NAME:__________________________________________

12
GRADE/SECTION:______________________________

RESEARCH/
CAPSTONE PROJECT
Semester II – Week 4
Designing Research Methodology

CONTEXTUALIZED LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS

SCHOOLS DIVISION OF PUERTO PRINCESA CITY
Research/Capstone Project – Grade 12
Contextualized Learning Activity Sheets (CLAS)
Semester II - Week 4: Designing Research Methodology
First Edition, 2020

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 Lesson 1

Designing Research Methodology

MELC: Design a strategy or sequence of steps that will address the scientific questions at
hand. STEM_RP12-IIa-e-6

Objectives: 1. Identify research methodology

2. Differentiate the types of research methodology
3. Design a strategy or sequence of steps that will address scientific questions

Let’s Try
Directions: Read each question carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer on the
space provided before the number.

For items 1 to 3, please refer to the study below:

Antibacterial Activity of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) and Neem

(Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) Extracts Against Foodborne Pathogens and
Spoilage Bacteria
M D Mahfuzul Hoque 1 , M L Bari, Y Inatsu, Vijay K Juneja, S Kawamoto

National Library of Medicine

The antibacterial activity of guava (Psidium guajava) and neem

(Azadirachta indica) extracts against 21 strains of foodborne pathogens were
determined--Listeria monocytogenes (five strains), Staphylococcus aureus (four
strains), Escherichia coli O157:H7 (six strains), Salmonella Enteritidis (four
strains), Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Bacillus cereus, and five food spoilage
bacteria: Pseudomonas aeroginosa, P. putida, Alcaligenes faecalis, and
Aeromonas hydrophila (two strains).

_____1. How many samples are used in the investigation?

The antibacterial
A. 4 activity of guava (Psidium guajava)
C. 6 and neem (Azadirachta
indica)B.
extracts
5 against 21 strains of foodborne D. pathogens
21 were determined--
Listeria monocytogenes (five strains), Staphylococcus aureus (four strains),
_____2. Based on the
Escherichia coli study,
O157:H7where
(sixdid the researchers
strains), gather
Salmonella their data?
Enteritidis (four strains),
Vibrio A. National Libraryand
parahaemolyticus, of Medicint
Bacillus cereus, and five food spoilage bacteria:
B. Antibacterial
Pseudomonas Activity
aeroginosa, of GuavaAlcaligenes faecalis, and Aeromonas
P. putida,
C. Laboratory Testing
hydrophila (two strains).
D. Research Locale was not mentioned
_____3. What is the design used by the researchers?
A. Quantitative C. Mixed methods
B. Qualitative D. All of these

1
_____4. The following are the steps of a simple random sampling. Which must NOT be
included?
A. Define a target population
B. Purposively select audience
C. Determine the sampling size
D. Randomly select the target number of population
_____5. Which of the following is NOT a non-probability sampling?
A. Systematic sampling C. Quota Sampling
B. Consecutive sampling D. Convenience Sampling
_____6. Once your experiment is complete, which method you should use to see if
it supports your hypothesis or not?
A. Analyze your Data C. Communicate your results
B. Program evaluation D. Do Background Research
_____7. What type of sampling is utilized when each element in the population has an
equal type and independent chance of being selected?
A. Non- Probability Sampling C. Probability Sampling
B. Mixed Methods D. Observation
_____8.What probability sampling method is usually used for geographic and demographic
segmentation parameters?
A. Stratified Random Sampling C. Simple Random Sapling
B. Systematic Sampling D. Cluster Sampling
_____9. What method refers to a process for experimentation that is used to explore
observations and answer questions?
A. Survey C. Scientific Method
B. Interview D. Program evaluation
_____10. Which of the following sampling methods is quick and easy to implement with
the absence of other parameters of the selection involved?
A. Snowball Sampling C. Quota Sampling
B. Convenience Sampling D. Consecutive Sampling

2
 Let’s Explore and Discover

Unlocking of What is a scientific method in research? How do

researchers design methodologies that are in line with scientific
Difficulties
studies? What do you mean by scientific method? Did you learn
Research about the basic steps of a scientific investigation? These are the
Methodology is the common questions that might bother you as a student in the
specific procedures field of research.
or techniques used Before beginning your project, you need to decide what
to identify, select, method you should use. It will lead you to understand the
process, and various aspects of research process such as planning your
analyze information structure of investigatory methodologies to obtain the research
about a topic. project.
There are a number of ways to conduct research for your
Research Designs
capstone topic, but everyone must start with the literature
are the types of review in order to learn what has already been published on your
research that a topic. And also helps you identify the different research methods
researcher can use, used by scholars in the field that have already produced valid
whether and reliable results.
quantitative,
qualitative or mixed Indeed, the literature review is the very first step and it
methods. begun when you are crafting your capstone proposal. It is the
only way to choose a topic and write your background and
Population refers to research methods section for the proposal.
the total number of
respondents, The Scientific Method is a process for experimentation
participants or that is used to explore observations and answer questions. In
samples that the factthere are probably as many versions of the scientific method
researchers used in as there are scientific method as there are scientists. But even
the study. when modified, the goal remains the same: to discover cause
and effect relationships by asking questions, carefully gathering
Research Locale is and examining the evidence, and seeing if all the available
where the study information can be combined in to a logical answer.
takes place.

Here are some steps in scientific method that will surely help you focus your
scientific questions and work through your observations and data to answer the question
as well as possible.

Steps to Follow in Designing Research Methodology

1. Ask a Question
The scientific methods starts when you ask a question about something that you observe:
How, What, When, Who, Which, Why, or Where?
2. Do Background Research
Rather than starting from scratch in putting together a plan for answering your question,
you want to be a savvy scientist using library and internet research to help you find the
best way to do things and ensure that you don’t repeat mistakes from the past.

3
3. Construct a Hypothesis
A hypothesis is an educated guess about how things work. It is an attempt to answer your
question with an explanation that can be tested. A good hypothesis allows you to then make
a prediction: “If_____[ I do this]____,then_____[this]____ will happen.”
State both your hypothesis and the resulting prediction you will be testing. Predictions
must be easy to measure.
4. Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiments
Your experiment tests whether your prediction is accurate and thus your hypothesis is
supported or not. It is important for your experiment to be a fair test. You conduct a fair
test by making sure that you change only one factor at a time while keeping all other
conditions the same.
You should also repeat your experiments several time to make sure that the first results
weren’t just an accident.
5. Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion
Once your experiment is complete, you collect your measurements and analyze them to
see if they support your hypothesis or not.
6. Communicate Your Results
To complete you science fair project you will communicate your results to others in a final
report and/or a display board. Professional scientists do almost exactly the same thing by
publishing their final report in a scientific journal or by presenting their results as a poster
or during a talk at a scientific meeting. In a science fair, judges are interested in your
findings regardless of whether or not they support your original hypothesis.

(Source: Harvard Extension School, “Research Methods”, accessed

February 9, 2021.https://capstone.extension.harvard,edu/conducting-research)

Designing Research Methodology

There are several procedures that the researchers must follow when it comes to
writing research methodology more particularly when the study is scientific. The
researchers must identify and describe the following:

1. Research Design. Researchers must have the knowledge on the difference between
quantitative research and qualitative research designs. They can use methods in
quantitative, qualitative or both methods called mixed methods.

When collecting and analyzing data, researchers do quantitative research which

deals with numbers and statistics, while in using qualitative research, words and
meaning are used. Researchers can use mixed methods by combining quantitative
and qualitative in one study.

2. Sampling Methods.

There are two main sampling methods for quantitative research: Probability and Non-
Probability

Probability Sampling: A theory of probability is used to filter individuals from a population

and create samples in probability sampling. Participants of a sample are chosen random
selection processes. Each member of the target audience has an equal opportunity to be
selected in the sample.

4
 Four Main Types of Probability Sampling
1. Simple Random Sampling: This 3. Cluster Sampling: Is a probability
sampling technique is implemented where sampling method using which the main
the target population is considerably large. segment is divided into clusters, usually
using geographic and demographic
segmentation parameters.
2. Stratified Random Sampling: A large 4. Systematic Sampling: Systematic
population is divided into groups (strata), sampling is a technique where the starting
and members of a sample are chosen point of the sample is chosen randomly,
randomly from these strata. The various and all the other elements are chosen
segregated strata should ideally not using a fixed interval. This interval is
overlap one another. calculated by dividing the population size
by the target sample size.

Non-Probability Sampling: Is where the researcher’s knowledge and experience are used
to create samples. Because of the involvement of the researcher, not all the members of a
target population have an equal probability of being selected to be a part of a sample.

Five non-probability sampling models:

Convenience sampling: elements of a sample are chosen only due to one prime
reason: their proximity to the researcher. These samples are quick and easy to implement
as there is no other parameter of selection involved.
Consecutive sampling: it is quite similar to convenience sampling, except for the
fact that researchers can choose a single element or a group of samples and conduct
research consecutively over a significant period and then perform the same process with
other samples.
Quota sampling: Using quota sampling, researchers can select elements using their
knowledge of target traits and personalities to form strata. Members of various strata can
be then. Members of various strata can then be chosen to be part of a sample as per the
researcher’s understanding.
Snowball sampling: is conducted with target audiences, which are difficult to
contact and get information. It is popular in cases where the target audience for research
is rare to put together.
Judgmental sampling: is a non-probability sampling method where samples are
created only based on the researcher’s experience and skill.

Secondary Quantitative Research: is a research method that involves using already

existing data. Existing data is summarized and collated to increase the overall effectiveness
of research.
This method involves the collection of quantitative data from existing data sources
like internet, government resources, libraries, research report, etc. It also helps to validate
the data that is collected from primary quantitative research.
(Source: Streefkerk, Raimo, “Qualitative vs Quantitative Research”, accessed February 11, 2021,
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/qualitative-quantitative-research/)

3. Population. This refers to the total number of respondents, participants and samples
that the researchers used in research. A research population is generally a large collection
of individuals or objects that is the main focus of a scientific query. It is for the benefit of
the population that researches are done. However, due to the large sizes of populations,
researchers often cannot test every individual in the population because it is too expensive
and time-consuming. This is the reason why researchers rely on sampling techniques.

5
 A research population is also known as a well-defined collection of individuals or
objects known to have similar characteristics. All individuals or objects within a certain
population usually have a common, binding characteristic or trait.

(Source: Explorable, “Research Population”, accessed February 11, 2021,

https://explorable.com/research-population/)

3. Research Locale. This pertains to the location where the study is conducted. For
example, if the students conduct their study in the school laboratory, they can cite
the complete address of their school as their research locale.

4. Research Procedures. These are step by step details of how are you going to conduct
your invrestigation. You can describe in paragraph form the sequence of your data
collection process.

5. Data Analysis. You can write here how are you going to analyze your data whether
quantitative, qualitative or mixed methods. You can also give additional details on
how are you going to analyze the information that you have gathered.

6. Ethical Consideration. In this part, you have to enumerate the measures that you
are going to undertake prior, during and after the collection of your data. Make sure
that the data that you are going to experiment on can establish fairness and free
from fraud. Ensure that proper approval and permission from the authorities are
asked. Any photo captured or video recorded must be sought permission and
approval.

Below are some example of research conducted by Md. Amirul Alam (2017)
highlighting the research methodology which will serve as your guide when you construct
your own research output.

GROWTH AND YIELD PERFORMANCE OF HOT PEPPER(Capsicum

frutescens) FERTILIZED WITH FERMENTED PLANT MATERIALS
Racoma, Avelino Detorio and Beato and Lolita Lovino
Laguna State Polytechnic University, L. De Leon Street, Siniloan Laguna, Philippines

The experiment was conducted in Brgy. Poblacion, Burdeos, Quezon,

Philippines in 2014. Split plot design in randomized complete block design (RCBD)
with four replications was employed. Factors included two hot pepper varieties (A1 =
Pinatuboand A2 = RedHot) and five different plant sources for fermented plant juices
The soil analysis for the proximate soil nutrients available at the experimental
area with respect to its physical, chemical and biological properties was done at the
Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSMW) in Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.
The experimental area was divided into two main plots. Each plot was subdivided into
six sub-plots for the different plant sources as foliar fertilizers that were randomly
assigned in plots of 3m x 4m size.
The collected data on various parameters were statistically analyzed through
analysis of variance (ANOVA).

6
 Effects of Fermented Plant Juice and Fruit Juice on Growth and Yield of
Tomato for Sustainable Practices
Alam, Md.Amirul (2017)
Bangladesh Journal of Botany

The experiment consisted of five treatments of fermented plant juice (FPJ) and
fermented fruit juice (FFJ). The treated plants with FPJ and FFJ produced early
flowers and fruits compared to untreated plants due to the enhanced production of
auxin and essential nutrients. Total soluble solids were also observed to increase after
10 weeks of FPJ and FFJ application.

Effect of Cactus Plants on Magnetic Fields Bruited by Computer Screens

Eren ERENSAYIN, Nurettin TOPALOĞLU, M. Hanefi CALP*, Serkan SAVAŞ

ELF (very low frequency) measurements were performed by placing the cactus
plants and computer screens in various forms and environments. Similar results were
obtained with repeated measurements and tests on different (LCD, Tubular) displays.

To guide you in crafting your research methodology, please look at the example
made for you:
Effectiveness of Rabbits’ Manure on the Different Variety of Cactus Plants

Research Methodology Description

Research Design Quantitative Research using quasi-
experimental research
Sampling Method The researchers considered convenience
sampling wherein only 5 varieties of cactus are
available in the community
Population/Sample The researchers used 5 treated plants and 1
untreated plant as controlled sample
Research Locale The study was conducted at Barangay San
Jose, Puerto Princesa City.
Research Procedures The researchers obtained different variables of
cactus plants for experimental and controlled
samples. After the preparation of materials,
rabbits manure on equal proportion was
applied to the samples.
Regular measurements and observations were
recorded.
Data Analysis Data gatheres was quantitatively analyzed
using the measurements gathered.
Ethical Consideration The researchers follow the ethical consideration
in obtaining data. Permission from the
concerned people or agencies were asked.

Please take note that you can have your own way of designing your research
methodology. The above example will serve as your guide as you begin writing your research
methodology.

7
 Let’s Practice

Directions: Identify what part of research methodology is being described. Choose your
answer from the box and write the letter of your choice on the space provided.

A. Research Design E. Research Procedues

B. Population F. Data Analysis
C. Sampling G. Ethical Consideration
D. Research Locale

______1. Quantitative research was utilized by the researchers.

______2. The study was conducted at Barangay San Miguel, Puerto Princesa City,
Palawan.
______3. This study used convenience method of sampling.
______4. Quota sampling was used by the researchers to gather the data needed.
______5. Water samples were collected from five (5) different water sources.

Directions: Arrange the following steps of research methods in a chronological order by

writing numbers 1 to 5.

Steps of a scientific methods Number

A researcher makes an educated guess about how things work.
It is an attempt to answer your question with an explanation
that can be tested.
He or she asks a question about something that is observed:
How, What, When, Who, Which, Why, or Where?
Once the experiment is complete, a researcher tries to collect
measurements and analyze them to see if they support the
hypothesis or not.
Rather than starting from scratch in putting together a plan
for answering your question, a researcher tries to find the best
way to do things and makes sure he or she doesn’t repeat
mistakes from the past.
A researcher conducts a fair test to change only one factor at a
time while keeping all other conditions the same.

What will help you design your research methodology?

8
 Let’s Do More

Directions: Complete the research methodology by describing the needed parts below.
Assume that you have already conducted the study. Write your answers across each
part.
Water Contamination Assessment in Puerto Princesa City

Research Methodology Description

Research Design

Sampling Method

Population/Sample

Research Locale
Research Procedures

Data Analysis

Ethical Consideration

Directions: Based on your own research study, design a research methodology by

completing the table below: You may use additional sheet of paper when necessary.

Research Title:________________________________________________________

Research Methodology Description

Research Design

Sampling Method

Population/Sample

Research Locale

Research Procedures

Data Analysis

Ethical Considaration

How did you design your own research methodology?

9
 Let’s Sum It Up

Directions: Answer the following questions and write your answers on the space
provided.
1. How do you design research methodology?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the things that you have to consider in designing research
methodology?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

3. Why is designing research methodology important?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Let’s Assess
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer to each question.
Write your answer on the space provided before each
number.
For items 1 to 3, please refer to the study below:
Antibacterial Activity of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) and Neem
(Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) Extracts Against Foodborne
Pathogens and Spoilage Bacteria
M D Mahfuzul Hoque 1 , M L Bari, Y Inatsu, Vijay K Juneja, S Kawamoto

National Library of Medicine

The antibacterial activity of guava (Psidium guajava) and neem

(Azadirachta indica) extracts against 21 strains of foodborne pathogens
were determined--Listeria monocytogenes (five strains), Staphylococcus
aureus (four strains), Escherichia coli O157:H7 (six strains), Salmonella
Enteritidis (four strains), Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Bacillus cereus,
and five food spoilage bacteria: Pseudomonas aeroginosa, P. putida,
Alcaligenes faecalis, and Aeromonas hydrophila (two strains).

_____1. What is the design used by the researchers?

A. Quantitative
The antibacterial activity of guava (PsidiumC. Mixed
guajava)methods
and neem
B. Qualitative D. All of these
(Azadirachta indica) extracts against 21 strains of foodborne pathogens
were determined--Listeria monocytogenes (five strains), Staphylococcus
10
aureus (four strains), Escherichia coli O157:H7 (six strains), Salmonella
Enteritidis (four strains), Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Bacillus cereus,
and five food spoilage bacteria: Pseudomonas aeroginosa, P. putida,
_____2. How many samples are used in the investigation?
A. 4 C. 6
B. 5 D. 21

_____3. Based on the study, where did the researchers gather their data?
A. National Library of Medicint
B. Antibacterial Activity of Guava
C. Laboratory Testing
D. Research Locale was not mentioned

_____4. What type of sampling is utilized when each element in the population has an
equal type and independent chance of being selected?
A. Non- Probability Sampling C. Probability Sampling
B. Mixed Methods D. Observation

_____5. What probability sampling method is usually used for geographic and
demographic segmentation parameters?
A. Stratified Random Sampling C. Simple Random Sapling
B. Systematic Sampling D. Cluster Sampling

_____6. Which of the following sampling methods is quick and easy to implement with the
absence of other parameters of the selection involved?
A. Snowball Sampling C. Quota Sampling
B. Convenience Sampling D. Consecutive Sampling

_____7. What method refers to a process for experimentation that is used to explore
observations and answer questions?
A. Survey C. Scientific Method
B. Interview D. Program evaluation

_____8. Which of the following is NOT a non-probability sampling?

A. Systematic sampling C. Quota Sampling
B. Consecutive sampling D. Convenience Sampling

_____9. Once your experiment is complete, which method you should use to see if it
supports your hypothesis or not?
A. Analyze your Data C. Communicate your results
B. Program evaluation D. Do Background Research

_____10. The following are the steps of a simple random sampling. Which must NOT be
included?
A. Define a target population
B. Purposively select audience
C. Determine the sampling size
D. Randomly select the target number of population

I hope this lesson has helped you design your own research methodology!

11
 Answer Key

Let’s Try
1. D 3. A 5. A 7. C 9. C
2. D 4. B 6. A 8. D 10. B

Let’s Practice Let’s Assess Let’s Sum It Up

1. A
2. D
3. D Answers may
1. A 3 4. C Vary
2. D 1 5. D
3. C 5 6. B
4. C 2 7. C
5. B 4 8. A
9. A
10. B

Let’s Do More

Quantitative Research using quasi-experimental

research
The researchers considered probability sampling Answers may
wherein only 5 sources of water are available in the Vary
community
The researcher uses 5 water sources as experimental
samples
The study was conducted at Puerto Princesa City,
Palawan

References
Websites

Harvard Extension School, “Guide to the ALM Capstone Project”, Accessed

February 9, 2021.https://capstone.extension.harvard,edu/conducting-research)

Streefkerk, Raimo.“Qualitative vs Quantitative Research”. Accessed February 11, 2021.

https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/qualitative-quantitative-research/.

12
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