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    Advances in Cryojet Machining: Development and Improvement Areas

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    Anupama Chattoraj
    1. Cryojet machining is a non-traditional machining process that uses ice as an abrasive instead of mineral abrasives. This allows for machining without thermal damage or contamination. 2. Major developments included using ice blasting for cleaning in 1982 and demonstrating ice's potential for preventing contamination. A 2013 process uses precooled water that spontaneously shifts to solid ice at high pressures. 3. Challenges include keeping ice solid at warmer temperatures and relatively lower cutting efficiency compared to mineral abrasives. Proposed qualitative improvements discussed increasing ice hardness and density for better material removal rates.

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    Advances in Cryojet Machining: Development and Improvement Areas

    Uploaded by

    Anupama Chattoraj
    29 views11 pages
    1. Cryojet machining is a non-traditional machining process that uses ice as an abrasive instead of mineral abrasives. This allows for machining without thermal damage or contamination. 2. Major developments included using ice blasting for cleaning in 1982 and demonstrating ice's potential for preventing contamination. A 2013 process uses precooled water that spontaneously shifts to solid ice at high pressures. 3. Challenges include keeping ice solid at warmer temperatures and relatively lower cutting efficiency compared to mineral abrasives. Proposed qualitative improvements discussed increasing ice hardness and density for better material removal rates.

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    1. Cryojet machining is a non-traditional machining process that uses ice as an abrasive instead of mineral abrasives. This allows for machining without thermal damage or contamination. 2. Major developments included using ice blasting for cleaning in 1982 and demonstrating ice's potential for preventing contamination. A 2013 process uses precooled water that spontaneously shifts to solid ice at high pressures. 3. Challenges include keeping ice solid at warmer temperatures and relatively lower cutting efficiency compared to mineral abrasives. Proposed qualitative improvements discussed increasing ice hardness and density for better material removal rates.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    29 views11 pages

    Advances in Cryojet Machining: Development and Improvement Areas

    Uploaded by

    Anupama Chattoraj
    1. Cryojet machining is a non-traditional machining process that uses ice as an abrasive instead of mineral abrasives. This allows for machining without thermal damage or contamination. 2. Major developments included using ice blasting for cleaning in 1982 and demonstrating ice's potential for preventing contamination. A 2013 process uses precooled water that spontaneously shifts to solid ice at high pressures. 3. Challenges include keeping ice solid at warmer temperatures and relatively lower cutting efficiency compared to mineral abrasives. Proposed qualitative improvements discussed increasing ice hardness and density for better material removal rates.

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    of 11

    Advances in Cryojet

    Machining
    Development and improvement areas

    Good morning, sir! We have centred our innovative project around cryojet machining
    and we will also talk about two qualitative improvements that we will be suggesting
    about the process, later in the presentation. It is also worth noting that from what we
    made out of the sources that we looked up to, this process is not very commonly
    used, owing to some restrictions, something that we will discuss as well.
    The idea
    The danger associated with
    icicles and sharp ice edges- an
    opportunity that can be tapped.

    Moving on, here is a little about a fact that we had in our mind before we decided to
    choose this particular topic for our report. So, icicles are a tapered formation of ice
    and till date, there have been many incidents from all around the world where large
    chunks of icicles have fallen down on people and pierced through their skin, in the
    process. Heavy and large-sized icicles are a formation in very cold countries and
    when they fall on someone and the person dies, then no trace is left behind. So,
    cryojet machining precisely revolves around this concept and with this fact, I wanted
    to imply the kind of potential this technology is capable of achieving.
    Introduction

    Abrasive water jet machining Cryojet machining

    A non-conventional machining process in which A derivative of AWJM where ice is used as an


    the mechanical energy of the water and abrasive abrasive to cut the material.
    phases are used to achieve material removal.

    Here I’ll talk a little bit about cryojet machining. So, this is a derivative of Abrasive
    water jet machining in which ice is used as an abrasive to cut the material. While
    cutting the material, the ice particles melt and go into the water tank of the machine.
    This way, the material that is being worked upon does not get contaminated due to
    foreign particles from the abrasive and no damage due to heat occurs around the
    area that is cut. The pressurised water acting as a cutting jet can be reused with
    sufficient filtration, thus, forming a closed circuit. If widely brought into practice, this
    type of machining is capable of saving a lot of resources and time because mineral
    abrasives are not used by this technology.
    Major advancements

    1. Galecki and Vickers (1982) carried out 3. Kluz et al. (1995) showed that an air-ice
    surface cleaning and abrading with an particle stream can be generated and
    ice-blasting technique. applied for processing of bio-materials
    2. Krzysztof et al. (1982) demonstrated that and food.
    cleaning was an important application of 4. F-W Bach et al. (2013) describe a process
    ice particles. Ice had the potential to that is based on an in-situ phase shift of
    prevent workpiece contamination and the water jet immediately after having left
    eliminate pollution. the nozzle.

    So, here are some of the major advancements which really established cryojet
    machining for what it is today. This was first used for cleaning purposes and liquid
    nitrogen was used to cool down ice further and it is still used. From 2013, a process
    has been described wherein water was spontaneously shifted to the solid state in
    which water was precooled in a thermal exchanger and subjected to a very high
    pressure. Here I would add on that extremely cold, liquefied gases are often used in
    this procedure.
    Applications
    1. Experimental procedures
    have used this process to
    cut steel, titanium, food and
    biomaterials.
    2. Cleaning and abrading have
    also been carried out.

    Moving onto the next slide, this process does not have very widespread applications,
    when it comes to actual machining. Still, we were able to go through some
    experimental procedures which were using this method to cut steel and titanium and
    other soft materials. However, this process is used in the form of ice-blasting wherein
    the velocity is restricted, such that the ice crystals are only used for cleaning and
    abrading purposes.
    Advantages

    1. Water used in the process can be used indefinitely.


    2. There is no thermal damage around the area that is cut.
    3. No risk of contamination of the workpiece.
    4. No solid waste is generated, making it an environment-friendly alternative.

    As for the advantages, I had many mentioned all of these in my previous slides. Here,
    the 2nd and 3rd points are quite important from the point of view of cutting of food and
    other bio-materials, where even the slightest application of a high amount of heat can
    spoil the material. The 1st point is in accordance with the fact that a closed-circuit is
    formed and no water is wasted, as such, making it an environment-friendly
    alternative.
    Challenges

    1. Keeping the ice intact in the solid phase in a challenge.


    2. The efficiency of cutting is relatively lower.
    3. Elaborate equipment is needed to carry out this process in warmer
    temperatures.

    Coming to the challenges, a major challenge about this process is that it can be
    operated in a very narrow-range of temperatures and it is difficult to achieve and
    maintain that kind of a range in laboratories. This is something that limits the usage of
    the machining process and as a result of which, it hasn’t been studied or used widely.
    Some studies have also suggested that the efficiency of cutting in this process is
    lower than when mineral abrasives are used, but again, this is an area which has not
    been studied to the fullest and one possible reason that I came up with could be due
    to the density of ice, which is even lesser than that of water at 4 degree celsius, and
    this is because material removal rate depends upon the three-fourths power of the
    abrasive grains’ density.
    Proposed methods of
    improvement (Qualitative)

    Here, I will briefly skim through the qualitative methods of improvement that we could
    come up with. To come up with these, we obviously could not conduct any actual
    experiment due to the lack of resources and that’s why we have kept our evaluation
    qualitative only.
    Escalating the
    hardness of ice
    A one-line description of it

    A scientist in 1958, by the name of T. R. Butkovich, through his experiments showed


    that the hardness of single ice crystals increases with decreasing temperature and the
    graph on the right might not be very clear but it shows that the Brinell hardness
    numbers range from about 4 at –5°C. to 17 at –50°C. The greatest increase in the
    hardness values occurred at the higher negative temperatures. This proposition arises
    due to our speculation that harder ice will result in better Material Removal Rate.
    However, the next section proposes that the temperature of ice shouldn't be too low
    because density is also a very significant parameter that has to be taken into account.
    Increasing the
    density of ice
    Water is the most dense at 4
    degree celsius. Ice is less dense
    than water thus, floats on it.

    The material removal rate is directly proportional to density of the of abrasive grains
    raised to the power 3/4, indicating that an increase in the density of ice will increase
    the MRR. However, the density of water is the highest at 4°C and this is accounted by
    the anomalous behaviour of water. The plot on the right shows that how the density of
    ice is known to vary with temperature. Since ice can't be cooled further beyond a
    temperature point and taking note of the above propositions, we concluded that the
    ice used in the process should have a temperature between -10 to -20 °C.
    References

    ● In-process generation of water ice particles for cutting and cleaning purposes. (2010).
    ● Yuvaraj, N., & Kumar, M. P. (2016). Cutting of aluminium alloy with abrasive water jet and cryogenic
    assisted abrasive water jet: A comparative study of the surface integrity approach. Wear , 18–32.
    ● Galecki, G. and Vickers, G.: The development of ice blasting for surface cleaning. 6th International
    Symposium on Jet Cutting Technology. (1982), Cranfield, BHRA, Fluid Engineering, 59/80
    ● Truchot, P., Mellinger, P., Duchamp, R., Kim, T. J., and Ocampo, R.: Development Of A Cryogenic Waterjet
    Technique For Biomaterial Processing Applications. Proceedings of the 6th American Water Jet
    Conference. (1991), St.Louis, Waterjet Technology Association, 473/480
    ● Geskin, E., Tismenetskiy, L., and Li, F.: Development Of Ice Jet Machining Technology. Proceedings of
    the 8th American Water Jet Conference. (1995), St. Louis, American Water Jet Conference, 671/680
    ● pubs.geoscienceworld.org/msa/ammin/article-abstract/43/1-
    2/48/541337/Hardness-of-single-ice-crystals?redirectedFrom=fulltext

    So, that’s all from our side. Thank you!

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