Control System Advancements

Contents

Page
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................... 1
PHILOSOPHY........................................................................................... 1
FUNCTIONALITY...................................................................................... 2
COMPONENT ARCHITECTURE ............................................................. 4
OPERATOR INTERFACE ........................................................................ 5
ONSKID CONTROLS ............................................................................... 7
SAFETY .................................................................................................... 9
MAINTAINABILITY.................................................................................. 10
FUTURE DEVELOPMENT ..................................................................... 11
SUMMARY.............................................................................................. 12
BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................... 12

Caterpillar is a registered trademark of Caterpillar Inc.

Solar, Taurus, Mars, and Turbotronic are trademarks of Solar Turbines Incorporated.
All other trademarks are the intellectual property of their respective companies.
Specifications subject to change without notice. Printed in U.S.A.
© 2003 Solar Turbines Incorporated. All rights reserved.
STOC03(Controls)/1003
 Control System Advancements
B. Armstrong
Manager, Product Strategy

INTRODUCTION · Protection of personnel / equipment

Solar is a world leader in the design and · System integration
manufacture of gas turbines and complete · Clear operator interface
tubomachinery packages where the turbine
drives electric generators, gas compressors, · Maintainability
or pumps. Solar is also a major producer of
controls for these packages, providing tightly Protection of personnel and equipment
integrated systems for both local and remote is critical. Operating at high rates of rotation
control, monitoring, and diagnostics. This and high temperature, gas turbines must
paper discusses the: have fast and precise control for safe opera-
tion. The integrity of the control system de-
· Philosophy behind Solar’s approach pends on high reliability hardware and robust
to the design of control systems and proven software.
· Functionality available in typical The integration of all the key control and
systems monitoring functions into a single system
provides a number of important benefits.
· Architecture that integrates the key There is less overall controls hardware, re-
control and protection components quiring less physical space. There are fewer
· Operator interface interface connections, simplifying installation
and reducing the amount of interface engi-
· Onskid controls neering required. Overall system perform-
· Way safety is incorporated into ance is predictable; the multiple “intelligent”
system design and operation devices that operate together are fully tested
for compatibility.
· Maintainability and upgradability The operator interface provides the
of the systems user with ease of control and clear presenta-
· Direction of future development tion of key operating information. It also col-
lects and stores data to permit reviews of
operational trends and to assist with mainte-
PHILOSOPHY
nance and troubleshooting.
A turbomachinery package consists of a Maintainability is required to allow the
number of systems that must operate to- successful operation of the turbomachinery
gether with great precision. Accurate and over its anticipated life, typically 30 years or
reliable control is critical in coordinating the more. The short term requires the ready
actions of all the parts of the package. Solar availability of spare parts and technical sup-
has developed the architecture for its con- port. The long term requires that the system
trols systems based on a philosophy that is be upgradeable to take advantage of new
built around four main principles: technological developments.

1
 The balance of this paper provides more cycle is started after the turbine has come to
detailed information on how the above four a complete stop.
principles are incorporated into the design of
Solar’s control systems. Driven Gas Compressor Control
A single turbine can drive up to three gas
FUNCTIONALITY
compressors. In addition to monitoring of
At the unit level, the objective is a single in- temperatures and vibration levels, the control
tegrated control system that addresses the system covers four main areas:
entire turbomachinery package and, when
required, any balance of plant equipment · Yard valve sequencing
dedicated to that package; i.e., not common
· Compressor seal system control
to multiple packages. Functionally, unit con-
trols must address the following main areas: · Compressor anti-surge control
· Process control
· Gas turbine
· Driven equipment: gas compressors, Yard valve sequencing includes opera-
pumps, or electric generators tion and status reporting of the suction, load-
· Unit-related balance of plant ing, discharge, vent, and anti-surge valves.
equipment During start-up and shutdown of the pack-
age, they are operated automatically on an
established schedule based on the operating
For multiple units, systems can be pro-
requirements of the application. At steady-
vided for supervisory control and monitoring
state operating conditions, the anti-surge
of the units and of other station equipment.
valve is controlled by the anti-surge control
system.
Turbine Control Compressor seal system control moni-
Turbine control includes preparation for start, tors the integrity of the seal for dry gas seal
starting, loading, steady-state operation, and systems and, when required, controls an ex-
shutdown. Prior to start, the system performs ternal source of seal gas. For wet seal sys-
a number of checks of devices and pres- tems, monitoring and control is provided to
sures. When rotation starts, a purge cycle is maintain separation between the process
completed to remove any accumulated gas. gas and the lube oil system.
Ignition occurs once the engine has reached Anti-surge control protects the com-
the correct speed and temperature. The fuel pressor from damage caused by surge con-
flow is controlled and, when applicable, the ditions that can result from sudden changes
inlet guide vanes and bleed valve. The in operating conditions or an emergency
starter disconnects at a preset speed and the shutdown of the turbine. The control system
engine accelerates to loading speed. Load- contains a model of the compressor per-
ing and steady-state operating requirements formance in the software and continuously
are determined by the driven equipment. compares the actual operating point to the
The turbine may be shutdown either model. This permits the system to anticipate
manually or automatically. The Normal stop a surge event and take preemptive action by
command results in a cooldown stop where opening the anti-surge valve. Depending on
the turbine is unloaded and the gas producer the conditions, the system opens the valve
is run at idle speed to allow the turbine to either completely or partially. The objective is
cool before closing the fuel valve. The Emer- to minimize the amount of gas that is recy-
gency stop command results in the immedi- cled, while protecting the compressor.
ate unloading of the turbine and closure of Process control is used to modulate the
the fuel valve. In both cases, the post-lube speed of the turbine to maintain preset proc-

2
ess variables, such as the pressure and rate monitor or control and monitor these items.
of flow of the process gas. Instrumentation Other equipment that is common to more
continuously monitors these variables and than one turbine unit will require a separate
the control system adjusts the turbine speed master controller. Solar can provide this type
to keep them at the required levels. In some of control system.
cases, if it is necessary to control the proc-
ess below the minimum speed of the com- Station Control
pressor, the additional range can be
achieved by partial recycling of the process When multiple gas turbine packages are op-
gas, either through the anti-surge valve or erating in parallel, it may be necessary to
another process recycle valve. provide supervisory control to manage the
When the process involves more than outputs of the packages and to monitor
one compressor operating in parallel, provi- and/or control other balance of plant equip-
sion must be made for load sharing between ment not tied to one package. Solar provides
the parallel compressors. In simple cases, this type of supervisory control for both gas
this can be handled by Solar’s optional unit- compression and electrical power generation
based load-sharing system. In more complex applications. These custom systems vary in
cases, a separate load-sharing control sys- scope depending on the requirements, but
tem will be required. typically contain the following elements.

Gas Compression Control

Driven Generator Control
For generators, the system monitors tem- · Overall process control and
perature and vibration levels. It also provides load balancing
extensive control and protection functions for · Surge margin optimization
the generator and its output. The key to this
control is the combination generator control · Station recycle valve operation
module (CGCM). This device combines syn-
chronization and protection functions with · Station capacity control
voltage regulation, removing the need for a valve operation
separate voltage regulator. It also adds a Power Management Systems
number of protection functions, such as di-
ode monitoring and excitation limiting, that · Central control of multiple generators
previously required separate components.
· Status display for all breakers
Typical operating modes include auto-
and loads
matic voltage regulation, power factor regula-
tion and reactive power regulation. Synchro- · Preprogrammed load shedding
nization with three-phase sensing is avail- when capacity is lost
able across a single breaker. Synchroniza-
tion with single-phase sensing is available · Starting of additional engines
across two different breakers when there is a when required
requirement to be able to synchronize to
· Starting permissives for large loads
different busses.
· Import and export power control
Unit-Related Balance of Plant Control with utility
The scope of the unit control system can be · Plant synchronization with utility
expanded to include those other pieces of
equipment whose operation is tied to the Balance of Plant
unit. Examples are gas scrubbers, coolers, · Common gas fuel skid
and heat recovery units. Depending on the
application, the unit control system can either · Scrubbers, chillers, etc.

3
COMPONENT ARCHITECTURE · Generator control
The TurbotronicÔ 4 control system is the · Backup shutdown system
result of a major development program by
Solar Turbines. It takes advantage of recent Control Processor
progress in control system components. The
standard architecture has been designed to The ControlLogix processor (Figure 2) pro-
provide exceptional flexibility so that the vides the primary control for the system. This
same basic design is used for both onskid is a compact and powerful device. The soft-
and offskid systems. The only difference is in ware used in the ControlLogix processor is
the physical location of the individual com- RSLogix 5000. The specific project programs
ponents. Figure 1 shows a simplified outline
of the typical system structure. For offskid
controls all the components with the excep-
tion of the onskid TT4000S digital display
panel are mounted offskid in a freestanding
console. For onskid controls, all the items
below the dotted line are mounted on the
package skid. The key components are:

· Control processor
· Unit control network
· Input/output (I/O) modules
· Vibration monitoring system
· Fire and gas monitoring and control Figure 2. ControlLogix Processor

SERIAL LINKS TT4000 TURBINE

TO DCS HMI CONTROL
PANEL

COMBINATION
CONTROLLOGIX
GENERATOR
PROCESSOR
CONTROL
MODULE
CONTROLNET NETWORK

VIBRATION
MONITOR BACKUP FIRE &
TT4000S I/O MODULES SHUT DOWN GAS
SYSTEM MONITOR

CONNECTIONS TO PACKAGE AND FIELD INSTRUMENTATION

Figure 1. Control System Architecture

4
are created in a Windows-based system and Fire and Gas Monitoring and Control
then loaded into the processor. The software
supports ladder and function block pro- For enclosed packages, the system includes
gramming and complies with the IEC 61131- the Det-tronics Eagle Quantum Premier fire
3 standard for control processors. control system. This is a separate self-
contained system that senses the presence
Unit Control Network of fire or combustible gas and, if necessary,
operates the fire suppression system and
The communications backbone of the Tur- sends a shutdown signal to the main Tur-
botronic 4 system is a ControlNet 1.5 net- botronic 4 control. The system is also wired
work. Unlike other networks, this high-speed directly to the backup shutdown system for
(5 Mbps) system is deterministic and repeat- additional protection.
able, meaning that data are transmitted on a
rigid and predictable schedule. This makes it Generator Control
well suited for critical control functions. All
devices on the network are connected by a The key component for generator control is
pair of cables, providing a redundant link. the Allen-Bradley / Basler Electric CGCM.
This powerful device integrates multiple con-
Input/Output (I/O) Modules trol and protection functions into a single
module and connects directly to the unit con-
Inputs and outputs are handled by Flex I/O trol’s ControlNet network.
modules. They provide the interface between
the package and field instrumentation and Backup Shutdown System
the control processor. Different modules per-
form specific types of functions. Key module The basic control system is equipped with an
types include: independent backup system that initiates
emergency shutdown of the turbomachinery
· Discrete input and output modules and controls the post-lube cycle if the pri-
mary processor fails. Critical input signals
· Analog input and output modules monitored independently by the backup sys-
· Temperature modules tem include the backup overspeed monitor,
the manual emergency stop switches, the
· Speed modules processor fail “watchdog,” and the fire sys-
tem. When activated by any of the above
The I/O modules are mounted on 35-mm inputs, the backup system initiates a safe
rails and are grouped based on sections of shutdown of the turbine and driven equip-
the control system. Each group connects to a ment, opening the circuit breaker for genera-
network adapter that ties it to the ControlNet tors or returning the yard valves to their safe
network. positions for compressors. It then sequences
the operation of the backup post-lube oil sys-
Vibration Monitoring System tem.

An integral part of the system is the Bently

Nevada 1701 FieldMonitor. This device OPERATOR INTERFACE
represents the latest technology by providing There are three main elements to the opera-
a system that can operate in a hazardous tor interface. One, two, or all three may be
rated area and still provide the full range of provided, depending on the chosen control
vibration monitoring functions, including di- system configuration:
rect serial connection to supervisory data
analysis systems.

5
 · TT4000 display and monitoring · Current operating data
system
· Alarm and discrete events
· TT4000S onskid display system
· Playback of stored data
· Turbine control panel
· Performance maps

TT4000 Display and Monitoring System Current operating data are displayed
This is the main human machine interface on several screens including an Operation
(HMI) system that provides extensive real- Summary (Figure 3), which provides an
time display of operating information, data overall summary of the key parameters for
storage and playback, and operator control both the driver and driven equipment. More
interface. The system was designed and de- detailed information is provided on the Tem-
veloped by Solar’s engineers specifically for perature Summary and Vibration Summary
the control and monitoring of turbomachinery screens. A Strip Chart screen permits real-
and associated equipment. Based on the time display of up to 10 variables.
Microsoft Windows 2000 operating system, it Alarm and discrete events are dis-
can be provided installed in an industrial per- played on several screens. A First Out alarm
sonal computer (PC) mounted in the front of screen lists alarms in the order they occurred
the console or in a desktop PC. A standard with a time resolution of one control proces-
set of approximately 12 screens covers the sor scan. The Alarm Summary lists all the
basic operation of the package. Additional alarms with a time resolution of the HMI up-
screens are included based on the options date time (typically 1 second). The Event Log
selected for a specific project. The main lists all discrete events, such as operator
functions of the screens are: commands, alarms and shutdown annuncia-

Figure 3. TT4000 Operation Summary Screen

6
tions, also with a time resolution of the HMI
update time. Up to 5000 events can be
stored. All TT4000 screens show the last
four alarms at the top of the screen.
Playback of stored data is usually done
with the Historical Data screen. This is simi-
lar to the Strip Chart screen in that up to 10
variables can be displayed simultaneously.
Data are stored in daily and monthly log files
and include all analog data and the status of
all discrete signals. The most useful data file
for troubleshooting purposes is the Trigger
Log. This file captures data for four minutes Figure 4. Typical TT4000S Screen
before and two minutes after a predefined
“event.” Typically, the event is defined as a
shutdown. Up to 50 of the most recent trigger rectly to the ControlNet network independent
files are stored on disk. of the computerized displays.
Performance maps are available for the
gas turbine and for driven compressors. ONSKID CONTROLS
They provide a reading of the current operat-
ing point of the equipment plotted against As noted above, the Turbotronic 4 system
their theoretical performance maps. This al- was designed to permit placing most of the
lows the user to study how performance has system on the package skid. The same
changed over time. components are used in both the onskid and
the offskid configurations. The ControlNet
TT4000S Onskid Monitoring System network permits distribution of components
so that, in the current typical onskid ar-
This is a scaled-down version of the full rangement, the I/O modules for the driven
TT4000 system. It is installed on a special equipment are mounted in a separate panel
industrial PC designed to be mounted on the from the driver I/O (Figures 5 and 6). Key
package skid and is rated for NEC Class I, advantages of onskid controls include:
Division 2 area use. Due to the environment,
the computer has no moving media, e.g., · Simplified interconnect wiring
disk drives, and all data are stored in flash
· Factory wiring
memory. The computer replaces the tradi-
tional onskid gauge panel and provides ex-
tensive data at the skid. Multiple screens are Simplified Interconnect Wiring
selectable from a Menu screen. Due to the
smaller screen size, the displays are simpli- Traditional offskid control systems, with the
fied as compared to the full TT4000 product I/O modules and control processor mounted
(Figure 4), but a considerable amount of data in a console located in a nonhazardous area,
is available for both the turbine and the such as a control room, require individual
driven equipment. Data storage and play- wiring from every onskid or field device to the
back features are also included, again on a console. For a typical turbomachinery pack-
reduced scale. age, this results in hundreds of wiring con-
nections. Solar’s typical onskid control sys-
tem replaces almost all that wiring with a pair
Turbine Control Panel
of redundant network cables. A few critical
This is a standard set of switches and indi- safety or process signals must still be hard-
cating lights that are mounted on the front of wired, but the total connections are reduced
the offskid console. The panel connects di- from hundreds to typically less than ten.

7
 Control Panel

Control Panel

Figure 5. TaurusÔ 60 Generator Set with Onskid Controls

Control Panels

Control Panels

Figure 6. MarsÒ 100 Compressor Set with Onskid Controls

Factory Wiring nected at the factory for test, then discon-

nected, and then reconnected at site for
By placing the I/O modules and control proc- commissioning. The elimination of several
essor onskid, wiring from the package in- process steps saves time and reduces the
strumentation is completed and tested at the potential for wiring errors and rework.
factory and then shipped intact to the site.
Offskid controls require wiring to be con-

8
SAFETY of its control systems and can provide rele-
vant data to customers to assist in this proc-
Gas turbines involve operation at high rates ess for specific projects.
of rotation and at high temperatures. Driven
gas compressors operate at high pressures
Certification
and driven electric generators operate at
high voltages. In many cases, the equipment Solar’s products are used in more than 90
must operate in areas that carry a hazardous countries around the world. Many countries
rating due to the possible presence of com- or geographic areas require that equipment
bustible gases. All these factors require that be certified to local industry and government
the highest consideration be given to safety codes and standards. Solar has an active
issues and that any control system must in- program to stay abreast of these frequently
clude appropriate safety mechanisms. changing requirements and to ensure that its
equipment meets the applicable codes. It is
Design for Safety common for a code developed by one coun-
try or area to apply to equipment placed in
The design of the Turbotronic 4 system is service in other areas. The more widely used
based on the principle of minimizing the standards include the following:
number of components and, at the same
time, providing multiple cross checks of the North America
status and operation of key safety-related
components. The I/O modules are arranged The National Electrical Code (NEC) is spon-
in different groups, each one forming a node sored by the U.S. National Fire Protection
on the ControlNet network. Fuel valve com- Association (NFPA). It defines hazardous
mands and their accompanying feedback area classifications. Solar provides packages
signals are routed through different nodes to for operation in Class I, Division 1 and Divi-
increase reliability. The backup shutdown sion 2 rated areas.
system is an independent self-contained de- The Canadian Standards Association
vice that monitors the control processor to (CSA) defines hazardous area classifications
ensure it is scanning properly. If failure of the in two ways. One follows the NEC “Division”
control processor is detected, it takes over system. The other is based on the European
control and shuts the package down in an “Zone” system. Solar provides CSA certifica-
orderly fashion. tion when required.
The software design for Turbotronic 4
has a modular structure built around the mul- Europe
tiple functions required of the system. Solar’s
extensive operating experience in a wide va- Europe has a number of different organiza-
riety of applications and environments is re- tions that provide codes, standards and certi-
flected in the algorithms contained in the fication. They include European Commit-
software. A change to this design may only tee for Electrotechnical Standardization
be made after completion of a formal Task (CENELEC), European Committee for Stan-
Risk Assessment process to examine all the dardization (CEN), and International Electro-
possible operational implications of the technical Commission (IEC). CENELEC and
change. IEC are currently working to harmonize re-
quirements for electrical systems to achieve
more globally acceptable standards.
IEC 61508 and IEC 61511
The government of the European Union
In recent years, several users have adopted (EU) has enacted certain “directives” that
the processes defined in the international apply to equipment entering or being put into
specifications IEC 61508 and IEC 61511 to service in Europe. Of these, control systems
assess the safety of an overall installation must comply with the following: Atmospheres
and to establish a Safety Integrity Level Explosive (ATEX); Electromagnetic Com-
(SIL). Solar has conducted extensive reviews patibility (EMC); Machinery Safety; and Low

9
Voltage. Package pressurized equipment tecture design. This required that the system
must comply with the Pressure Equipment be assembled from commercially available
Directive (PED). The requirements of the di- components and be designed so that cus-
rectives are contained in specific European tomers, with suitably qualified personnel,
Norms (EN) standards created by CENELEC could perform routine maintenance tasks un-
and CEN. assisted.
While there is some provision for self cer-
tification, Solar has chosen to work with an Component Suppliers
EU-recognized “notified body” to ensure con-
formance and provide certification where re- The open architecture approach required
quired. Solar to select external suppliers for the
Historically, Solar has provided packages components of the control system. This has
to meet CENELEC Zone 1 and Zone 2 re- allowed Solar to focus on the system design
quirements. However, under ATEX, gas tur- for the application and integration of the sys-
bines are categorized only for operation in tems with the turbomachinery. The design
Zone 2 or unclassified areas. and development of the electronic compo-
nents became the responsibility of the com-
Other Areas ponent suppliers. It remains a requirement of
these external suppliers that they work with
Other countries including Australia and Solar to develop needed new components
China have their own requirements that in- that expand the functionality and reduce the
volve, at least partially, existing European or costs of the overall system. Another continu-
North American standards. ing requirement is that suppliers must pro-
Around the world, certification require- vide long-term support for their products.
ments continue to evolve. Solar is committed Allen-Bradley was chosen as the primary
to understanding and complying as required. component supplier. The selection was
based on several factors. A-B was and is
MAINTAINABILITY internationally recognized for its leadership in
controls, including the introduction of the
The introduction of electronic control sys- programmable logic controller (PLC). A-B
tems in the 1980s had a profound effect on has a proven reputation for supporting its
controls design, greatly expanding the possi- products over extended periods. The com-
bilities for increased functionality and flexibil- pany has also demonstrated its willingness
ity. It also created an issue due to the very to work with Solar to develop new products
rapid pace of development in electronic to meet industry needs identified by Solar.
components as compared to the long life ex- The result of the decision has been a long
pectancy of a typical gas turbine package. and productive relationship that has contin-
The challenge for Solar has been to provide ued after Allen-Bradley’s integration into
control systems that take advantage of ad- Rockwell Automation.
vances in technology, but also are maintain-
able over extended time periods. Component Product Development
Open Architecture The supplier relationships have resulted in a
number of innovative products, which include
In the early days of electronic controls, most fast input/output modules suitable for turbine
systems used proprietary components and speed and temperature control; a line syn-
design structures. This created later service chronization module (LSM), a sub-system of
issues as components became obsolete and, the Allen-Bradley PLC-5 processor, that pro-
in some cases, manufacturers disappeared. vides generator control and monitoring, in-
Based on this experience and on feedback cluding automatic synchronization; and a
from major customers sensitive to the limita- CGCM that combines the function of the
tions of proprietary designs, Solar made a LSM module with Basler Electric’s digital
fundamental decision to adopt an open archi-

10
voltage regulator technology to produce a
powerful and compact control device for
generator set applications.
This technical partnership has also in-
volved the Bently Nevada Corporation.
Working with Allen-Bradley, Bently Nevada
developed the 2201 vibration monitoring sys-
tem as another PLC-5 sub-system that
transmits vibration levels directly to the PLC
for control and monitoring purposes. More
recently, Bently Nevada has introduced the
1701 FieldMonitor, a networkable vibration
monitoring system that operates with the lat-
est Allen-Bradley family of control processor
products.
The Eagle Quantum Premier fire and gas
monitoring system is another example of a
product developed through the close collabo-
ration of Solar with its supplier, in this case,
the Det-tronics Corporation.

Product Support
Having a steady source of components for Figure 7. Controls Retrofit Console
the controls systems has greatly improved
longer-term maintainability. Allen-Bradley
has demonstrated its ability to provide · Onskid controls
spares and replacement parts for older sys-
tems. In addition, many newer versions of · Multiple processors
parts are backwards compatible with earlier · Web-enabled TT4000
versions.

Control System Upgrades Onskid Controls

In many cases, the increased functionality of Currently, onskid controls are available for
the latest control systems makes it worth- NEC Division 2 applications. A version will
while for customers to upgrade or replace soon be introduced for CENELEC / ATEX
earlier systems. Solar has an active controls Zone 2 applications.
retrofit program to assess and recommend
solutions for older equipment. A “pre- Multiple Processors
engineered” version of the Turbotronic 4 sys-
The current Turbotronic 4 system uses a
tem (Figure 7) has been designed specifi-
single control processor for all unit control
cally to retrofit existing packages.
functions. Work is progressing to use multi-
ple processors in a single control system.
FUTURE DEVELOPMENT They may be used either to perform different
Solar continues to develop and expand the tasks and, thus, allow further distribution of
functionality of the Turbotronic 4 system. the control system or to operate in redundant
Current efforts include: mode to provide a higher level of system

11
backup. Solar is working with Allen-Bradley ducer of advanced control systems. These
on the development of a redundant proces- systems are designed specifically to meet
sor system with performance suitable for gas the needs of the industry in terms of per-
turbine control. formance, safety, and maintainability. The
long-term relationships with industry leading
Web-Enabled TT4000 component and sub-system suppliers have
resulted in product innovations that have
A future release of the TT4000 product will benefited the entire industry. Solar’s controls
allow remote access using standard Internet provide excellent performance for new
browser software. This will make it much equipment and for older systems through
easier for customers to monitor their turbo- upgrades and retrofits. Solar is committed to
machinery packages from remote locations continued development in controls to take
using standard software. The TT4000 in- advantage of advances in technology in or-
stalled with the package will have an IP ad- der to provide its customers with superior
dress. With this address information and the value and operating flexibility.
necessary passwords, users will be able to
use Microsoft Internet Explorer to view the
same screens that are viewable locally at the BIBLIOGRAPHY
equipment site.
Solar Turbines Incorporated, 2003, “Gas
SUMMARY Compression Control Systems,” SPGCCS.
By virtue of its large volume production of Solar Turbines Incorporated, 2003, “Tur-
turbomachinery, Solar is also a large pro- botronic 4 Control System,” SPTT-O&G.

12
Solar Turbines Incorporated
P.O. Box 85376
San Diego, CA 92186-5376