Art Appre W1-4

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NOTRE DAME OF SALAMAN COLLEGE INC.

Founded in 1965 by the Oblates
Owned by the Archdiocese of Cotabato
Managed by the Diocesan Clergy of Cotabato (DCC)
“Service for the Love of God through Mary”
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ART APPRECIATION (GEC 6)

(FIRST YEAR OF ALL PROGRAM)
Week 1-4
Course Instructress: Nelian L. Gubel, LPT

[email protected]
Rosalie M. Blanca
[email protected]
Mobile # 0967-834-2540 Mobile # 0943-136-3836
Archie Mae B. Quinto Annalou L. Santos

[email protected] [email protected]
Mobile# 0943-136-3718 Mobile # 0997-554-0756
SECOND SEMESTER 2020-

2021
A Course Module for Art Appreciation (GEC 6) FIRST YEAR OF ALL PROGRAM
1 SECOND SEMESTER 2020-2021
Name: ___________________________________________________ Program/ Year: _______________
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AN OVERVIEW of ART
CHAPTER 1
The meaning and importance of Art
 The Nature of Art
 The Subject of Art
 The Function of Art
 The Scope of Art
 The Origin of Art
Objectives:
To explain the meaning, nature, and importance of arts in our lives
To determine the subject of art and its functions
To be able to reflect on the functions of art with regard to their personal contributions to the
development of art
CHAPTER 2
The Artist’s Medium
 Medium and Technique
 Mediums of the Visual Arts
 Mediums of the Performing Arts
 Methods of Art Production and Presentation
Objectives:
To familiarize oneself of how an artwork is made, put together, or organized
To determine the meaning conveyed by the art and how an artwork makes life more meaningful
To appreciate the vase of self-trust in producing art
To compare and contrast the difference mediums in art production
To come up with a simple art presentation
CHAPTER 3
The Elements of Visual Arts and Performing Arts
 The Elements of Visual Arts
 Line
 Color
 Texture
 Perspective
 Space
 Form
 Volume
 The Elements of Performing Arts

 Music
 Dance
 Literature
Objectives:
To explain the relationship of the elements of the different fields of arts
To explain how elements of art presented in the different artwork
To determine the characteristics and psychological effects of line, form, texture, perspective, color,
space, volume, and other elements in visual arts
To develop one’s aesthetic sense
To develop the ability to perceive or recognize the true color of objects
CHAPTER 4
The Principles of Art Design
 Principles of Art Design
 Harmony
 Rhythm
 Balance
 Emphasis
 Other Art Principles
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Objectives:
To acquire the ability to perceive harmonies combination of lines, forms, sizes, textures, ideas, and colors.
To acquire the ability to perceive, recognize, and make balanced compositions.
To acquire the ability to make pleasing proportions in margins, space, divisions, and selection and arrangement of
objects
To acquire the ability to select and arrange objects for emphasis
To appreciate beautiful compositions or designs
The Meaning and Importance of Art

Week 1-2
CONCEPTS
1. The term humanities refers to the arts- the visual arts such as architecture, painting, and sculpture; the
performing arts as music, dance, theatre or drama, and literature. They are the branches of learning
concerned with human thought, feelings, and relations.
2. The term art comes from the Italian word, artis, which means “craftsmanship, skill, mastery pf form,
inventiveness, and the association that exist between form and ideas and between material and techniques;” from
the Aryan root ar which means “to join” or “put together” from the Greek words “artizien,” which means to
“prepare”, and arkiskein, meaning to “put together”.
3. Art is very important in our lives as it is concerned with the communication of certain ideas and feelings by
means of a sensuous medium-color, sound, bronze, marble, words, and film.
4. The subject of art is varied. Some arts are representation; others are nonrepresentational, non-objectives, or
abstract.
5. All arts have functions for people since they satisfy particular needs of people.
6. Visual arts or space arts are those that we perceive with our eye and which occupy space.
7. Auditory or time arts are those that can be heard and are expressed in time.
8. Combined arts are those that can be booth seen and heard and exist in both space and time.
The Nature of Art

Art is very important in our lives. It constitutes one of the oldest and most important means of expression
developed by man. Art has been existent since men have lived together. In fact, in nearly every country, art can be found
in primitive societies. Art has been created by all people at all times; it has lived because it is liked and enjoyed. A true
artist does not imitate nature but rather interprets it in his own way by selecting the essential features of the subject and
rejecting the minor ones.
Art has been defined in various ways. Hereunder are some of the definitions given by various authors:
1. Art is derived from Latin word ars, meaning ability or skill.” – J.V. Estolas
2. Art is taken from the Italian word artis, which means craftsmanship, skills, mastery of form, inventiveness, and
the associations that exist between form and ideas, between material and techniques. - A. Tan
3. Art is a product of man’s need to express himself. -Zulueta
4. Art is concerned with the communication of certain ideas and feelings by means of sensuous medium, color,
sound, bronze, marble, words, and film. C. -Sanchez
5. Art is that which bring life in harmony with the beauty of the world. – Plato
6. Art is an attitude of spirit, a state of mind-one which demands for its own satisfaction and fulfilling, a shaping of
matter to new and more significant form. - John Dewey
7. Art is the skillful arrangement or composition of some common but significant qualities of nature such as colors,
sounds, lines, movements, words, stones, wood, etc., to express human feelings, emotions, or thoughts in a perfect
meaningful and enjoyable way. - Panizo and Rustia
From the definition above, there are four (4) common essentials of art: (1) art must be man-made; (2) art must be
creative, not imitative; (3) art must benefit and satisfy man and man make use of art in practical terms; and (4) art is
expressed through a certain medium or material by which the artist communicates himself to his fellows.
Art has a particular importance in our live. Artworks are also valuable sources of inspiration. We are delighted
by the books we read and moved by the music we hear. Paintings, sculptures, and plays capture our attention and
stimulate critical thinking. Modern architectural designs inspire us to plan and construct our houses beautifully.
Through an artist’s work, we get a glimpse of the thoughts, feelings, and beliefs of the people who lived in the
period the artwork was produced and the external factors that influenced the artwork. We also value and appreciate
beautiful things as a consequence of our encounter with the arts. Our aesthetic experiences can change our ways and
behavior. They can transform us into highly-cultured, dignified, and respectable human beings. The arts can beautify
our humanity.
This explains why the art is called the humanities. It brings out the good and the noble in us. Through the arts, we
come to know the changing image of man as he journeys across time, searches for the reality, and strives to achieve
the ideals that create the meaning of life.
Art appreciation is the ability to interpret or understand man-made arts and enjoy them either through actual and
work-experience with art tools and materials or possession of these works of art for one’s admiration and satisfaction.
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The Subject of Art

In any art form-painting, music, sculpture, sculpture, or dance-there is always a subject that serves as the
foundation of the creation of the work of art. The subject of art is varied. A subject of art is usually anything that is
represented in the artwork. It is varied it may be a person, object, scene, or event.
Artworks that depict something easily recognized by most people are called representational or objective arts.
Paintings, sculpture, graphic arts, literature, and theatre arts are generally classified as representational, although some
paintings and sculptures are without subjects. Music and dance may or may not have subjects.
Artworks that have no resemblance to any real subject are called nonrepresentational or non-objectives arts.
They do not represent anything and they are what they are. They rather appeal directly to the senses primarily because
of the satisfying organization of their elements.
Some contemporary painters have shifted their interest to the work of art as an object in itself, an exciting
combination of shapes and colors that fulfills the aesthetic need without having to represent images or tell a story.
Many modern paintings have a purely visual appeal; so difficult that literal-oriented spectators cannot appreciate
them.
On contrary, traditional sculptures and paintings have subjects. When looking at a traditional painting or a statue,
one expects to recognize the subject-am man, a dog, a landscape.
The Function of Art

Every art form has a definite function since it satisfies a particular need. To the layman, art may have little
function. Some find meaning in art in its ability to serve the purpose for which it was designed. Obviously,
architecture is directly and almost entirely functional because building and other structures are always built for some
special purpose. Music and dance were used in ancients’ rituals and worship of the gods, for social and folk
entertainment, as well in the military. Painting and sculpture maybe used to narrate events, to portray people or event,
and to serve as vehicles of personal expression. Metal works such as gates, grills, lamps, Christian religious objects,
armor, weapons, and tools, ceramics, glassware, stained glass, mosaic, tilework, textile, and furniture are among the
many types of arts or crafts. Each of these examples is made for some definite and specific use.
The four main functions of art are:

1. Aesthetic Function- Through art, man becomes conscious of the beauty of nature. He benefits from
his own work and from those done by his fellowmen. He learns to use, love, and preserve them for his
enjoyment and appreciation.
2. Utilitarian Function- With the creation of various forms of art, man now lives in comfort and
happiness. Through art, man is provided with shelter, clothing, food, light, medicine, beautiful
surroundings, personal ornamentals entertainment, language, transportation, and other necessities and
conveniences of life. Art not only enriches man’s life but also improves nature through landscape
gardening, creation of super-highways, and through propagation and conservation-of natural
resources.
3. Cultural Function- Through the printed matter, art transmits and preserves skills and knowledge
from one generation to another. It makes man aware of his/her life more enduring and satisfying.
4. Social Function- Through civic and graphic art, man learns to love and help each other.
International understanding and cooperation are fostered and nations become more unified, friendly,
cooperative, helpful, and sympathetic.
The Scope of Art

Various authors classify art in different ways. According to Manaois, there are two (2) general
dimensions of arts, namely (1) fine arts or independent arts and (2) practical arts or useful or utilitarian arts. Fine arts are
made primarily for aesthetic enjoyment through the senses, especially visual and auditory. Practical arts are intended for
practical use. It is the development of raw material for utilitarian purposes.
Fine arts or aesthetic arts are music, painting, sculpture, architecture, literature, dance drama. Practical arts or
useful arts are industrial art, applied or household art, civic art, commercial art, graphic art, agricultural art, business art,
distributive art, and fishery art.
According to Custodiosa Sanchez (2002), arts consist of visual arts, literature, drama, and theatre, drama and
theatre, music, and dance. Visual arts are those that we perceive with our eyes. They may be classified into two groups,
namely: (1) graphic arts; and (2) plastic arts. Graphic arts include painting, drawing, photography, graphic process
(printing), commercial art (designing of books, advertisements, signs, posters, and others displays), and mechanical
process, in which portrayals of form and symbols are recorded on a two-dimensional surface. Plastics arts include all
fields of visual arts for which materials are organize into three-dimensional forms such as structural architecture,
landscape architecture (gardens, parks, playgrounds, golf course beautification), city physical planning and interior
arranging (design of wallpaper, furniture), sculpture, crafts, industrial design, dress and costume design, and theatre
design.
Josefina Estolas (1995) grouped arts into major and minor arts. Major arts include painting, architecture,
sculpture, literature, music, and dance. Minor arts include the decorative arts, popular arts, graphic arts, plastic arts, and
industrial arts. She also grouped arts into: visual arts (graphic arts, plastic arts); performing arts (theatre, play, dance,
music); literary arts (short story, novel, poetry, drama; popular arts (film, newspaper, magazine, radio, television);
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gustatory art of the cuisine (food preparation, beverage preparation); and decorative arts or applied arts
(beautification of houses, offices, cars, and other structures.
Panizo and Rustia (1995) classified arts into two (2) major divisions: (1) according to purpose and (2)
according to media and forms:
Art that are classified according to purpose fall into five (5) categories: practical arts or useful arts, liberal
arts, fine arts, major arts, and minor arts. Practical or useful arts are directed to produce artifacts and utensils
for the satisfaction of human needs. Handicrafts (basket weaving, mat weaving, etc.), embroidery, ceramics, iron and
metal crafts, and tin can manufacturing are examples of these arts. Liberal arts are directed toward intellectual growth,
such as in the study of philosophy, psychology, literature, mathematics, and sciences.
Fine arts are focused towards creative activity for the contemplation of the mind and the upliftment of the spirit.
Painting, sculpture, and architecture are examples of these arts. Major arts on the other hand, are characterized by actual
and potential expressiveness such as music, poetry, and sculpture. Minor arts on the other hand, are concerned with
practical uses and purposes, such as interior decoration and porcelain.
Arts that are classified according to media and forms are divided into five types: plastic arts, phonetic arts,
kinetic arts, pure arts, and mixed arts.
Plastic arts are works which exist in a physical space and perceived by the sense of sight. Such as arts include
sculpture and decorative material. Kinetic arts involve the element of rhythm. Dance is a popular type of kinetic arts.
Phonetic arts utilize sounds and words as mediums of expression. Examples are music, drama, and literature. Pure
arts take only one medium of expression like sound in music and color in painting. Mixed arts take more than one
medium such as the opera which combines music, poetry, and drama.
The Origin of Art

Art is viewed as a reflection of creativity, ingenuity, and inventiveness within a culture. Its value is seen not only
in terms of its styles and craftmanship but also in its functional interaction with all the elements that constitute human life
and culture.
The history of art began with that of humanity. Art dates back when the time when superstitions and beliefs in the
spirits are still very common in every culture. Indigenous art in the form of dancing, painting, music, and poetry
accompanied ancient rituals and ceremonies. Men and women of early times perform dances to entertain, to worship their
gods and goddesses, or to invoke success and blessings. Their music and poetry chronicle the life and works of their
ancestors as well as legendary origins of heroes, heroines, and gods.
Tribalist culture often wore body paintings during ceremonies. Cave paintings and drawing are believed to
reflect ancient religious beliefs and visions. Most sculptures from the early periods are also associated with religion, with
gods and goddesses as more common subjects. Artworks made from the more durable materials like metal, stone, clay,
bone, and glass survive longer that those made from materials that are more prone to decay like wood. This is why most
of sculptures made in wood had been lost through time.
The temple of the East and West bear evidences of arts that pertain to gods, goddesses, religious animals,
demons, priest, kings, and queens.
A. Answer the following questions on a long bond paper. (50 points)

1. What is your definition of art? art appreciation?
2. Why is introduction to art appreciation an essential subject in the curriculum?
3. Why are music, painting, and sculpture called fine arts?
4. In what ways does art contribute to the physical, social, and spiritual well-being of man?
5. What are the functions of art in the context of enhancing your personality?
B. Multiple Choice: Complete each statement by writing the letter that corresponds to your answer on your
separate sheet of paper.
1. Humanities parts value in _________________.
A. the dignity and worthiness of man C. making man more human, culture, and refined
B. creative expression D. none of the above
2. The major arts include _____________.
A. painting, sculptures and architecture, literature, music, and dance
B. history, philosophy, and theory
C. plastic and graphic arts
D. none of the above
3. The factors that influence the artist’s work are ________________________.
A. the environment, climate, and geography
B. the artist’s values and ideals
C. the artist’s thoughts and feelings, values, and ideals
4. The artists in visual arts are ______________________.
A. engineers, doctors, and singers
B. painters, sculptors, architects, filmmakers, and photographers
C. dramatists, writers, and choreographers
D. none and of the above
5. The artists in the musical arts are______________
A. choreographers, dramatists, performers, and dancers
B. singers, bandmasters, pianists, organists, violinist, and guitarists
C. novelists, poets, and short story writers
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Collect and mount pictures of the following in a scrapbook:

a. beauties in nature (plants, flowers, animals, insects, human beings, landscapes, seascapes)
b. beauties in art or man-made things (paintings, sculpture, handmade crafts)
The Artist’s Medium

Week 3-4
Concepts
1. Medium refers to the material used by an artist.
2. Technique is the manner in which the artist controls the medium to achieve desired effect.
3. Combined arts are those who’s medium can be both seen and heard and which exist in both space and time.
4. Painting is the art of creating meaningful effects on a flat surface by the use of pigments.
5. Architecture is the art of designing and constructing a structure.
6. Sculpture is the construction of a figure by putting together module segments of the material.
Medium and Technique

Medium which comes from the Latin word medium, denotes the means by which an artist communicates his idea.
These are the materials which are used by an artist to interpret his feelings or thoughts. Many mediums have been used in
creating different works of art. The architect uses wood, bamboo, bricks, stone, concrete, and various building materials.
The painter uses pigments on wood or canvas to recreate reality of nature. A sculptor uses steel, marble, bronze, metal,
and wood. A musician uses instruments to produce and communicate a message and literary writer uses words. Thus,
medium is very essential in arts.
On the basis of medium, the arts are primarily classified as visual and auditory. Visual arts are those whose
mediums can be seen and which occupy space. These are grouped into two classes: (1) the dimensional or two-
dimensional arts which include painting, drawing, printmaking, and photography and (2) the three-dimensional arts
which include sculpture, architecture, landscape, community panning, industrial designs, and crafts like ceramics and
furniture.
The auditory arts are those whose mediums can be heard and which are expressed in time. These are music and
literature. The combined arts are those whose mediums can be both seen and heard and which exist in both space and
time. These include dance, opera, drama, and film. Along with music, these are also known as the performing arts, an art
which depicts a significant event and is presented before an audience.
Technique is the manner in which the artist controls his medium to achieve the desired effects. It is the ability
with which he fulfills the technical requirements of his particular work of art. It has something to do with the way he
manipulates his medium to express his ideas in the artwork.
The Artist and His Medium

The artist thinks, feels, and gives shape to his vision in terms of his medium. When an artist chooses a particular
medium, he believes that his choice can best express the idea he wants to convey. The artist normally selects the materials
that can be handled with ease, that would best suit his plan, and adequately bring out the qualities he wants to show. The
artist must love, respect and understand his medium to make it easier for him to expand his knowledge and improve his
skills in his chosen area.
The Artists and His Technique

Artist differ from one another in technique even if they use the same medium. A musician’s technique is his
ability to make music sound the way he wants it. For instance, a pianist may sound different from another pianist even if
they handle the same instrument and play the same music composition.
Technique differs in the various arts. An artist’s technique in one medium will be quite different from his
technique in another. A painter may have a fine technique in water color but a poor one in oil. The distinction between an
art and craft may be made on the basis of the technique used. An artist technique is not the end but the means, while the
craftsman, technique is the end. The making of the piece of the sculpture, knowledge, and competence, creativity
apparently comes into play in the work of the sculptor. Technique, thus, is an important aspect that distinguishes an art
from a craft.
Mediums of the Visual Arts

Visual arts are those arts that can be perceived with our eyes. The most common visual arts are painting,
sculpture, and architecture. Their mediums are discussed as follows.
Painting
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Painting si the art of creating effects on a flat surface by the use of pigments. Different mediums are used in
painting. Each medium exerts a pronounced effect on the finished product, is capable of varied treatment, and determines
its own stroke. These mediums are applied to wet plaster, canvas, wood, or paper.
Watercolor is difficult to handle because producing warm and rich tones using this medium proves to be a
challenge. Its pigments invite brilliance and a variety of hues. Simple and clear spontaneity is its principal essence. While
changes may be made once the paint has been applied, such as changes normally tend to make the color less luminous.
One example of such technique is the method of gouache, an opaque watercolor painting the major effects of which are
caused by the whitepaper itself. The gouache is done by mixing zinc white with the regular watercolor paints to tone them
down, giving the appearance of sobriety suitable for dramatic purpose.
Fresco is a painting method done on a moist plaster surface with colors ground in water or a limewater mixture.
Fresco must be done quickly because it is an exacting medium- the moment the paint is applied to the surface, the color
dry into plaster and the paintings becomes an integral part of the wall. An example of Fresco painting is Michelangelo’s
The Creation of Adam in the Sistine Chapel ceiling.
Tempera paints are mineral pigments mixed with egg yolk or egg white and ore. This egg-based emulsion binds
the pigments to the surface. Tempera is characterized by its film-forming properties and rapid drying rate. It requires a
more deliberate technique than oil because it does not posses the flexibility of oil. It is usually done on wooden wood
panel made very smooth with plaster called “gesso” (chalk and gum).
Pastel is a stick pf dried paste made of pigment of ground with chalk and compounded with gum water.it is very
flexible medium whose colors are luminous. Pastels are less popular than the other mediums because it is difficult to
preserve the finished product in its original state.
Encaustic is one of the early mediums used by the Egyptians for painting portraits on mummy cases. This is
done by applying wax colors fixed with heat. Painting with was produces luster and radiance, making subjects appear at
their best in portraits.
Oil painting is one of the most expensive art activities today because of the prohibitive cost of materials. It is the
heaviest of painting mediums. In oil painting, pigments are mixed with linseed oil and applied to the canvas. One good
quality of oil paint is its flexibility. Painting done in oil appears glossy and lasts long.
Acrylic is a medium used popularly by contemporary painters because of the transparency and quick-drying
characteristics of watercolor and the flexibility of oil combined. This synthetic paint is mixed with acrylic emulsion as
binder for coating the surface of the artwork. Acrylic paints do not tend to break easily, unlike oil paints which turn
yellowish or darker over a period of time.
Mosaic
Mosaic is the art of putting together small pieces of colored stones or glass called “tesserae” to create an
image. The tesserae are most often cut into squares and glued on a surface with plaster or cement. Mosaic is usually
classified as painting, although, the medium used is not strictly pigment.
Mosaic art is an important feature of Byzantine churches. A prominent religious artwork in Manila done in
mosaic is found in the altar of Sta. Cruz Church.
Stained Glass
Stained glass as an artwork is common in Gothic Cathedrals and churches. It is made by combining small
pieces of colored glass, held together by bands of lead. It is also a kind of patchwork. In large windows, the lead is
reinforced by heavy iron bars that form heavy black lines in the picture. Beautiful stained-glass windows showing scenes
from the bible are commonly found in the Philippines Churches.
Tapestry
Tapestry is a fabric produced by hand-weaving-colored threads upon a warp. The woven designs often end up a
pictorials, wall hanging, and furniture covering. During the Middle Ages, they were hung on the walls of palaces and in
cathedrals on festive occasions to provide warmth.
Drawing
Drawing is usually done on paper using pencil, pen and ink, or charcoal. It is the most fundamental of all skills
necessary in arts. Drawing has always been considered as a very good training for artists because it makes one concentrate
on the use of line. Shading can also be used to make drawings more life-like and realistic. Some of the world’s best-
known Name:
drawing________________________________________ Program/Year____________________
are the Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). He drew everything from animals and birds
to ideas of flying machines.
Pencil, Pen and Ink, and Charcoal

Drawing can be done with different kinds of mediums, the most common of which is pencil. Pencil leads
(graphite) are graded in different degrees of hardness and softness. Ink, one of the oldest mediums still in use, offers a
great variety of qualities, depending on the tools and techniques used in application. India ink, which comes in liquid
form, is the favorite medium of comic strip illustrators and cartoonists. Chinese ink, meanwhile, comes in solid sticks
that are dissolved in water before they are used. Charcoal is a carbonaceous material obtained by heating wood or other
organic substance in the absence of oxygen. It is used in representing broad masses of light and shadow. Like drawing
pencils, soft charcoal produces the darkest value, while the hardest produces the lightest tone.
Bistre is brown pigment extracted from the soot of wood, and often used in pen and wash drawings.
Crayons are pigments bound by wax and compressed into painted sticks used for drawing. It is especially
popular among children in the elementary grades. Crayons adhere better on paper surface.
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Silverpoint is produced when the artist uses a silver stylus to produce a thin grayish on specially prepared paper.
Silverpoint drawings were popular during the Renaissance period.
Printmaking
A print is anything printed on a surface that is a direct result from the duplication process. The printing on
graphic image, usually done in the black ink on white paper, becomes the artist’s plate. The advantage of printmaking is
the ease with which one can make multiple copies of the original drawing.
Lithography
Lithography is a surface printing done from an almost smooth surface which has been treated chemically or
mechanically so that some surface area will print and others will not. Lithographic painting, known as planographic
process, involves the process in which grease repels water and fatty substances stick to each other.
Sculpture
In choosing a subject for sculpture, the most important thing to consider is the material. The materials available
for sculpture are limitless. Each of these materials presents a challenge the sculptor’s creativity.
Stone is the hard and brittle formed from mineral and earth’s material. Stones are normally used for gravestones
in cemeteries. Stone includes sandstone, granite, basalt, marble, limestone. Granite is a granular igneous rock composed
of fieldspar and quartz usually combines with other mineral. Marble is a limestone in a more or less crystalline state
sufficiently close in texture, and capable of taking a high polish. Basalt is hard and black. Limestone has a fine and
even texture.
Jade is a fine stone, usually colored green, and used widely in Ancient China. It is highly esteemed as an
ornamental stone for carving and fashion jewelry.
Ivory, which comes from the main part of tusks of elephant, is a hard white substance used to make carvings and
billiards balls.
Metals can be shaped or deformed under great pressure without breaking. Traditionally, the metals used as
mediums for sculpture are copper, brass, bronze, gold, silver, and lead. Aluminum is a recent addition to the list.
Plaster is composed of lime, sand, and water. It is worked on an armature of metal wires and rods in addition to
various materials and fibers. It is applied on walls and ceilings and allowed to harden and dry. The medium is used
extensively in making manikins, models, molds, architectural decorations, and other indoor sculpture.
Clay is a natural earthy material that is plastic when wet. It consists essentially of hydrated silicates of aluminum
and is used for making bricks and ceramics. Clay is generally fragile so it becomes necessary to cast it in another durable
material. The surface of the finished product made a clay may be painted or gazed. Earthware, commonly referred to as
terra cotta or “baked earth”, is cheap compared with stone or bronze.
Glass is a medium that is hard, brittle, non-crystalline, more or less transparent substances produced by fusion,
usually consisting of mutually dissolved silica and silicates and contains soda and lime. It can be molded in various colors
and shapes. It is used to make beautiful but fragile figurines.
Wood as a medium is easier to carve than any other mediums available because it can be subjected into a variety
of treatment It is lighter and softer to carve despite having greater tensile strength that stone; hence. It can be used in long
pieces without breaking. Common wood use for sculpture are dapdap, white lauan, oak, walnut, mahogany, narra, and
dao. They are selected for aesthetic purpose and permanence.
Architecture
Architecture is an art. In its strictest meaning, it is the art of designing a building and supervising its
construction. It may also be regarded as the procedure assisted with the conception of an idea and its realization in term of
building materials. In its broader meaning, architecture is producing shelter to serve as protection of men in carrying out
his activities-work, recreation, and sleep. One of the primary purposes of architecture is to fulfill man’s needs. These
needs include:
1. Physical needs -shelter (for self-preservation and production) which must have the necessities (kitchen,
bedroom, bathroom) and comfort (heat, ventilation, furnishing).
2. Emotional needs - endowed with rich beauty and interest
3. Intellectual needs - a building for science, education, and government, etc.
4. Psychosocial needs -for recognition, for response
Factors in the Choice and Use of Architectural Materials

There are various factors to be considered in the choice and use of architectural materials. These are:
1. structural property -workability with tools when used as construction materials
a. compressive strength e. durability
b. tensile strength f. rigidity
c. porosity g. gracefulness
d. lightness h. flexibility of use
2. physical property- use of the material for aesthetic purposes
a. texture b. tonal quality c. color
3. weakness of the material
a. rotting b. discoloration c. solar radiation d. fungus growth
e. susceptibility to infection by wood-boring weevils, termites, and other pests
4. longevity of the material- lifespan of the material
a. 10 years b. 20 years c. half a century d. more than a century
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5. Other inherent properties
a. weight d. acoustic values
b. water resistance e. availability
c. heat resistance f. economy
Classification of Architectural Material (Salvan,1999)
Material used in architecture are classified into three:
1. materials in nature- direct product of nature, given as gift to man
 stone-limestone, granite, marble, and sandstone
 wood
2. materials manufactured by man- requires the manipulation of man before it acquires its
finished form
 ceramics materials
 metals- bronze, wrought iron, copper, chrome-nickel steel, aluminum, mone metal and nickel silvers
 concrete materials
 plastics
3. indigenous materials- are found in locality and are widely used in architecture
 sawali abaca  abaca
 coco coir  bamboo
 bagasse
 palm frond stems
 abaca
 mud bricks
Mediums of the Performing Arts
Performing arts are creative activities presented before an audience, on stage, and in open places. When heard
and seen simultaneously, these arts become combined arts. The performing arts include music, dance, theatre arts (play or
drama), and literature.
Music
Music is an art. Culture is reflected in art. Music deals with sounds. The mediums of music are vocal and
instrumental music.
Vocal Music
Vocal music is the oldest and most natural form of music. Voice is produced by the vibrations of the vocal
chords in the voice box.
Classification of Vocal Music
Long vocal forms:
1. opera- drama set to music with action, costume, and scenery.
2. cantata- a story told in music without action
3. oratorio- a form of dramatic music also consisting of an overture, arias, recitative, and ensemble
bases on biblical stories or contemplative characters.
4. moro-moro- a Philippine drama set to music that depicts Christian and non-Christian conflicts
5. zarzuela- a Philippine drama set to music that is similar to the opera.
Short vocal forms include:
1. folk songs 7. motet
2. art songs 8. madrigal
3. kundiman 9. ballad
4. balitaw 10. chorale
5. danza habanera 11. Round/cannon
6. anthem 12. Area
Voice Classification
Voice differs considerably depending on its timbre (quality) and range. As o timbre, voices are classified
into women’s voices and mend’s voices
1. Women’s voices
a. soprano- tone is lighter in character, less somber, and frequently more flexible
b. alto or contralto- the is richer and fuller
2. Men’s voices
a. tenor- the highest type in men’s voices
b. baritone- lies between deepest tenor and bass
c. bass- lowest and deepest voice quality
Instrumental Music
Aside from voice, instruments are the other medium in producing music. Instrumental music are
classified into:
1. sonata- a long composition for solo instrument, consisting of large section called movements.
2. suite- a series of musical pieces that tells story.
3. symphony- a sonata of musical for the orchestra.
4. concerto- a sonata for solo and orchestra designed to show-off the virtuosity of soloist.
5. chamber music- written for two solo instruments (violins and flute) and basso continuo (low string
and keyboard) and usually in several movements.
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Types of Musical Instrument
Musical instruments have always been a source of wonder both the player and the listener. Musical instruments
are of three types: string instruments (instruments which are bowed), wind instruments (instruments which are
blown) wind instruments fall into two groups; the brasses, so called because they are usually made of brass, and the wood
winds, so named because they, and percussion instruments (instruments which are struck).
String instruments: violin, viola, string bass, and violoncello
Woodwinds: piccolo, flute, clarinet, oboe, english horn, bass clarinet, bassoon, contrabassoon
Brasses: trumpet, trombone, tuba, and French horn
Percussion Instruments: cymbals, triangle, bass drum, and snare drum
The properties of Musical Sound

Musical sound has four properties:
1. pitch-all musical sounds have pitch. By, pitch we mean the highness or lowness of a tone in the musical
scale.
2. duration- duration depends on the length of time over which vibration is maintained
3. volume- volume refers to force or percussive effects, as a result of which tone strikes us a being loud or soft.
Forte means loud; piano means soft.
4. timbre or tone color- timbre is an individual quality of the sound produced by other instruments
Literature
The medium of literature is language. Each part of the world has literature written in its own language.
Literature written in languages like French, Chines, Italian, German, or Russian are most often translated to English to
facilitate wire reach and distribution. The English language is a very flexible medium and a wide variety of writing
techniques can be experimented with it.
Method of Art Production and Presentation
In a rt production, certain methods are employed for the presentation to be effective. A presentation can only be
effective when the artist is able to express the idea, he wants to make clear.
Authorities in the arts are one in their view that the different methods used by the artist in the production and
presentation of an art are: (1) realism; (2) abstraction; (3) symbolism; (4) fauvism; (5) dadaism; (6) futurism;
(7) surrealism; and (8) expressionism.
1. Realism, in painting is the attempt to portray the subject as it is. Even the artist chooses a subject from
nature, he can select, change, and arranged details. Realist try to be objective as possible. The artist’s main
function is to describe as accurately and honestly as possible what is observed through the senses. However,
in the process of selecting and presenting his material, he may be influenced by what he feels or thinks. We
can say that the artwork is realist when the presentation and organization of details in the work seem so
natural. Realism is the common way of presenting as subject. Example of realist painting is the works of
Amorsolo. In literature, realism has its goal the faithful rendering of the objective of reality of human life.
Realism tended to give emphasis on the daily life of the common man, often concentrating on the sordid and
disagreeable. It was an art that suited an age marked by the rapid growth of science and by drastic changes
in social organization. Poetry and drama were also influenced by realism, but it was the novel that
realism achieved greatness.
2. Abstraction is used when the artist becomes so interested in one phase of a scene or a situation that he
does not show the subject at all as an objective reality, but only his idea, or his feeling about it. Abstract
means “to move away or separate”. Abstract art moves away from showing things as they really are. In the
field of sculpture, artist also began doing abstract sculpture. Constantin Brancusi’s “Bird in Space” is an
example. Abstract subjects can be presented through the following:
a. Distortion. Clearly manifested when the subject is in misshapen condition or the regular shape is
twisted.
b. Elongation. It refers to the lengthening of a subject (protraction and extension).
c. Mangling. This may not be a common way of presenting an abstract subject, but there are few artists
who show subjects which are cut, lacerated, mutilated, or hacked with repeated blows.
d. Cubism. It takes the abstract form through the use of cone, cylinder, or sphere at the expense of
other pictorial elements. Cubist want to show from in their basic geometric shapes. Paul Cezanne’s
works played an important part in the development of cubism. It was further developed by George
Braque of France and Pablo Picasso of Spain.
e. Abstract expression. Is a style of abstract painting that originated from New York after World
War II and gained an international vogue. Strong color, heavy impasto, uneven brush strokes, and
rough textures are other typical characteristics of abstraction expression. Jackson Pollock was one of
the abstract expressionist painters of the New York School.
3. Symbolism in general, is a visible sign of something invisible such an idea or a quality. It can be simply an
emblem or sign like: % to present percent, a lion to represent courage, or a lamb to represent meekness. But
in poetry and painting, the symbol has a freer development. For example, in Alfred Lord Tennyson’s
Crossing the Bar.”
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4. Fauvism was the first important art movement of the 1900’s. Fauves used extremely bright colors. To a
fauve, for example, a tree trunk need not be brown. It could be bright red, purple, or any other vibrant color.
Important fauves included Andre Derain, Raoul Dufy, and Georges Rouault, all from France
5. Dadaism is a protest movement in the arts formed in 1916 by a group of artists and poets in Zurich,
Switzerland. The dadaists reacted to what they believed were outworn traditions in art and the evils they saw
in society. Much dadaic art was playful and highly experimental. The name “dada” a French word meaning
“hobby horse,” was debarately chosen because it was nonsensical. French artist Marcel Duchamp was
the best-known Dadaist.
6. Futurism developed in Italy about the same time cubism appeared in France. Futurist painters wanted their
works to capture the speed and force of modern industrial society. Their paintings glorified the mechanical
energy of modern life. Subject included automobiles, motorcycles, and railroad trains- subjects that express
the explosive vitality of a modern city.
7. Surrealism uses art as weapon against the evil and restrictions that surrealists see in society. It was
founded in Paris in 1924 by the French poet Andre Breton. Surrealism is an invented word meaning
“super realism”. The movement was influenced by the Freudian psychology which emphasizes the
activities of the subconscious state of the mind. Benjamin Mendoza, a Bolvian painter, is a well-known
in presenting violent and cruel surrealist painting.
8. Expressionism introduced in Germany during the first decade of the twentieth century. The exponents of
expressionism believed in the necessity of a spiritual rebirth for man in an age that was fast becoming
influenced by materialism.
A. Answer the following questions. (50 pts)

1. What is medium? What si technique?
2. What are the different mediums used by painters? sculptors? architect?
3. Why do artists differ in their choice of subjects for their artworks?
4. What does the artists express in his painting?
5. What is the medium of literature?
B. Multiple Choice (50 pts) Complete each statement by writing the letter that corresponds to your answer on your
separate sheet of paper.
1. This learning unit primarily deals with
A. history of painting C. the artist’s medium
B. the painter as a visual artist and his work of art D. none of the above
2. Realistic artists portray in their artwork
A. man’s inhumanity to man C. the exact replica of what they see and feel
B. sceneries, events, and places D. none of the above
3. The favorite subject of realists are
A. the daily life of the common man C. their emotions and aspirations
B. their talents portrayed in colorful contrast D. none of the above
4. The string instruments include
A. tuba B. cymbals C. bassoon D. viola
5. The art of forming designs by cutting or corrosions by acids is
A. wood cut B. intaglio C. lithography D. drawing
1. Close your eyes for two minutes. Think of the beautiful things you have seen which you admire. Open your eyes.
In a form of free verse poem tells us what you have visualized.
2. Search the internet, list at least five Filipino artists and their works of art, including the titles of their work and
the medium used. Do this in a table form presentation.
Filipino artists Title of their work Medium used

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
End of the lesson
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(B.E.S.T)
Amare Est Service
The Elements of Visual Arts and Performing

Week 5-6
Arts
Concepts
1. The elements of art refer to the qualities or properties inherent in each work of art
2. The elements of visual arts are line, color, texture, perspective, space, form, volume, light, and shadow.
3. Line is a path created by moving points in space.
4. Color refers to the quality or kind of light that reflects from the surface of the object.
5. Texture is the element that deals with the sense of touch.
6. Perspective deals with the effect of distance upon the appearance of objects, by means of which the eye judges
spatial relationships.
7. Space is concerned with making every part of an artwork functional so that all parts can contribute to make a
complete work of art.
8. Form describes the structure or shape of an object.
9. Volume refers to the mount of space a form occupies.
10. The element of music are rhythm, melody, harmony, tempo, dynamics, and timbre.
11. Rhythm is the variation of length and accentuation of a series of sounds.
12. Melody refers to pitches or tones sounded one after another in a logical and meaningful series.
13. Harmony refers to the manner of sound combination whenever subordinate sounds are added to enhance the
quality of the main sound.
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14. Tempo refers to the speed of a certain musical piece.
15. Dynamics refers to the amount, strength, or volume of the sound.
16. Timbre refers to tone quality.
The Elements of Visual Arts

The artist utilizes the mediums and puts together elements to create a work of art. The medium is the physical
means through which he can come up with a work of art, and the elements are its quantities or properties. The
elements of visual art are line, color, texture, perspective, space, form volume, light, and shadow.
1. Line is an important element at the disposal of every
artist. Through the lines, as in painting or sculpture, the
artist represents figures and forms. Line always have
direction. They are always moving. Lines, as used in any
works of art, may either be straight or curved.
Kinds of lines
a. Straight lines are the basic frame work of many
forms, but it lacks softness and flexibility. It suggests
efficiency, simplicity, and strength. The straight line
moves in one direction only. It may either be
horizontal, vertical or diagonal.
b. Horizontal line- are lines of repose and serenity.
They express the ideas of calmness and quiescence.
c. Vertical lines- are lines that denote action. They suggest poise, balance, force, aspiration, exaltation, and
dynamic.
d. Diagonal lines- suggest action, life, and movement. They give animation to any
composition in which they appear.
e. Curved lines- suggest grace, subtleness, direction, instability, movement, flexibility, joyousness, and grace.
f. Crooked or jagged lines- express energy, violence, conflict, and struggle.
2. Color of all the elements of art, color has the most aesthetic appeal. Color is a property of light. When light goes
out, color goes with it. The light of the sun contains all the colors of the spectrum.
Three Dimensions of Color

a. Hue- is the dimension of color that gives color its names. Color names
such as red, blue, green, violet, and yellow indicate hue. Blue, red, and
yellow are the primary hues. The secondary hues are orange,
green and violet. Colors may either warm or cool. Red, orange, and
yellow are the warm hues. The cool colors are those where blue
predominates like green, blue-green, blue, and blue-violet.
b. Value- sometimes called chiaroscuro, refers to the lightnes and darkness of a color. It is a quality which
depends on the amount of light and dark in color. They give the impression of depth and solidity, and lend
form to paintings.Tints are values above the normal and shades are the values below the normal.
c. Intensity- is another dimension of color, refers to its brightness or darkness. It gives colors strength.
Color Harmonies
There are two groups of color harmonies:
a. Harmonies of Related Colors
 Monochromatic-only one color is used. The color is mixed with black
and white to be able to acquire light, medium and dark.
Example: Blue+black and white=light blue, medium blue and dark
blue
 Analogous Harmony-Three up to five neighboring colors are used.
Example: Red, red orange, orange, red violet, and violet
plus black and white
b. Harmonies of Contrasting Colors
 Complementary Harmony- two opposite colors in the color chart are
used,
Example: Blue and orange plus black and white
 Double Complementary Harmony-two adjacent colors with their complements (four colors) are
involved.
Example: Blue green and green plus red orange and red
orange plus black and white
 Split Complementary Harmony-Three colors together with their values and intensities are
involved. The shape is like letter Y.
Example: Orange, blue green, and blue violet plus black and white
 Double Split Complementary Harmony-This is the combination of
any two sets of split-complementariness that lie directly opposite each
other. Six colors together with their values and intensities are involved in
this harmony.
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Example: Blue green, green. Yellow green plus, red violet, and red orange plus
black and white
3. Texture is an element that deals more directly with the sense of touch. It has
to do with the characteristic of surfaces which can be rough or smooth, fine or
coarse, shiny or dull, plain or irregular. Texture is found in all the visual arts.
4. Perspective deals with the effect of distance upon the appearance of objects,
by means which the eye judges spatial relationship. It enables us to perceive distance and to see the position of
objects in space. Perspective is important in painting because volume is to be presented on a two-dimensional
surface. There are two kinds of perspective: linear perspective and aerial perspective.
a. Linear perspective is the representation of an appearance of distance by means of converging lines. Linear
perspective involves the direction of lines and the size of objects.
b. Aerial perspective is the representation of relative distances of objects by gradations of tone.
5. Space refers to the area, size, location, and distance. We use both the English
and Metric system. Space, in painting, as in architecture, space is a great
importance. The exterior of a building is seen as it appears in space, while the
interior is seen by one who is inside an enclosure. Painting does not deal with
space directly. It represents space only on a two-dimensional surface.
Sculpture involves very little space relationship or perception of space.
6. Form denotes shape. Forms like lines. May convey several ideas or emotional
effects on the onlooker. The two kinds of forms are regular or static and
irregular or dynamic. In a drawing or painting, some forms appear to be flat
surfaces with no length and width but by the skillful use of colors, values,
textures, and perspective, the forms become solid and three-dimensional. In
addition to length and width, the objects have depth as well (foreground, middle ground, and background). Form
applies to the over all design. It describes the structure or shape of an object. Form directs the movement of the
eyes. Since forms consists of size and volume, it signifies visual weight. In addition to function, another factor in
determining form is the way in which a building is construct. Forms are classified into:
a. Regular forms have more of straight lines like square, rectangle, triangle, semi-circle, star and diamond
shapes. They are generally stable and symmetrical in about one or more axes.
b. Irregular forms have more of curved lines; examples are cup, bottle, tree, flower, animal, and insect. They
are generally asymmetrical and dynamic.
c. Centralized forms consist of a number of secondary clustered produce dominant, central, and parent form.
These forms share the self-centering properties of the point and circle.
d. Linear forms are arranged sequentially in a row or a series of forms along a line. A linear form can result
from a proportional change in a form’s dimensions, or the arrangement of a series of form along a line.
e. Radial lines are compositions of linear form that extend outward from central form in a radial manner.
f. Grid forms are modular form whose relationships are regulated by 3-dimensional grids. A grid is two or
more intersecting sets of regularly-spaced parallel lines. The square grid generates a spatial network of
reference points and lines and within this modular framework any number of form and spaces can be visually
organized.
7. Volume refers to the amount of space occupied in three dimensions. It therefore refers to solidity or thickness.
We perceive volume in two ways; by contour lines, outlines or shapes of objects, and by surface light and
shadows. Volume is the primary concern of architects because a building always encloses space. The sculptor is
also concerned with volume because his figures actually occupy space and can be observed from any direction. In
painting volume is an illusion because the surface of the canvas is flat.
The Elements of Performing Arts

The element of performing arts are music, dance, and literature.
1. Music, like other forms of art, as an auditory art, uses a particular language. To understand a musician’s
technique of manipulating sounds in order to create meanings, one has to know the elements of music.
Elements of Music
a. Rhythm- is the basic element of music, the beginning of music. It is the variation of length and accentuation
of a series of sounds. There is rhythm in nature: in the swaying of trees, in the drops of rain and the movement
of water waves. In music, its most fundamental component is beat, i, e., the recurrent pulse found in most
music. In music, the beat is that to which we clap our hands or tap our feet. Meter is the regular occurrence of
accented and unaccented beats. However, one must remember that the beat and the rhythm are not one and the
same time. The beat is the simple pulse found in almost all music familiar to us while the rhythm is a larger
concept, including the beat and everything that happens to sound in relation to time.
One way of measuring rhythm is by means of meter. Meter is the arrangement of rhythm in a fixed,
regular pattern with a uniform number of beats in uniform measure.
b. Melody- is the second important element of music. If rhythm is associated physical motion, melody is
associated with mental motion. It is sometimes called memory element because it is always remembered by a
listener. It refers to pitches or tones sounded one after another in a logical, meaning series. Melody is
organized group of pitches strung out sequentially to form a satisfying musical entity.
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c. Pitch- indicates the highness and lowness of sound and is determined soled by the frequency of molecular
vibrations. By means of pitch, we can distinguish one instrument from another or one voice from the other.
The relation of one pitch to another is called interval. When certain patterns of interval is repeated at a
different pitch, we have a sequence.
d. Harmony- refers to the manner of sound combination in which we add subordinate sound to enhance the
quality of the main sound. The combination of two or more tones sounded at the same time is called a chord.
If the combination or chord seems to produce an impression of agreeableness or resolution to the listener, it is
called concord. If it does not the combination is called discord or dissonance.
e. Tempo- refers to the speed of a certain musical piece. It is measured by a device by the musical notes given
half or full values.
f. Dynamics- refers to the amount, strength, or volume of the sound. It is the degree and variations of sonority
and force with which the music ids played from soft to loud.
g. Timber- refers to any tone quality. This element help differentiate one type of voice from another or one
instrument from another.
2. Dance
Dancing is an art and a recreation. As an art, it tells a story, a set of moods, or expresses an
emotion. Dances vary in form.
Types of Dances
1. Folk dance/Ethnic dances are social dances that portray the beliefs, interests, habits, customs, and practices of the
native.
2. Ballrooms dances are dances of public entertainment, usually performed in pairs in ballrooms, nightclubs,
auditoriums, or in public places.
3. Theatrical dances are performed for the entertainment of the audience in a theater.
Elements of Dance
There is always movement in a dance. But not all movements signify a dance. To eb a dance,
the movement must contain the following basic elements:
1. Theme- is the most basic element of a dance. It conveys the message of a dance.
2. Design- is the pattern of movement in time and space.
 Pattern in time-refers to the unaccented beats of movements into measures
 Pattern in space- refers to the path traced by the dancer’s feet on the floor
3. Movement- refers to the bodily actions od the dancer that include his steps, gestures of the arms, hands, and
body, and facial expression.
4. Technique- is the skill of movement executed by the dancer.
5. Music- is the auditory background to which a dancer moves.
6. Costume and body paraphernalia- are properties worn by the dancer that helps reflect the message,
customs, beliefs, and setting of the dance.
7. Choreography- refers to the figures and steps in dancing that enable the dancers to perform in an organized
manner.
8. Scenery- refers to the background or setting where the dance is performed to make it more realistic and
enriching.
3.Literature
Literature is one of the arts that expresses human feelings. It shows ideas emotions through
symbolic presentation in the form of short story, poetry, drama, or play, and essay, among others.
Uses of Literature
1. To impart moral values.
2. As propaganda
3. To provide therapeutic help.
The important elements of literature are:
1. Emotional appeal
2. Intellectual appeal
3. Humanistic appeal
Specific Elements of Literature
1. Elements of the story
-A short story is a work of fiction that can be read in one
sitting.
 Plot- regarded as the skeletal or blueprint of the story, is
the sequential arrangement of related events and actions
of which the story is composed.
 Characters- refer to people or animals that take part in
the events in a story. Characterization is used by a
writer to present characters. Direct characterization is used when the short story writer tells you how
a character looks, behave, and thinks. Indirect characterization is used when the short story writers let
you draw your own conclusion about a character from the way the way the character speaks.
 Point of View- refers to the manner in which the story is told. It indicates from whose perspective the
events in the story is relayed to its reader. The three types of point of view are 1st person point of
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view (either as observer or participant); 2nd person (with the author speaking to the reader); and the 3rd
person, in omniscient or panoramic point of view or a limited omniscient point of view.
 Setting- could be a locale or place where the event or action took place; or a feeling that invites meaning.
 Theme- refers to the message communicated by the story. Subordinate themes are called motifs.
 Irony- is a contrast among what seems and what is an could be. According to Bascara (2004), irony can
be
 dramatic- a contrast between what the fictional characters says, and what the audience or reader
knows in the same words
 situational- a contrast between expectation and result; intention and outcome; illusion
(appearance) and reality
 verbal- a contrast between what is said and what is meant, what is said is the opposite of what is
intended; often a vehicle of sarcasm, sadness, or affection
 Symbolism- refers to something that is more than what it is in reality. Symbols are objects, persons,
situations, actions, and all recognizable things or items that suggest other meanings.
 Style- implies control of material through the precise use of literary and figurative languages.
2. Elements of Poetry
Poetry is a genre in literature that imaginatively and figuratively expresses man’s thoughts
and feelings, usually in verse form. The elements of poetry are:
 Language- may be denotative (actual meaning); connotative (implied meaning); poetic (language that
considers diction, vocabulary, and level-simple or conventional); and figurative (most often using simile
and metaphor).
 Tone- refers to the atmosphere, feeling, attitude, stance, or the way the poet looks at his subject or the
world.
 Imagery- is the representation of sense of experience or the total sensory suggestion of poetry. An image
is the mental duplication of a sense impression.
 Sounds- are characterized either as pleasant (full, open vowel sounds) or unpleasant (short, abrupt,
vowel sounds which are irritating).
 Rhythm- is the regular and irregular patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables, metrical, or rhetorical
stress. Meter is the arrangement of accents so that They occur at approximately equal intervals of time. A
metered language is a verse.
 Thought or meaning- refers to the experience the poem expresses (What it feels like to…) Two
meaning are distinguished: the total meaning and the prose meaning.
 Shape of the poem- refers to the pattern of arrangement of the words on the page.
 Speaker- According to Abuan (2000), all poems have a speaker, the voice that talks to the readers.
3. Elements of Essay
Essay is a literary composition on a particular subject. It is usually short and expresses the
author’s personal thoughts, feelings, experiences, or observation on a phase of life that has interested him.
Biography, history, travel, art, nature, personal life, and criticism are among the
innumerable subjects of essays.
The essay can be grouped as formal or informal. An essay is considered informal if it is light, humorous,
and entertaining. It is formal if it is heavy, informative, and intellectually stimulating. Following are the elements
of essay:
 The issue introduced. This refers to the subject matter around which the essay will revolve.
 The writer’s viewpoint and thoughts. The final stand of the author on the issue he has discussed
 The relevance of the issue to the life of the readers. This refers to the value of the material to the reader
and his perception and response to it.
4. Elements of Novel
The novel is a long work of prose fiction dealing with characters, situations, and scenes
that represent real life. The elements of novel are:
 Setting- covers the time, the place, and the background of the novel. It involves not only geography but
also the entire climate of beliefs, habits, and values of a particular region and historical period.
 Plot- is the skeletal framework which gives shape and proportion to the novel. Conflict is an important
element of plot.
 Theme- them of a novel is equivalent to the subject of a painting. Theme does not mean moral value, for
the latter is the message that is conveyed to the reader.
 Characters- are the moving spirit of the novel.
5. Elements of Drama
Drama or play is a presentation made up of words, sounds, and actions of characters.
Drama must be performed or acted out by the characters on stage, film, radio, television or outdoors. The two
aspects of drama are drama as a script and a dram as a play. A drama as a script is a dialogue read by a person
representing the characters. The drama as a play is a script coming to life, interpretation involving the
director’s interpretation of the script and the performances/ portrayals by the character. Drama may be tragedy
(a story of struggle against circumstances and sufferings) or comedy (a story of achievement,
self- deception, or optimism). The elements of drama are:
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 Plot- is the soul of the drama. It is the overall structure of the play concerned with what happed in the
story. The plot is divided into: exposition/introduction (author introduces the characters,
provides information about earlier events, and present situations; rising action (part of the
complication); climax (choices decisions lead to the inevitable); falling action (incidents
following the turning point happen without decrease in intensity); denouement or resolution
(which clarifies and relaxes the tension).
 Character/dramatic personae- are make-believe persons, either protagonists or antagonists.
 Conflict- In drama we find a struggle, clash of wills, and conflicts.
 Irony- arise from a recognition of discrepancy between the expected and actual, the apparent and real.
 Theme or idea- refers to dramatic situation that may be taken from the Bible, myth, legend, history, or
anything familiar to the audience.
 Climax- the climax is the scene or incident that is the fruition of the accumulated suspense, and that stirs
the most intense feelings or emotions.
 Music and Spectacle- is a theater convention which is a part of the total appeal of the drama.
 Costumes and Make-Up- every costume should be comfortable and securely put together so that the
performer doesn’t have to worry about it once it is on.
 Dialogue- is the conversation between and among the characters of the drama.
 Setting, scenery, and lightning- scenery and lighting, furniture, painted backdrops, or large props
should appeal real.
Importance of reading Literary Works

Literary works of art like poetry, short stories, novels, essays, and plays are worth reading because they do not
only entertain or give pleasure but also, we learn moral values that can improve our life. Reading literary works helps us
acquire knowledge and information on man’s progress and achievement.
“ART IS NOT WHAT YOU SEE BUT WHAT YOU MAKE OTHERS SEE”
-DEGAS
Prepared by Rosalie M. Blanca
A. Answer the following questions. (50 pts.)

1. What are the elements of visual art?
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2. How is form used in establishing balance?
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3. What are the different ways of achieving balance in visual arts?
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4. What is the importance of variety in art?
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5. How does music differ from the other arts?
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6. What are the primary colors in pigment?
 NDSC COLLEGE
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7. What colors would you mix if you want to produce each of the following:
a. Orange=______________+_______________ d. Brown=_______________+_____________
b. Gray =______________+_______________ e. Pink =_______________+_____________
c. Violet =______________+_______________ f. Bluegreen=____________+_____________
8. Why is line an important element of visual arts?
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B. True or False
Write true if the statement is correct. Write false if it is incorrect.
___________9. Drama should be acted only by characters on stage.
___________10. Value is the transition between lightness and darkness in an object.
___________11. In sculpture and painting, space is not present.
___________12. Variations in texture of objects, building, and structures help avoid a monotonous
effect.
___________13. Lines always have direction.
___________14. Color has four attributes: hue, value, perspective, and intensity.
__________ 15. The value of color consists of its tints and hues.
1. On a long bond paper, mount pictures showing how (a) different lines direct eye movements: and (b) various
kinds of plane and solid form.
2. Make six color harmony chart using cartolina paper and cardboards.
3. Mount pictures showing different textures on a long bond paper.
ART IS NOT WHAT YOU SEE BUT WHAT YOU MAKE OTHERS SEE
-DEGAS

(B.E.S.T)
Amare Est Service
Week 7-8 The Principles of Art and Design

Concepts
1. Perception of an art is governed by different principles of art design. These principles guide the artist in making his art
more beautiful and interesting to the observers.
2. Through the combination of lines, colors and forms, an artist can give the observer new, varied, and
satisfying experience.
3. Design is the overall organizational visual structure of the formal elements in a work of art.
4. Harmony is the quality which produces an impression of unity through the arrangement of consistent
objects or ideas. Every orderly arrangement results in harmony.
5. Balance is a quality of art which gives a feeling of rest, repose, equilibrium, or stability.
6. Proportion is a quality of an art which shows pleasing relationship between a whole and its parts
and among the parts themselves.
7. Rhythm is the regular, uniform, or related movement made through the repetition of a unit or motif.
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8. Emphasis is a quality of an art which tends to carry the eyes from the center of interest or dominant
part of any composition to the less important or subordinate parts.
The Principle of Art Design

The proper arrangement of the different art elements in order to produce something beautiful is called design.
The design of things makes objects differ from one perception to another. Good design is the result of careful and
correct application of the principles of design. The most important factor for an artist to remember is to execute these
principles in order to achieve beauty and better perception.
Elements of arts are parts of a whole while perceptions of art design are rules or guides to help one put
these elements together.
Architects, engineers, painters, sculptors, and other artists are not the only designers in the world; everybody is a
designer. All of us are designers in our own ways. Thus, it would be very beneficial for us to be familiar with the
principles of art design-harmony, rhythm, balance, proportion, and emphasis.
Harmony
Harmony is the principle which produces an impression of unity through the selection
and an arrangement of consistent objects or ideas. It is the quality which unifies every part of an
arrangement. If there is harmony, there is order. Every orderly arrangement is harmonious.
Following are the five aspects of harmony. They are:
1. Harmony of lines and shapes. Lines are made harmonious by either repeating the shape
of the lines or by connecting transitional lines to contrasting lines. A transitional line or merely
transition is usually a curved, graceful line which connects two opposing or contrasting lines. The latter are straight lines
which intersect each other and form angles. Lines made in this manner are called contrasting or opposing lines.
Contradiction, strictly speaking, is a form of transition, but because it is not harmonious, it may be classified under the
lines in contrast. Contradiction is straight line connecting two opposing lines diagonally.
If a small rectangle is placed within a bigger rectangle so that their sides are parallel, the resulting figure is an
example of repetition. Repetition shows harmony. Rugs and large furniture should therefore follow the lines of the
room. Repetition shows harmony. Objects of repetition used in setting a dining table should be arranged parallel to the
edge of the table. Curtains must be parallel to the door and window frames and picture frame parallel to studdings.
2.Harmony of size refers to good proportion. Harmony of size refers to good proportion.
3.Harmony of color. Creating harmony of color means using two or more color in decorating an article or object. It
does not mean the mixing of the colors.
4.Harmony of texture. The character of texture can be determined by feeling the object with the fingertips or by
looking at it. Coarse textures should not be combined with fine textures.
5.Harmony of idea. Combining antique and modern furniture in the same room does not show harmony of idea. A
store window displaying dresses, hardware and school supplies would be a very poor display.
Rhythm
In design, rhythm is the regular, uniform, or related visual movement made through the
repetition of a unit or motif. It is the basis of almost all performing arts because it is the principle
which is most quickly felt. It is the most universal, dynamic, and pleasing art principle. We find
rhythm not only in painting and architecture but also in music, dance, and poetry.
A unit or motif is a dominant feature or part repeated in a design or decoration.
Repetition of a unit creates a feeling of movement or rhythm. All structural elements may be
repeated to suggest movement. However, not all movements in a design is rhythmical. Rhythm
can be observed when the units are of the same sizes and distances from one another. If a unit is repeated in one direction,
it produces a border design, and in two directions, a surface or all-over pattern. To avoid monotony in the repetition, there
must be variety in form or arrangement of the units. In nature we find various rhythmical shapes such as those of
snowflakes, shells, vegetables, trees, flowers, leaves, flying birds, etc. Rhythm is not only applied to the graphic arts
(drawing, printing, and painting) but also to architecture, music, textiles, laces, furniture, glassware, dresses, gardening,
etc.
Rhythm is classified into formal and informal. Formal or uniform rhythm is the repetition of a motif in
uniform and regular arrangement while informal or free rhythm is the repetition of a motif with variation in its form,
size, and arrangement.
Balance
Balance is a condition or quality which gives a feeling of rest, repose, equilibrium, or
stability. Mathematically, objects are balanced when they have equal physical weights and are
placed equally distant from a common center or axis. In art, we do not exactly arrange objects of
equal physical weights or sizes to produce balance. It is the visual weights of lines, forms,
values, textures and colors that we really balance.
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Visual weight is the quality which gains and holds attention. In other words, it is the power of attraction of each of
the elements of art. Objects should be balanced horizontally, vertically or diagonally, that is, the attraction should be
distributed on either side of the vertical, horizontal or diagonal axis of any arrangement. Therefore, in order to check
whether a picture is balanced on a vertical axis or not, cover half of it and compare the exposed part with the portion being
covered. If they have equal power of attraction, the picture is balanced.
Formal or Symmetrical Balance

Formal or symmetrical balance is the balance of equal visual weights
placed distances from the axis. Formal balance may be subdivided into two:
bisymmetrical, absolute, or perfect balance and symmetrical, apparent or obvious
balance. Bisymmetrical balance is the balance of identical objects (identical in
form value, size, texture, and color) placed on each side of the central axis and
equally distant from center. Symmetrical or obvious balance is the balance of
objects with nearly identical description. Bisymmetrical balance is uninteresting
pictorially. This is the reason why informal arrangements figure in well-designed posters and advertisements. Classical
paintings and designs are mostly formal while modern arts are usually informal.
Informal or Asymmetrical
Informal or asymmetrical balance is the balance of unequal visual
weights, the heavier one being nearer the axis and the lighter one farther. It is
sometimes referred to as occult balance and free balance. Slant or diagonal
balance is a form of informal balance in which the objects are balanced on a diagonal
axis. Informal symmetry is more difficult to recognize and to use than the formal one.
Objects can be balanced formally by changing their distances from the center and by
increasing or decreasing the visual weight of one of them. To balance objects on a
horizontal axis, the object with the heavier visual weight must appear nearer the axis than the other.
Proportion
Proportion is the art principle which shows pleasing relationship between and its parts
and between the parts themselves. lt can be achieved through proper arrangement of space
divisions. Proportions are generally expressed in terms of ratios. The standard Greek proportion for
two dimensional or flat surface is the Greek oblong or rectangle whose ratio is two is to three (2:3).
If the dimensions of a rectangle approach those of a square or extend very long and narrow, it
becomes less attractive.
There are three (3) aspects of proportion: proportion in the grouping of objects, proportion
in space divisions; and scales, and proportion is established when two or more
objects are placed near or adjacent to each other. An arrangement or grouping of objects may show good or bad
proportion. In arranging objects, it is more pleasing to group they will be out of proportion. Harmony of size is the same
as good proportion.
Emphasis
Emphasis is the principle of art which tends to carry the eyes from the center of
interest or dominant part of any composition to the less important or subordinate parts. The
most essential factor in emphasis is simplicity. This is the guiding principle of the Greek and
Japanese arts. There is no dominance without subordination, and no subordination without
dominance.
The answer to the question, "What things should be emphasized? depends upon the
artist's purpose. It may be the outline, form, color, texture, size, idea, or value of an object.
The least thing that should be emphasized in any arrangement or composition is the background. Hence, it must be plain
and should not be more conspicuous than the objects placed before it.
Methods of Emphasizing Objects

1. By arrangement or grouping of objects. If objects are grouped together, the one to be emphasized should
be located at the center and should be the biggest and brightest in color.
2. By decoration. Objects which have decorations are given more emphasis than those without them.
3. By color contrast. Contrasting colors such as the complementary combinations and the triads are more
emphatic than analogous or any other related harmonies. Hues of great intensities are more noticeable than those
having lower intensities. The use of contrasting values makes one value more dominant than the other.
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4. By the use of plain background space. Simple decorations which are placed against sufficient plain
background will be more emphatic than when the background space is small.
5. By the use of unusual lines, shapes, and sizes of color. Novelty or newness can also dray draw
attention to a specific element of the work. It is difficult to keep the eye away from very extraordinary figures or
subjects, as in a man who has an unusual height.
6. By action or movement. Dynamic illustrations usually attract more attention than passive ones.
Other Art Principles

The other art principles which are of equal importance to the ones previously discussed are:
1. Novelty or newness. A new style of dress appears more attractive and interesting than ordinary dress design.
Novelty provides the best opportunity for developing one's creative ability.
2. Variety or variation. A set of furniture which is arranged in a certain way and remains as it is for long periods
of time appears to be monotonous. Variation in the arrangement or style of furniture makes the space the furniture
occupies more interesting and attractive.
3. Utility, Adaptability, or Function. A work of art must not only possess beauty but also utility. The object
must be adaptable to the purpose for which it is made. This is especially true to all practical arts. In designing
modern structures, function is now the first consideration.
4. Contrast. This art principle is synonymous to opposition or contradiction. It has some relationships with balance
and emphasis. Two contrasting lines or colors may balance each other. The center of interest in a composition 1s
in contrast with the subordinating parts in the same composition. Nature provides many examples of contrasting
objects. For instance, the colors of flowers contrast the color of leaves.
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Name: _____________________________________________________ Date Submitted: _________________

Program/ Year: _____________________________________________ Score: ___________________________
GENERAL INSTRUCTION DOR THE FOLLOWING ACTIVITY:

 Parts of answering these activities are the instructions, so you must follow all the given instructions.
Answer the following questions. (50 pts)

1. Why should objects in drawings and paintings be balanced?
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___________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Is there rhythm without repetition? If yes, why? If no, why not?

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3. Among the art principles, which one would you consider as the most important? Why?
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4. What is the significance of variety in art?
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5. Why do people view an object differently?
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1. Attach at least two pictures depicting the following in a long bond paper.
a. harmony of lines
b. harmony of size
c. harmony of texture
d. harmony of color
e. bisymmetrical balance
2. Collect pictures of social, cultural, religious, or political events that illustrate the principles of art
design. Paste them on a long bond paper.
 NDSC COLLEGE

(B.E.S.T)
Amare Est Service
The Development of Visual Arts

Week 9-12
Concepts
1. Prehistoric art is primarily focused on hunting, and shows great variety of stylistic treatment, and sophistication of
form, color, and line.
2. The Greeks rejected magic, combined sport and religion, and imbued a scientific view of nature in their art.
3. Roman art shows preference for sharp forms and elongated figures. It served the cult of ancestors and defied
emperors.
4. Medieval art was focused on spiritual expression rather than physical beauty. It displayed an emphasis on
symbols.
5. Gothic art emphasized rediscovery of nature resulting in a calmer, more plastic style.
6. Egyptian sculpture bore the elements of nature. The sun, moon, sacred animals, life-sized figures of men and
women figured in their art.
7. Greek sculpture was calm, thoughtful, and more focused on the form of men and women's bodies.
8. Roman sculpture emphasized bust forms representing famous men and women.
9. Byzantine sculpture was focused more on churches and Biblical figures.
10. Gothic sculpture produced figures with carvings of their garments to create an impression of real bodies and
limbs.
11. Architecture started with the Neolithic Age, the New Stone Age, which lasted roughly from 8000 to 3000 BC.
12. Before the Neolithic Age, man often used existing caves for shelter and for religious ceremonies.
13. The oldest traces of early man are tools made of stone.
14. Mud bricks and fired bricks were the principal building material used in Mesopotamia.
15. The architecture in Egypt consisted of stereometric shape or mass and rhythmically articulated elements
expressed mainly in pyramids and other tombs and temples.
16. Classic Greek Architecture, best seen in their temples, consists of 3 columns doric, ionic, and corinthian.
17. The principal building types of Islam architecture were the palace, tomb, and fort Spiral buildings and spiral
works of art can be found throughout the Islamic architectural history.
18. The Byzantine architecture is famous for large screens with paintings of saints, Christ, and Madonna inside
churches.
19. Romanesque architecture features rounded arches, low and dark, heavy walls and fortress walls and piers.
20. Gothic architecture features pointed arches, with verticality, no walls and extensive use of glasses.
21. Renaissance architecture features symmetrical, worldly, and aristocratic structures.
22. Romantic classicism architecture made use of steriometrio shapes or values, such as cube, sphere, pyramid, and
cone.
23. The current trends in architecture is more of weightlessness and transparency.
The Development of Painting

Pre-Historic Painting
(40,000 BC-9000 BC)
Animal spear and other rudimentary materials were utilized to produce pre-historic paintings. These works of art were
drawn on caves, stones, and on earth-filled ground. The drawings or illustrations dealt heavily with hunting and employed
stylistic treatment.
Pre-historic Greek Painting
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Pre historic Greek Art was seen in four periods:
1. Formative or Pre-Greek period- motif was sea and nature
2. First Greek period - largely of Egyptian influence
3. Golden Age (480-400 BC) period -in which the aesthetic ideal is based on the representation of
human character as an expression of a divine system.
4. Hellenistic Period (4th century-1st BC) discussed heightened individualism and featured tragic mood
and contorted faces (lacaustic painting)
The subject matters of painting in pre-historic Greece were young wide males, draped female, wounded soldiers,
and scenes from everyday life.
Pre-historic Roman Painting

Pre-historic Roman Art encompassed two periods:
1. Etruscan period (2000-1000 BC) – the subject matters of paintings were ancestor worship,
catacombs, and sarcophages.
2. Roman period (2000 BC-400 AD)- characterized by commemorative statues, sarcophages, frescoes,
and designs with vine motifs.
Art in these periods served the cult of ancestors and defied emperors.
Painting in the Medieval Period

There were three art classifications during the Medieval Period
1. Early Christian art- Subject matters of art in this period were symbols: cross, fish, lamb, alpha and omega,
peacocks. Haloed Christ, saints and martyrs, and martyrs and the Virgin Mary began to appear in painting at a
later time. Spiritual. expression took precedence over physical beauty.
2. Byzantine art - The subject matters of paintings were Christ as the Creator and Mary the Mother of God.
3. Gothic art - Gothic paintings were religious, grotesque, and calmer and
plastic in style. The picture of the Madonna and Child, of Franco-Flemich school, gazing into each other's eyes in
playful mood is an example of this style.
Franco-Flemish paintings came in the form of portable easel paintings and oil paintings. Illustrations
featured altar pieces with general wings that open and close. Children's fac es were painted like small adults; the
spectator was even drawn into the picture. Landscape was incorporated in the picture using the open window
technique in which distant views of the town, people, and river can be seen.
Painting in the Renaissance

The Renaissance is divided into three (3) periods:
1. Early Renaissance (14th-15th century)- Early Renaissance paintings placed. Emphasis on simplicity,
gestures, and expression. Painting depicted man and nature in fresco technique.
2. High Renaissance (16th century) - Its center was in Florence, Venice, and Rome. Painting style consists of
the deepening of pictorial space, making the sky more dramatic with dark clouds and flashes of light. Da Vinci
introduced the chiaroscuro; Michelangelo dramatized the position of figures in his famous contrapuesto-twists.
3. Mannerism period- The human figure is rendered through the use of oil paint of sumptuous, warm, and sensual
colors.
Famous painters in this period were Giotto, Leonardo da Vinci, Raffaello Sanzio (Raphael), and
Michelangelo
Painting in the Baroque Period

Paintings in the Baroque period are ornate and fantastic. They appeal to the emotion, are sensual and highly
decorative. They make use of light and shadow to produce dramatic effects. The paintings show figures in diagonal,
twists, and zigzags.
Famous painters in this period include Peter Paul Rubens, Rembrandt, El Greco, Diego Vilasquez, and
Bartolome Esteban Murillo.
Rococo Painting
Rococo painting placed emphasis voluptuousness and picturesque and intimate presentation of farm and country.
The Rococo art technique made use of soft pastel colors, rendering the landscape smoking and hazy with the subject
always in the center of the canvas.
Famous Rococo painters were Jean-Honore Cythera, Watteau Fragonard, William Hogarth, Joshua Reynolds, and
Francois Boucher.
Romantic Painting
Romantic paintings delved on the artist's reactions to past events, landscapes, and people. Painting is richer than
Rococo. One of the famous painters of this period was Francisco Goya.
19th Century Painting (Modern Art)

19th Century art was aimed to please the public. The following movements appeared:
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1. Impressionism - Paul Cezanne was the greatest impressionist and the Father of Modern Art. His efforts were
toward the achievement of simplicity, brilliance, perfect balance, brightness of colors, and sense of Still Life with
Peppermint depth in art. Botte, Paul Cezanne.
2. Expressionism - Vincent van Gogh is regarded as the Father of Expressionism. He used bright, pure colors mixed
on the palette but applied to the canvas in small dots or strokes, relying on the beholder's eyes to see them
together. Gogh's works are notable for their rough beauty, emotional honesty, bold color and simplicity in art.
Gauguin also practiced simplicity in art. He studied the technique of craftsmen applied these to his canvas,
simplifying the outline of forms but employing strong patches of colors.
The Development of Sculpture

Sculpture is an art form which employs modeling. Modeling refers to the technique by which a
material is shaped and formed into a single mass or a block of material having tri-dimensional form.
Pre-historic Sculpture
Pre-historic sculpture consisted of rude forms carved in stones and woods. These figures and images were created
to commemorate heroes and heroines and perpetuate the memory of men.
Egyptian Sculpture
Pre-historic Egyptian sculpture had gone through four (4) periods:
1. First Dynasty Period - This period occurred 5,000 years ago. The sun, an and sacred animals were common
subjects of sculpture in this period. The sculptors decorated the tombs of the dead with scenes from his life and
signs of his rank profession with assurance that his spirit may continue his existence within the tomb. Statues
began to flourish in this period.
2. Old Kingdom Period- Portrait sculpture was emphasized. Five life-like structures existed in every home.
Statues were either single figures or in family groups. The faces of statues were always calm and grave. Statues of
royal personages were much larger than ordinary personages to give impression of movement splendor.
3. Middle Kingdom Period- Faces of statues made during this period depicted individual moods but their bodies
were still rigid and straight in posture.
4. New Kingdom Period- Figures of this period were life like and vigorous looking. They were depicted in usual
poses - walking, dancing, and bending. Figures showed dignity and serenity.
are palettes (shield pieces of stone with relief carvings); wall carvings (bas-reliefs or high reliefs found in walls of
tombs) and statues (figures of men and women in sitting and standing positions, usually impressive). An example
of pre-historic Egyptian sculpture is the Great Sphinx of Giza.
Greek Sculpture
Pre-historic Greek sculpture had gone through three (3) periods:
1. Daedalic Period - Marble was heavily used as material. Nude male statues were usually produced.
2. Classical Age- This was the golden age or Age of Pericles in Greek. Temples of gods and goddesses
were adorned with Greek games and athletic contests. The human body with all sculptured figures.
Many statues depicted young victors of Greek games and athletic contests. The human body with
all its beauty splendor was the emphasis of art in this period. Male figures were always naked; women
figures were fully draped.
3. Later Greek Period - Male and female figures were shown with very little or no clothing at all. An example of pre-
historic Greek sculpture is the famous Venus de Milo.
Roman Sculpture
Pre historic Roman sculpture portrayed famous men and women in bust forms. The personalities
were represented as if in real life, including their individual imperfections.
Byzantine Sculpture
Byzantine sculpture is classified into two:
1. Early Byzantine Sculpture - During this period, no statues can be seen in churches and basilicas only
symbols or signs as mosaic. For example, fish symbolized Christ; hand protruding from the clouds symbolized
God.
2. Later Byzantine Sculpture - Statues replaced mosaic symbols and signs. Biblical statues adorned
churches, basilicas, and even homes. These statues are tall, dignified, straight, exquisitely carved, sometimes
covered with jewels. Christ was shown as fully garbed, mature, and has a dark-beard and haunting eyes.
Romanesque Sculpture
Romanesque sculpture gave prominence to Biblical characters and human figures as subjects. Biblical
characters and human figures were carved in statues or in reliefs, with the bodies fully clothed, flat, and elongated and the
faces grave and remote. Draperies were usually swirled in whirlpool patterns around these figures. Arches of churches
were decorated with zigzag and geometric designs.
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Gothic Sculpture
Gothic statues of huma figure were given a natural and life-like look, both in bodies and facial expressions. They
wore garments to give the impression of real bodies.
Renaissance Sculpture
Renaissance sculpture is divided into three periods:
1. Early Renaissance Sculpture- Great and detailed attention was given to anatomical shapes, proportions,
and perspectives to indicate a more scientific attitude towards art.
2. Middle Renaissance Sculpture - By the end of the 15th century, sculpture became more secular than
religious. Palaces were adorned with sculpture cast in bronze.
3. Later Part of the Renaissance -The subject matters of sculpture were legends and myths of Greece and
Rome. The artists were given complete freedom on their choice of subject.
Baroque Sculpture
Baroque sculpture started in the 17th century. It depicted the beauty of art and stressed on the expression of
emotion. The works of Gian Lorenzo Bermini and the La Piedad of Gregorio Fernandez, a famous Spanish
sculptor, were representative of Baroque sculpture.
Rococo sculpture being highly ornate and exquisite, designed purely for ornamental purposes. This art appeared
largely in furniture, panels, vases, and urns. Rocco sculpture was first used in the court of the French King Louis XV.
19th Century Sculpture

There were two schools in this period: neoclassicism and romantic realism.
1. Neo-classical schools depicted perfect human anatomy endowed with a calm, reflective look
2. Romantic realistic schools- depicted realistic figures with psychological attitudes of the French revolution.
A prominent sculptor in the 19th century was Auguste Rodin.
20th Century Sculpture

20th century sculpture was mainly concerned with the human body.
1. Pablo Picasso, the Father of Abstract sculpture and Julio Gonzalez advocated a regeneration of plastic shapes
through geometric organization of the human be
Abstract sculpture remains tied to biology.
2. Henry Moore and his associates depicted anxiety and terror in their sculpture. Through this form,
the sculptor's view of life is shown.
3. Alberto Giacometti carved a figure endowed with either action or feeling by using thinned-out matter rising
upward in empty space--the expression of being lost in infinite nothingness.
4. In 1910, a sculpture of geometric shapes emerged. This led to a new tool in sculpture-the blow torch. Through the
presentation of marred and tangled shapes, contemporary sculpture showed fear and terror.
The Development of Architecture

The beginning of architecture must be placed within the Neolithic Age, the New Stone Age, which lasted roughly
from 8000 to 3000 BC. Before the Neolithic Age (during Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods), man used caves for shelter
and most probably for religious ceremonies.
The oldest traces of early man are tools made of stone. Some of these tools are more than 200,000 years old. One
of the earliest pieces of sculpture is the Venus of Willendorf made between 30,000 and 25,000 BC and found in Krems,
Austria. The cave painting Altamira in Spain were dated between 15,000 and 10,000 BC.
The development of Western architecture can be divided into four formal periods: (1) Ancient world; (2)
Medieval period; (3) the Modern world; (4) the Contemporary world.
Architecture in the Ancient World

In the Ancient World, architecture can be categorized into four (4) areas: (1) Architecture of Mesopotamia; (2)
Architecture of Ancient Egypt; (3) Aegean and Ancient Architecture; and (4) Etruscan and Ancient Roman.
Architecture of Mesopotamia
The temple became the predominant building type in Mesopotamia. Since there was no local supply
of stone, mud bricks and fired bricks were the principal building materials.
1. Architecture of the Sumerians- The typical building of the Sumerians was the
ziggurat.
The architectural emphasis is a centralized arrangement of the structure which has a vertical axis that
conveys a sense of stability and order. The temple on top of the ziggurat represents the god-centered structure of
the society and this society's dependence on God.
2. Architecture of the Assyrians - The palace of King Sargon II stood as a representative of the Assyrian
sculpture. It was built above the ground level of the city to impart the idea that the King stood between the gods
and his people
3. Architecture of the Neo-Babylonians (S75 BC) - The Ishtar-Gate in Babylon was built colored glazed
bricks and dedicated to the goddess Ishtar.
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4. Architecture of the Persians - The Royal Palace at Persepolis is a representative of Persian architecture. The
repetitive vertical line represented by columns and ceremonial figures is the overriding element of form displayed
in the Royal Palace.
An architectural plan of a mastaba, 3000 BC

Ancient Egyptian architecture in the Valley of the Nile used readily available materials such as
seeds, papyrus, and palm branch ribs. Timber and wood were utilized more than stone. The two types of Egyptian
architecture are the simple steriometric shape of mass and rhythmically articulated columnar hall. Tombs, pyramids, and
temples displayed these types of architecture.
1. Architecture of the Old Kingdom (3000-2130 BC)
The mastaba (Arabic for "bench"), the Step Pyramid of Zoser (near Cairo), and the Pyramids at Giza
(near Cairo) are examples of architecture built during this period.
2. Architecture of the Middle Kingdom (2130-1580 BC)
Among the characteristic remains of the Middle Kingdom are the rock-cut tombs at Beni-Hasan.
Frosted by a shallow columned portico, the tombs contained the fundamental units of Egyptian culture: portico or
vestibule, columned hall, and sacred chamber.
3. Architecture of the New Kingdom (1580-322 BC)
If the most impressive monuments of the Old Kingdom are its pyramids, the masterpiece in this
period was the Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut located at Deir el-Bahri. It was constructed in 1500 BC.
Aegean and Ancient Greek Architecture

1. Aegean Architecture (1600-1200 BC)
The Palace at Knossos, Crete (1600-1400 BC) is an example of Aegean architecture. The oblong
shape of the court and the general layout of the palace shows a centralized arrangement. The rigid layout of the
storage magazines puts forward the values of efficient administration and order. It was a setting of harmonious
living. The arrangement of the story jars and the drainage system testifies to efficiency and practicality.
2. The Mycenacan Architecture (1400-1200 BC)
The Citadel of Tiryns was a representative architecture of this era. The citadel consisted of heavy
walls that reveal a defensive character. Through the walls, at intervals, run corbeled galleries, which probably
served defensive purposes. The architectural form of this era signified security and safety; perhaps also
dominance and power.
3. Ancient Greek Architecture
Ancient Greek Architecture is essentially columnar and trabeated. The columns taper towards the top.
The effect is a muscular-like human quality of the columns. The spacing of the columns towards the corners is
sometimes narrower, which also makes for a better, dynamic visual appearance.
Greek temple consists of three parts: the platform or base, the columns, and the superstructure or
entablature. The combination of the three parts is called an architectural order. three parts
Etruscan and Ancient Roman Architecture

The Etruscan temple was intended to function primarily as an interior space. It was a place of
shelter protected by the wide overhang of its roof
Architecture in the Medieval World

The architectural form and style in this era are classified into: (1) Early Christian and Byzantine
Architecture; (2) Islamic Architecture; (3) Carolingian, Ottonian, and
Romanesque Architecture; and (4) Gothic Architecture.
Early Christian Architecture

Early Christian architecture consisted of two building types: the Christian Basilica, a rectangular
building with an apse for the altar at one end, and as far as the form is concerned, based on the straight line, interpreted as
path; and the martyrium, a circular building, interpreted as center. Example of this type are the architecture form of Santa
Sabina Costanza, Old St. Peter's Basilica, and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem.
Islamic Architecture (850-1600 AD)

The most important contribution of Islamic architecture is the development of a new kind of interior space, using
the Roman and Byzantine dome as a point of departure.
Carolingian, Ottonian, and Romanesque Architecture (800-900 AD)

Carolingian architecture was characterized by an emphasis on the westwork, on the temporal
power of the emperor. The Pope and the emperor join hands in perfect quality. This architecture was exemplified by St.
Michael Church in Fulda, Hesse, Germany
Ottonian architecture is an architectural style which flourished during the reign of Emperor Otto
the Great (936-975). The style was developed in the mid-10th century and lasted until the mid-11th century. The Ottonian
preserves the Carolinian double ended feature with apses at either end of the church.
Romanesque architecture (100-1200 AD) was characterized by the bay system, cross- or groin vaulting,
semi-circular arches for the opening in the walls, massive enclosing walls, and the incorporation of towers into the church
 NDSC COLLEGE
building proper. Three types of church buildings were established during this period: pilgrimage churches, monastic
churches, and imperial cathedrals. The prevailing type of Romanesque
Gothic Architecture (1150-1500 AD)

The Gothic Age produced just one primary building type, the city cathedral. The features of the
Gothic style are: the pointed arch, the flying buttress, and the rib vault that reflects the transcendental character of Gothic
culture. The outside of the cathedral is related to the interior space. Towers and spires express the transcendental character
as well. Gothic architecture is a carved or moulded architecture-the press, door jambs, and window frames of Gothic
structure are carved or moulded. Examples of Gothic architecture were the choir of Abbey Church of Saint-Denis, Laon
Cathedral in Paris, Notre Dame de Paris, Chartres Cathedral, Reims Cathedral, and Amiens Cathedral in France, Salisbury
Cathedral in England, and St. Elizabeth Cathedral in Germany.
Architecture in the Modern World

Architecture in the Modern World is divided into Renaissance Architecture and Baroque Architecture.
The Renaissance Architecture in Italy (1420-1600 AD)

The dome is a double shell structure built according to Gothic style. Spaces and enclosing
surfaces are on simple proportional relationships. Basic module utilized the paneling of white and colored marbles.
Structures follow the system of rectangles and circles. Renaissance architecture makes man standing in the center of the
dome revealing self-sufficient individuality of man, acting not by the grace of God, but more by the power of his own
agency. The structures established during this time were the Santo Spirito, Pazzi Chapel, Palazzo Medici Riccardi, and
Palazzo Rucellai in Florence Italy and Basilica of Sant ‘Andrea in Mantua, Italy.
Baroque Architecture (1600-1750 AD)

The Original meaning of the term “baroque” was odd, irregular, and grotesque. In 1880, the term lost its
derogatory flavor and became associated mainly with the architecture of Barromi and Guariniu. Baroque art grew out of
Renaissance art.
Architecture in the Contemporary World

Contemporary architecture is characterized by the use of industrial material especially steel,
glass and concrete deprived of ornamentation and assembled so as to form simple geometrical volumes freely laid out in
space.
The development of architecture prior to the international style includes Romanticism (1750-1850
AD) and beyond; Architecture of the Engineers (1800-1900 AD); Architecture of the Chicago School; Architecture of Art
Nouveau; Architecture of Pioto-Rationalism; and Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright up to 1914.
Architecture of Romanticism
The architecture of Romantic Classicism was more linear, stiffer, geometrically more regular, and more academic
than its Italian counterparts. Romantic Naturalism expressed freedom from rules and an escape from the harsh rigor of
reason into the world of intuition and the natural. The forms of the architecture of Romantic Naturalism is not linear but
spatial, more painterly, and picturesque. The use of natural materials was favored.
The architecture of Romanticism remained essentially lifeless. The indiscriminate use of forms from the past
without concern for function and technique made these forms devoid of meaning. Examples of Romantic architecture are
the Guardian of the Fields at Ledoux, and German Embassy in Petersburg, and the Street Facade of Altes Museum.
The architecture of the Engineers such as bridges, railroad stations, and large halls for work and exhibitions were
the first to exhibit new ideas and paved the way for contemporary architecture. This new architecture was made possible
through the availability of new building materials, iron and steel, that revolutionized the whole building materials, iron
and steel, that revolutionized the whole building industry.
The Eiffel Tower proved that the new materials-iron and steel produced by industry could convey architectural
meanings and values better than the old traditional materials of stone and wood.
The Eiffel Tower embodies the triumph of man over the forces of nature. It symbolizes high achievement of man-
that he can conquer, subdue, and control nature using these new materials.
Contemporary architecture comes to a first climax and synthesis in the Architecture of the International Style,
which some call the Architecture of Rationalism and Functionalism.
The architecture of the International Style was, above all, characterized by the spirit of functionalism which believed that
architectural forms expressed the functions well, and as such, were good forms.
The architects of the International Style showed a seemingly genuine concern for the emotional and physical well-
being of men. Urban planning was intended to provide a healthy city environment. Famous architects from this period
were Walter Gropius, Le Corbusier, and Mies. Some of the buildings constructed during this era are the Bauhaus.
END OF THE LESSON
 NDSC COLLEGE
Name: _______________________________________________ Date Submitted: _______________________

Program/Year: ________________________________________ Score: ________________________________
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE FOLLOWING ACTIVITY:

 Copy the format of the given activities then answer it on a long bond paper.
 Parts of answering these activities are the instructions, so you must follow all the given instructions.
A. Answer the following questions. (50 pts)

1. What is the importance of art from the pre-historic period to the contemporary society?
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2. What is expressed by Romanesque architecture? by Gothic architecture?
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3. What is the subject matter of Renaissance paintings?
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4. What are the qualities of Renaissance sculpture?
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__________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. What were given emphasis during the Golden Age of Greek sculpture?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
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6. What are the characteristics of Egyptian sculpture.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Why is Hagia Sophia considered the epitome of Byzantine architecture?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
8. What are the general features of Romanesque architecture?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
9. What does the Eiffel Tower in Paris stand for?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
B. Paste picture that shows an architectural design.
 NDSC COLLEGE
C. Paste picture that shows painting design.
D. Paste picture that shows sculpture design.

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 NDSC COLLEGE

NOTRE DAME OF SALAMAN COLLEGE INC.

ART APPRECIATION (GEC 6)

Course Instructress: Nelian L. Gubel, LPT

Archie Mae B. Quinto Annalou L. Santos

SECOND SEMESTER 2020-

 The Elements of Performing Arts

The Meaning and Importance of Art

The Nature of Art

The Subject of Art

The Function of Art

The four main functions of art are:

The Scope of Art

The Origin of Art

A. Answer the following questions on a long bond paper. (50 points)

Collect and mount pictures of the following in a scrapbook:

The Artist’s Medium

Medium and Technique

The Artist and His Medium

The Artists and His Technique

Mediums of the Visual Arts

Pencil, Pen and Ink, and Charcoal

Factors in the Choice and Use of Architectural Materials

The properties of Musical Sound

A. Answer the following questions. (50 pts)

Filipino artists Title of their work Medium used

End of the lesson

NOTRE DAME OF SALAMAN COLLEGE INC.

The Elements of Visual Arts and Performing

The Elements of Visual Arts

Three Dimensions of Color

The Elements of Performing Arts

Importance of reading Literary Works

Prepared by Rosalie M. Blanca

A. Answer the following questions. (50 pts.)

NOTRE DAME OF SALAMAN COLLEGE INC.

Week 7-8 The Principles of Art and Design

The Principle of Art Design

Formal or Symmetrical Balance

Methods of Emphasizing Objects

Other Art Principles

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date Submitted: _________________

GENERAL INSTRUCTION DOR THE FOLLOWING ACTIVITY:

Answer the following questions. (50 pts)

2. Is there rhythm without repetition? If yes, why? If no, why not?

NOTRE DAME OF SALAMAN COLLEGE INC.

The Development of Visual Arts

The Development of Painting

Pre-historic Greek Painting

Pre-historic Roman Painting

Painting in the Medieval Period

Painting in the Renaissance

Painting in the Baroque Period

19th Century Painting (Modern Art)

The Development of Sculpture

19th Century Sculpture

20th Century Sculpture

The Development of Architecture

Name: _____________________________________ Date Submitted: _

Name: _________________________ Date Submitted: _