The set of all rational numbers is denoted by Q.
i.e.

'

0 , , , : q I q p
q
p
x x Q
Since every natural number n can be
written as
1
n
, every natural number is a rational number. Since 0 can
be written as
1
0
and every non-zero integer n can be written as
1
n
,
ie. every integer is a rational number.
Every rational number has a peculiar characteristic that when
expressed in decimal form is expressible either in terminating
decimal expansion or in non-terminating repeating decimals.
IRRATIONAL NUMBERS
Those numbers which when expressed in decimal form are neither
terminating nor repeating decimals are known as irrational numbers,
e.g.

,
3
,
5
,
2
,
8
etc.
Note that the exact value of

is not22/7, 22/7 is rational but

is irrational.
22/7 is approximate value of

. Similarly, 3.14 is not an exact

value of it.
REAL NUMBERS
The rational and irrational numbers combined together are called real
numbers, e.g13/6,1/2,
5
,4/5, etc. are real numbers. The set of all
real numbers is denoted by R.
EVEN NUMBERS
All those numbers which are exactly divisible by 2 are called even
numbers, e.g. 2, 6, 8,10, etc., are even numbers.
ODD NUMBERS
All those numbers which are not exactly divisible by 2 are called odd
numbers, e.g. 1, 3, 5, 7 etc., are odd numbers.
PRIME NUMBERS
A natural number other than 1, is a prime number if it is divisible by 1
and itself only.
For example, each of the numbers 2, 3, 5, 7 etc., are prime numbers.
COMPOSITE NUMBERS
Natural numbers greater than 1 which are not prime are known as
composite numbers.
For example, each of the numbers 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, etc., are composite
numbers.
Note:
1. The number 1 is neither a prime number nor a composite number.
2. 2 is the only even number which is prime.
3. Prime numbers up to 100 are: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31,
37, 41, 43, 47,
53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, i.e. 25 prime numbers
between 1 and 100.
4. Two numbers which have only 1 as the common factor are called
co-primes or relatively prime to each other, e.g. 3 and 5 are co-
primes.
Note that the numbers which are relatively prime need not
necessarily be prime numbers, e.g. 16 and 17 are relatively prime
although 16 is not a prime number.
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71,
73, 79, 83, 89, 97, i.e. 25 prime
numbers between 1 and 100.
4. Two numbers which have only 1 as the common factor are called
co-primes or relatively prime to
each other, e.g. 3 and 5 are co-primes.
Note that the numbers which are relatively prime need not
necessarily be prime numbers, e.g. 16 and 17 are relatively prime
although 16 is not a prime number.
TESTS OF DIVISIBILITY

Divisibility by 2: A number is divisible by 2 if the units digit is zero
or divisible by 2.
For example, 24,16,108, etc., are all divisible by 2.
Divisibility by 3: A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of digits in the
number is divisible by 3.
For example, the number 6543 is divisible by 3 since 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 =
18, which is divisible by 3.
Divisibility by 4: A number is divisible by 4 if the number formed by
the last two digits (tens digit and units digit) is divisible by 4 or are
both zero.
For example, the number 2936 is divisible by 4 since 36 is divisible by
4.
Divisibility by 5: A number is divisible by 5 if the units digit in the
number is 0 or 5.
For example, 14820, 9605, 850, 935, etc., are all divisible by 5.
Divisibility by 6: A number is divisible by 6 if the number is even
and sum of its digits is divisible by 3.
For example, the number 6324 is divisible by 6 since it is even and
sum of its digits 6 + 3 + 2+ 4 = 15is divisible by 3.
Divisibility by 7: The unit digit of the given number is doubled and
then it is subtracted from the number obtained after omitting the unit
digit. If the remainder is divisible by 7, then the given number is also
divisible by 7.
For example, consider the number 518. On doubling the unit digit 8 of
448 we get 16.
Then, 51 16 = 35. Since 35 is divisible by 7, 518 is divisible by 7.
Divisibility by 8: A number is divisible by 8, if the number formed by
last 3 digits in divisible by 8.
For example, the number 65784 is divisible by 8 as the number
formed by last three digits, i.e. 784 is divisible by 8.
Divisibility by 9: A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is
divisible by 9.
For example, the number 25785is divisible by 9 as the sum of its
digits 2 + 5 + 7 + 8 + 5 = 27 is divisible by 9.
Divisibility by 10: A number is divisible by 10, if it ends in zero.
For example, the last digit of 630 is zero, therefore, 480 is divisible by
10.
Divisibility by 11: A number is divisible by 11, if the difference of
the sum of the digits at odd places and sum of the digits at even
places is either zero or divisible by 11.
For example, in the number 51623, the sum of the digits at odd
places is 5 + 6 + 3 = 14 and the sum of the digits at even places is
1+2 = 3. The difference is 14 3 = 11, so the number is divisible by
11.
Divisibility by 12: A number is divisible by 12 if it is divisible by 3
and 4.
Divisibility by 18: An even number satisfying the divisibility test of
9 is divisible by 18.
Divisibility by 25: A number is divisible by 25 if the number formed
by the last two digits is divisible by 25 or the last two digits are zero.
For example, the number 83675 is divisible by 25 as the number
formed by the last two digits is 75 which is divisible by 25.
Divisibility by 125: A number is divisible by 125 if the number
formed by the last three digits is divisible by 125 or the last three
digits are zero.
For example, the number 5250 is divisible by 125 as 250 is divisible
by 125.
Divisibility by 88: A number is divisible by 88 if it is divisible by 11
and 8.

SOME IMPORTANT PINCIPLES IN NUMBER SYSTEM
1)Induction Principle: Let {T(n): n
N
} be the set of statements ,
for each natural number n. If (i) T(a) is true for some a N and(ii) T(k)
is true implies T(k+1) is true for all k a , then T(m) is true for all n
a
2) The greatest integer function: [ ] is defined by [x] = the
greatest intger not exceeding x, for every real x
3) Linearity property : If a/b and a/c then a/ pb+qc
4) Euclids Algorithm: The a and b be two non-zero integers. Then
(a,b) [ gcd of a and b] existes and is unique. Also , there existes
integers m and n such that (a,b)=am+bn
5) Congruencies: Let a and b be inegers, m>0. Then we say that a
is congruent to b modulo m if, m/(a-b) .We denote this by
( ) m b a mod
.
Let
( ) m b a mod
and
( ) m d c mod
then
i)
( ) m d b c a mod ) ( + +
ii)
( ) m d b c a mod ) (
iii)
( ) m bd ac mod
iv)
( ) m qd pb qc pa mod ) ( + +
for all integers pand q .
v)
( ) m b a
n n
mod
for all +ve integers m .
vi)
( ) m b f a f mod ) ( ) (
for every polynomial with integer co-
efficients.
6) Let N be a +ve integer greaer than 1 , say N=a
p
b
q
c
r
. where
a,b,c, .. are distinct primes and p, q, r, .. are +ve integers . The no.
of ways in which N can be resolved into two factores is
).... 1 )( 1 )( 1 (
2
1
+ + + r q p

7)Number of ways in which a composite number can be resolved into
factors , which are prime to each other , is
1
2
n
, where n is the no.
of distinct prime factors in the expression for N
8) Let N be +ve integer greater than 1 and let N=a
p
b
q
c
r
. where
a,b,c, .. are distinct primes and p, q, r, .. are +ve integers. Then
the sum of all the divisors in the product is equal to

.
1
1
1

+
a
a
p

.
1
1
1

+
b
b
q
. ..........
1
1
1

+
c
c
r
.
9) The highest power of prime p which is contained in n! is equal
to
.....
3 2
+
1
]
1

+
1
]
1

+
1
]
1

p
n
p
n
p
n
Where [] is the greatest integer function .
10) Eulers Totient Function : Let N be +ve integer greater than
1 . Then the no. of all the +ve intgers less than N and prime to it is
denoted by
) (N
. It is obvious
1 ) 2 (
,
2 ) 3 (
,
2 ) 4 (
,
4 ) 5 (
,
2 ) 6 (
. The fuction

is called Eulers
Totient Function .
11) If a, b, are prime to each other , then
) ( ). ( ) ( b a ab
or
)...... ( ) ( ) ( ). ( ...) ( d c b a abcd
If N=a
p
b
q
c
r
. where a,b,c, .. are distinct primes and p, q, r, ..
are +ve integers then
).....
1
1 )(
1
1 )(
1
1 ( ) (
c b a
n N
12) Eulers Theorem : If be any +ve integer prime to N . Then
) (mod 1
) (
N x
N

13) Fermats Little Theorem : If p is prime and n is prime to p then

) (mod 1
1
p n
p

14) WILSONs Theorem : If p is prime , then

) (mod 0 )! 1 ( p p
MATHS OLYMPIAD SUMS
EXERCISE 1.1(Number System)
1. Calculate 5
2039
(mod 41).
2. Find the largest +ve integer n such that n
3
+100 is divisible by n+10
3. Show that 2
55
+1 is divisible by 11
4. Show that 1
1997
+ 2
1997
++1996
1997
is divisible by 1997
5 (a). Find the difference between the largest and the smallest
numbers that can be formed with six digits.
(b) The average of nine consecutive natural numbers is 81. Find the
largest of these numbers.
(c) What will be 77% of a number whose 55% is 240?
(d) Flowers are dropped in a basket which become double after
every minute. The basket became full in 10 minutes. After how
many minutes the basket was half full?
6. A number consists of 3 digits whose sum is 7. The digit at the units
place is twice the digit at the tens place. If 297 is added to the
number, the digits of the number are reversed. Find the number.
7 (a)When an integer n is divided by 1995.The remainder is 75. What
is the remainder when n is divided by 57?
(b)Find the missing digits in the following multiplication sum:
3 5 9 7
* * *
------------------------------
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * ***
--------------------------------
* * * * 5 4 1
---------------------------------
8.)Find the largest prime factor of 3
14
+3
13
-12 ?
9) a)Find the greatest number of four digits which when divided by
2,3,4,5,6,7 leaves a remainder 1 in each case.
b)How many prime numbers between 10 and 99 remain prime
when the order of their digits is reversed?
c) Exactly one of the numbers 234,2345,23456,234567,2345678,
23456789 is a prime. Which one must it be?
10) A two-digit number is such that if a decimal point is placed
between its two digits, the resulting number is one- quarter of the
sum of two digits. What is the original number?
11) Find the greatest number of five digits which is divisible by 56,
72, 84 and 96 leaves remainders 48, 64, 76 and 88 respectively.
12) Which is greater: ? 31
11
or 17
14
13) Show that is exactly divisible by 1
99
+2
99
+3
99
+4
99
+5
99
is exactly
divisible by 5
14) Find the number of perfect cubes between 1 and 1000001 which are
exactly divisible by 7 ?
15) How many numbers from 1 to 50 are divisible by neither 5 nor 7,
and have neither 5nor 7 as a digit.
16)The square of a number of two digits is four times the number
obtained by reversing its digits . Find the number.
17) Find the sum of the digites in 2
2000
. 5
2004
18) Arrange the following in ascending order: 2
5555
, 3
3333
, 6
2222
.

19) Find all the positive perfect cubes that divide 9
9
20) Find all the integers closese to 100(12-143)
21) (123456)
2
+123456 +123457 is the square of ..
22) How many four digit numbers can be formed using the digits 1, 2
only so that each of these digits is used at least once ?
23) Find the greatest number of four digits which when increased
by 1 is exactly divisible by 2,3 ,4,5,6 and 7 ?
24) Find the last two (tens and units) digit of (2003)
2003
25) Find the number of perfect cubes between 1 and 1000009
which are exactly divisible by 9.
26) Find the number of positive integers less than or equal to 300
that are multiples of 3 or 5, but are not multiples of 10 or 15.
27) The product of the digits of each of the three digit numbers 138,
262 and 432 is 24. Write down all three digit numbers having 24 as
the product of the digits.
28). (a) Find the number of digits in the number 22005 .52000 when
written in full.
(b) Find the remainder when 2
2005
is divided by 13
29) Find two numbers both lying between 60 and 70, each of which
divides 2
48
-1
30) A number when divided by 7,11 and 13(the prime factors of
1001) successively leave the remainders 6,10 and 12 respectively.
Find the remainder if the number is divided by 1001.
31) Find the greatest number of four digits which when divided by
3, 5, 7, 9 leaves remainders 1, 3, 5, 7 respectively.
32) A printer numbers the pages of a book starting with 1. He uses
3189 digits in all. How many pages does the book have?
33) Find the largest prime factor of 3
12
+2
12
2.6
6
34) Find the value of S= 1
2
- 2
2
+3
2
-4
2
+-98
2
+99
2

35) Find the smallest multiple of 15 such that each digit of the
multiple is either0or 8.
36) A number X leaves the same remainder while dividing 5814,
5430, 5958. What is the largest possible value of X.
37) Consider the following multiplication in decimal notations (999).
(abc) = def132, determine the digits a,b,c,d,e,f.
38) If n is a positive integer such that n/810 = 0.d25d25 where d is a
single digit in decimal base. Find n.
39) Let x be the LCM of 3
2002
-1 and 3
2002
+1. Find the last digit of x.
40) Let f
0
(X)=1/(1-X) and f
n
(x) = f
0
(f
n-1
(x)) Where n =
1,2,3.Calculate f
2009
(2009)
EXERCISE 1.2(GEOMETRY)
1. If a, b,c are measures which form a triangle for all n= 2,3,4 etc, prove
that
n n n
c b a , ,
also will form a triangle
2. Given the vertex A , the orthocentre H and the centroid G ,construct
the triangle. Justify your construction.
3. A square sheet of paper ABCD is so folded that the point B falls on the
mid point M of CD. Prove that the crease will divide BC in the raion 5:3.
4. In ABC , the area is
bc
2
1
sq.units ( in the ususal notation ). AD is a median
to BC . Prove that
ADC ABC
2
1
5. Prove in any ABC , if one angle is 120
0
, the angle formed by the feet of
the angle bisectors is right angled.
6. In ABC , the incircle touches the sides BC , CA, AB respectively at D, E,
F respectively . If the radius of the incircle is 4 units and if BD, CE, AF
are consecutive integers , find the sides of ABC.
7. Through a point P, within a ABC, straight lines are drawn from the
angular points A,B and C to cut the opposite sides in D, E and F respectively.
Prove the following :
i)
1 + +
CF
PF
BE
PE
AD
PD
ii)
2 + +
CF
CP
BE
BP
AD
AP
8. The parallel sides of a trapezoid are 3 cms and 9 cms . The non- parallel sides
are 4 cm and 6 cm. A line parallel to the base divides the trapeziod into two
trapezoids of equal perimeteres. Find the ratio into which each of the non-
parallel sides is divided.
9. You are given three parallel lines. Construct an equlateral traingle ABC such
that A will be on line l1 , B will be on line l2 and C will be on third line l3.
Justify your construction. ( The three parallel lines are not of equal height )
10. O is the circumcentre of ABC and M is the middle point of the median
through A . Join OM and produce it to N so that OM = MN . Prove that N
lies on the altitude through A.
11. Two circles C1 and C2 intersect at two distinct points P and Q in a plane.
Let a line passing through P meet the circles C1 and C2 in A and B
respectively. Let Y be the middle point of AB , let QY meet the circles C
1
and
C
2
in X and Z respectively . Prove that Y is hte mid point of XZ also.
12. AB is a diameter of a circle and P is apoint in its exterior. Using only an
unmarked ruler and a pencil , explain how you construct a perpendicular
from P to AB. Justify uour construction.
13. The mid point of the hypotenuse through M in such a way that the position of
it lying inside the triangle is 3 cms long and outside the triangle upto the
other side is 9 cms. Find the length of the hypotenuse.
14. In ABC , B A 2 . Prove in usual notation that a
2
= b ( b + c )
15. L is a point on the side QR of PQR . LM and
LN
are drawn parallel to PR
and QP meeting QP , PR at M, N respectively . MN produced meets QR in T.
Then , prove that , LT is the geometric mean between RT and QT.
16. In ABC , M is the midpoint of BC. P is any point on AM and PE , PF are
perpendiculars to AB , AC respectively. If EF || BC , prove that A is a right
angle or
C B
.
17. Three equal circles of radius r touch each other. Prove that the line through the
centres of any two circles meets any one of the circles at the pont which is at a
distance of
7
r from the centre of the remaining circle.
18. A circle of radius 2 cms with centre O contains three smaller circles. Two of
them touch the outer circle and touch each other at O. The third circle touches
each of the other three circles . Find the radius of the third circle.
19. If ' u =cot 22
0
30 and v =
30 22
1
Sin
, prove that u satisfies a quadratic and v a
quadratic equation with integral coefficients and with leading coefficients as
unity . Use a geometrical construction to prove this proposition.
20. The median AD of ABCis perpendicular to AB . Prove that tanA + 2 tanB = 0.
21. In ABC AB = 5 , BC = 6 and AC = 7 . Points P and Q are located on AB and
AC respectively such that PA +AQ equals half the perimeter of ABC. The
area of APQ is half of the area of ABC. If PB = x , prove that , P satisfies
the quadratic equation 2x
2
- 2x - 5 = 0.
22. The circumference of a unit circle is dividied into eight equal arcs by points
A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H. Chords connecting point A to each of the other points
are joined. Find the product of the lengths of these seven chords. Generalize
your result.
23. O is the orthocentre of ABC and K,L,M are the mirror images on the three
sides .Show that the traingle KLM has the same circumcentre of ABC.
24. The sides of a triangle are of length a, b and c , where a,b,c are integers and
a > b. The angle opposite to the side c is 60
0
. Prove that a cannot be a
prime number.
25. Construct a regular hexagon using ruler and compass only . Use this
construction to draw two circles which will intersect orthogonally.
26. A triangle has sides of lentghts 6, 8,10 . Calculate the distance between its
incentre and circumcentre.
27. Let ABCD be a convex quadrilateral in which BAC=50
0
; CAD=60
0
;
CBD=30
0
; and BDC= 25
0
. If E is the point of intersection of AC and BD
,
find AEB.
28. In ABC let D be the mid-point of BC . If ADB=45
0
; and ACD=30
0
,
determine BAD.
29. Prove that in ABC whose sides AB = 4 cms , BC = 3 cms and AC =
5
cms,
the medians AK and CL are mutually perpendicular.
30. In a non- degenerate triangle ABC , C = 3 A . BC = 27; AB = 48 ;
Find AC.
NOTE:
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