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    CD Notes

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    This document discusses communicable diseases and infection. It defines key terms like agent, host, and environment. It explains the difference between contagious and infectious diseases and describes the stages of the infectious process and means of transmission. It also covers prevention of communicable diseases through health education, environmental sanitation, and protection methods. Control methods include notification, epidemiological investigation, isolation, quarantine, and disinfection. The schedule and guidelines for vaccination through the Expanded Program on Immunization are also outlined.

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    CD Notes

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    471 views7 pages
    This document discusses communicable diseases and infection. It defines key terms like agent, host, and environment. It explains the difference between contagious and infectious diseases and describes the stages of the infectious process and means of transmission. It also covers prevention of communicable diseases through health education, environmental sanitation, and protection methods. Control methods include notification, epidemiological investigation, isolation, quarantine, and disinfection. The schedule and guidelines for vaccination through the Expanded Program on Immunization are also outlined.

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    This document discusses communicable diseases and infection. It defines key terms like agent, host, and environment. It explains the difference between contagious and infectious diseases and describes the stages of the infectious process and means of transmission. It also covers prevention of communicable diseases through health education, environmental sanitation, and protection methods. Control methods include notification, epidemiological investigation, isolation, quarantine, and disinfection. The schedule and guidelines for vaccination through the Expanded Program on Immunization are also outlined.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    471 views7 pages

    CD Notes

    Uploaded by

    stuffednurse
    This document discusses communicable diseases and infection. It defines key terms like agent, host, and environment. It explains the difference between contagious and infectious diseases and describes the stages of the infectious process and means of transmission. It also covers prevention of communicable diseases through health education, environmental sanitation, and protection methods. Control methods include notification, epidemiological investigation, isolation, quarantine, and disinfection. The schedule and guidelines for vaccination through the Expanded Program on Immunization are also outlined.

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    of 7

    COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

    Infectious Agent or its toxic products - AGENT


    Directly or Indirectly - MODE OF TRANSMISSION
    Person, Animal or Intermediate Vector – HOST
    Environment - ENVIRONMENT

    ECOLOGIC TRIAD OF DISEASE

    Agent – element, substance, animate or inanimate that may serve as stimulus to


    initiate a disease process
    Host – organism that provides nourishment for another organism
    Environment – physical (climate), biological (plants & animals)

    CONTAGIOUS VS. INFECTIOUS

    Contagious
    Diseases that are easily spread directly transmitted from person to person (direct
    contact) through an intermediary host

    Infectious
    Diseases that caused by a pathogen not transmitted by ordinary contact but require a
    direct inoculation through a break in the skin or mucous membrane.

    NOTE: ALL CONTAGIOUS DISEASE ARE INFECTIOUS BUT INFECTIOUS DISEASE IS NOT
    ALWAYS CONTAGIOUS

    What is Infection?
    INFECTION - "the state or condition in which the body or part of the body is invaded by
    a pathogenic agent ( bacteria, virus, parasites etc.) which under favorable conditions
    multiplies and produces effects which are injurious…"

    Infectious Agent
    A. RESIDENT ORGANISMS
    deeply seated in the epidermis, not easily removed by simple handwashing,
    Ex: Staphylococci

    B. TRANSIENT ORGANISM
    represent recent contamination,
    survive for a limited period of time, acquired during contact with the infected
    colonized patient or environment,
    easily removed by good handwashing
    Ex: ( Klebsiella & Pseudomonas)

    Infectious Agent
    Bacteria – heama organism, systemic
    Virus – nuero organism, systemic
    Fungi – skin organism, local
    Protozoa – GI organism, local
    Infectious Agent
    FACTORS THAT AFFECTS THE AGENT TO DEVELOP A DISEASE
    Pathogenicity – ability to cause a disease
    Infective dose – no of organism to initiate infection
    Virulence – ability to enter or move through tissues
    Specificity – ability of the organism to develop antigens

    STAGES OF INFECTIOUS PROCESS

    Means of Transmission

    1. CONTACT - most common means of transmitting microorganisms from one person


    to another.
    A. Direct Contact (person to person)
    occurs when one person touches another
    best vehicle is the Hands especially those of the Health Care workers

    Indirect Contact (inanimate object)


    - occurs when a person touches an inanimate object contaminated by an infected
    patient

    2. AIRBORNE
    - droplet, dust, organisms in env.

    3. VECTOR - insects or animals

    4. VEHICLE
    - food (salmonella), water (shigellosis), blood (Hepa B), medication
    ( contaminated infusion)

    PREVENTION OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

    Prevention is worth a pound than cure

    PREVENTION OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

    Health Education – primary role of the nurse


    Specific Protection- handwashing, use of protective devices
    Environmental Sanitation – clean and conducive for health

    Definition of Prevention
    “Actions aimed at eradicating, eliminating, or minimizing the impact of disease and
    disability. The concept of prevention is best defined in the context of levels,
    traditionally called primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention”

    A Dictionary of Epidemiology, Fourth Edition


    by John M. Last
    Prevention of Needlestick Injuries
    Dispose Used Needles in Puncture Proof Needle Containers
    Don’t Recap Needles (Unless using the One-handed Technique)
    Use Gloves When Handling Needles (Won’t Prevent Injuries but May Lessen Chance of
    Transmitting Diseases)

    CONTROL OF C0MMUNICABLE DIESEASE

    1. Notification
    2. Epidemiological Investigation
    3. Case finding; early dx and prompt treatment
    4. Isolation and Quarantine
    5. Disinfection; disinfestation
    6. Medical Asepsis
    a. Handwashing
    b. Concurrent disinfection
    c. Personal protective equipments (PPEs)
    d. Barrier Cards/Placarding

    Objectives of CCD

    Restoration of health, reduce deaths and disability


    Interpretation of control measures to IFC for practice to prevent spread of CD.
    Promotion of health and prevention of spread of CD

    Diseases that require weekly monitoring:


    1. Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) polio
    2. Measles
    3. Severe acute diarrhea (SAD)
    4. Neonatal tetanus
    5. AIDS

    Diseases that require reporting w/in 24 hrs


    1. Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) polio
    2. Measles

    Diseases targeted for eradication


    1. Acute flaccid paralysis polio
    2. Neonatal tetanus
    3. Measles
    4. Rabies
    Epidemiology

    Study of the occurrence and distribution of diseases in the population

    Patterns of occurrence of disease –frequency of disease occurrence

    Sporadic
    On and off occurrence of the disease
    Most of the time it is not found in the community
    One or two cases that occur are not related

    Endemic
    Persistently present in the community all year round
    Ex: malaria in Palawan

    Epidemic
    An unexpected increase in the number of cases of disease

    Pandemic
    Epidemic of a worldwide proportions

    Time Related Patterns of Occurrence

    cyclical variation
    a periodic increase in the number of cases of a disease
    a seasonal disease, an increase is expected or there is usual increase- dengue fever
    during rainy seasons are increased but it is not considered an epidemic because it is
    expected to rise at this particular time
    hot spot-a rising increase that may lead to an epidemic

    Short time fluctuation


    A change in the frequency of occurrence of a disease over a short period of time
    Maybe (+) or (-)

    Secular variation
    A change in the frequency of occurrence of a diseae taking place over a long period of
    time
    Ex: a.) the change in the pattern of occurrence of polio after being eradicated in
    2000, then sudden repport of cases in 2001 due to mutant restraints.
    b.) small pox virus-eradicated in 1979 (last case reported) and no another
    incidence as of today

    Types of Epidemiology

    Descriptive Epidemiology - concerned with disease frequency & distribution


    Analytic Epidemiology
    Is a study of the factors affecting occurrence and distribution of the disease.
    Ex. Epidemiologic investigation
    Therapeutic/Clinical
    Study of the efficacy of a treatment of a particular disease
    Ex. Clinical trial of a newly proposed therapeutic regimen
    Evaluation Epidemiology
    Study of the over-all effectiveness of a total/ comprehensive public health program.
    Ex. Evaluation of the under five clinic

    Note: We make use of the epidemiology in CHN in order to come up a community


    diagnosis and also to determine the effectiveness of a particular treatment
    Types of Epidemiologic Data
    Demographic data
    Demography is the study of population groups
    Ex. Population size and distribution
    Vital Statistics
    Environmental data
    Health services data
    Ex. Ratio between nurse and the population being served
    Ex. Degree of utilization of health facility/ service
    Epidemiologic Investigation

    1st step- Statement of the problem


    2nd step- Appraisal of facts – describing the epidemic in terms of time, place, person.
    3rd step- formulation of hypothesis
    4th step-Testing the hypothesis
    5th step- Conclusion and recommendation

    TERMS

    Disinfection – pathogens but not spores are destroyed

    Disinfectant – substance use on inanimate objects

    Concurrent disinfection – ongoing practices in the care of the patient to limit or


    control the spread of microorganisms.

    Terminal disinfection – practices to remove pathogens from the patient’s environment


    after his illness is no longer communicable

    FACTORS AFFECTING ISOLATION

    Mode of Transmission
    Source
    Status of the client’s defense mechanism
    Ability of client
    to implement precautions
    ISOLATION
    EPI

    Launched by DOH in cooperation with WHO and UNICEF last July 1976
    Objective – reduce morbidity and mortality among infants and children caused by the
    six childhood immunizable diseases
    PD No. 996 (Sept. 16, 1076) – “ Providing for compulsary basic immunization for infants
    and children below 8 y/o
    PP No. 6 (April 3, 1996) – “ Implementing a United Nations goal on Universal Child
    Immunization by 1990”
    RA 7846 (Dec. 30, 1994) – immunization hepa B
    PD No. 4 (July 29, 1998) – “Declaring the period of September 16 to October 14, 1998
    as Ligtas Tigdas Month and launching the Phil Measles Elimination Campaign”

    Legislation, Laws affecting EPI

    Proclamation No. 46 – “polio eradication project”


    Proclamation No. 1064 – AFP surveillance
    Proclamation No. 1066 – National Neonatal Tetanus Elimination Campaign

    EPI
    BCG - TB
    DPT – Diptheria, Pertussis, Tetanu
    OPV - Poliomyletis
    Hepatitis B
    Measles
    Immunization
    Contraindications
    -conditions that require hospitalization
    For DPT 2 and 3 – history of seizures/ convulsions within 3 days after the first
    immunization with DPT
    Nursing responsibility: ask how the child reacts to the first dose
    For infant BCG – clinical AIDS
    The following conditions are NOT contraindications:
    Fever up to 38.5 ºC
    Simple or mild acute respiratory infection
    Simple diarrhea without dehydration
    Malnutrition (it is indication for immunization)

    Schedule of immunization
    Infant BCG
    0 to 11 months or 0 to 1 year
    at birth
    0.05 ml (dose) – ID, right arm
    School entrance BCG
    When the child enters Grade 1 with or without scar on the right arm then still go on
    with the vaccination except if he is repeating Grade 1
    Schedule of immunization
    DPT
    3 doses, 4 weeks or 1 month interval
    Target age: 1 ½ to 11 months but child is eligible up to 6 years
    If 7 years old and above DT only not P
    0.5 ml, IM, vastus lateralis

    Schedule of immunization
    OPV
    3 doses, 4 weeks/1 month
    Target population: same as above, eligibility until Grade 6
    2-3 drops, oral route
    *Feb 8-March 8: Oplan Polio Revival Drive
    No side effect, but advise the mother to avoid feeding the child for 30 minutes after
    the vaccine, if vomits within the 30 minute period, repeat the vaccination

    Schedule of immunization
    Hepa B
    3 doses, 4 weeks
    Can be given at birth
    Target age 1 ½ to 11 months
    0.5 ml, IM, vastus lateralis
    Patient may experience local tenderness
    Schedule of immunization
    Measles
    9 to 11 months
    Most babies have protection because of maternal antibodies thus this vaccine is given
    at 9 months because the time where the maternal antibodies wear off, other virus if it
    still active it will kill the vaccine
    0.5 ml, subcutaneous, any arm
    Measles
    Fever and measles rash lasting for 1 to 3 days within 2 weeks after immunization
    (modified measles)

    Immunization
    Fully Immunized Child
    when he received all the antigens that should be given in the first year of life (1 dose
    BCG, MV; 3 doses DPT, OPV, HB)
    Completely Immunized Child
    All vaccines given but went beyond 0ne year of age

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