Week 7 Sampling PDF

Chapter 6
Sampling
SEUNG-YOUN KIM
Introduction
 Stress during mid-term among college students
 Which students should I survey? How?
 Sample : the participant in a study
 Sampling : the process whereby a researcher

chooses sample.
Sampling
 Population
refers to the aggregation of entire elements
from which a sample is drawn.
e.g., college students, older adults, Latino populations
A Sample is a subset of a population consisting of
elements or cases selected from the larger population.
Sample is a small quantity of something that accurately
reflects the larger entity.
Steps of Sampling
1. Identify the population of interest
2. Specify a sampling frame
A sampling frame is a list of all possible elements or cases from which a
sample is actually selected.
e.g., a list of households, a list of college students,
a list of address
3. Specify a sampling method
4. Determine the sample size
5. Implement the plan
The importance of good sampling
 If sample isn’t chosen carefully and systematically, it might not

represent the population. If it doesn’t represent the
population the study can’t be generalized.
 Population : 50% male, 50% female

Sample : 70% male, 30% female
Biased Sampling
 Samples that are systematically different from the
population.
 The sample is not representative of the population as a

whole
 Due to errors in sampling

e.g., Convenience sample, Voluntary response sample
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=sample+bias
Types of Sampling
 Probability Sampling
: Every element or unit in the population has an equal and known
chance (greater than zero) of being selected, and this probability
can be accurately determined by a researcher.
: It helps to reduce the possibility of bias.
 Non-probability Sampling
: A sampling technique in which the elements in the population are
not given equal chances of being selected; some may have no chance,
while others may have a full.
: No randomness
Types of Probability Sampling
1. Simple Random Sampling

2. Systematic Random Sampling
3. Stratified Random Sampling
4. Multistage probability sampling
Probability Sampling:
 In a simple random sample

of a given size n, everyone
in the sampling frame has
an equal probability of
being selected.
 The simplest of all probability sampling techniques
 Select elements randomly until a simple random sample of

size n is obtained.
 It can be carried out with the aid of a computer.
 Class Activity
2. Systematic Random Sampling
 When the population is fairly
large, simple random sampling
procedure can be quite tedious
and time-consuming.
 Samples are selected at specific

, predetermined intervals (kth)
 Class Activity
3. Stratified Random Sampling
 When the study population is
not homogeneous.
 Dividing the population into

distinct independent strata
( the groups of similar people)
 Within each stratum we take

random simple random
sampling
Conditions for Stratified Sampling
 A stratified sampling approach is most effective when the

following conditions are met:
1. Variability within a stratum is minimized.

2. Variability among strata (subgroups) is maximized.
Types of Stratified Random Sampling
Proportionate stratified sampling: Disproportionate stratified sampling:
 A technique in which the sample  A method in which the

size of a stratum is precisely sample size of a stratum is
proportional to the population not proportional to the
size of that stratum. population size of that
stratum, disregarding the
original population
subgroup ratio.
Probability Sampling: Cluster Sampling
 A sampling in which the

population is divided into
already groupings (clusters).
 The most common used in

the clustering population are
the geographical area,
buildings, school etc.
Multistage probability sampling (Cluster Sampling)
 Steps
1. The first stage involves selecting clusters (large groups) using a simple random
sampling or a systematic random sampling strategy.
2. The second stage, a sample of primary units is randomly selected from each
cluster.
3. In following stages, in each of those selected clusters, additional samples of units
are selected, and so on.
 The most common variables used in the clustering population

are the geographical area, buildings, school etc.
Difference Between Stratified and
Cluster Sampling  Stratified Sampling
: Stratified sampling is one, in which
the population is divided into
homogeneous segments, and then
the sample is randomly taken from
the segments.
 Cluster Sampling
: Cluster sampling refers to a
sampling method wherein the
members of the population are
selected at random, from naturally
occurring groups called 'cluster'.
Random sampling
Systematic random
sampling
Probability
sampling
Stratified random
Sampling sampling
Non-probability
sampling Multistage(Cluster)
sampling
Quizzes
 Which of the following is not an example of probability

sampling?
1) Cluster sampling
2) Simple random sampling
3) Stratified sampling
4) Convenience sampling
A: 4
Quizzes
 A manager associated each employee's name with a
number on one ball in a container, then drew balls
without looking to select a sample of 555 employees.
(simple random sampling)
 A student council surveys 100 students by taking

random samples of 25 freshmen, 25 sophomores, 25
juniors, and 25 seniors.
(stratified random sampling)
Quizzes
 Forest rangers at a national park want to take a sample of trees to
estimate what proportion of trees in the park are infected with a
certain disease. The population of trees in question is divided by a
creek. East of the creek, most of the trees are oak. West of the
creek, most trees are cedar, which are more likely to be infected.
The rangers are considering taking random sample using each side
of the creek as strata. They'll sample trees from each side
proportionately based on the total number of trees on each side.
(stratified random sampling)
 The police set up checkpoints at randomly selected road locations,

then inspected every driver at those locations.
(cluster sampling)
 Define the population of your study
 Do you think you are able to collect the sample

with probability sampling methods?
Non-probability Sampling
 A sampling technique in which the elements in the

population are not given equal chances of being selected;
some may have no chance, while others may have a full.
 Types of Non-probability Sampling:

1. Convenience sampling
2. Quota sampling
3. Purposive sampling
4. Snowball sampling
Non-probability Sampling:
1. Convenience Sampling
 Known as accidental or availability sampling.
1. Convenience Sampling
 It relies on selecting the most available subjects to

constitute the sample.
 It is generally used in exploratory research.
 It cannot make generalizations about the total
population from this sample because it would not
represent the population of interest.
 This type of sampling is most useful for pilot testing.
2. Purposive Sampling
 A researcher selects a sample based on his or her knowledge of a
population and the purpose of the study.
e.g., Expert sampling, Extreme case sampling
2. Purposive Sampling
 Called judgment sampling because researchers choose only those
who he feels are a right fit.
 When it is difficult and time-consuming to find appropriate research
participants in a given location.
 When it is better to collect data from members in the population
who fit a specific purpose of the study.
 This method is an extension of convenience sampling.
3. Quota Sampling
 As in stratified sampling, it
first divides the population
into several subgroups
(strata) and identifies their
proportions as they are
represented in the
population.
3. Quota Sampling
1. Generally regarded as the
non-probability counterpart of
stratified sampling.
2. Then, unlike stratified sampling,

convenience or judgment
nonrandom sampling is used in
quota sampling to select the
required number of subjects
from each stratum.
4. Snowball Sampling
 It relies on referrals from initial subjects to generate
additional subjects.
4. Snowball Sampling
 A special type of non-probability sampling methods used when
the desired sample characteristic is rarely visible (i.e., bisexual
individuals, children diagnosed with AIDS, transgender among
Vietnamese families, etc.).
 Meeting a homeless person, interview that person and then

asking him/her to introduce you to other homeless people you
might interview
 Usually the sample size is small.

When to use non-probability sampling
 This sampling technique is widely used when researchers

aim at conducting qualitative research, pilot studies or
exploratory research.
 Non-probability sampling is used when researchers have

limited time to conduct researcher or have budget
constraints.
 Non-probability sampling is conducted to observe if a

particular issue needs in-depth analysis.
Advantage of non-probability
sampling
 1. Non-probability sampling is a more conducive and
practical method for researchers deploying survey in the
real world.
 2. Getting responses using non-probability sampling is faster

and more cost-effective as compared to probability
sampling because sample is known to researcher, they are
motivated to respond quickly as compared to people who
are randomly selected.
Quizzes
 A politician asks his neighbors their opinions about a controversial issue.
(convenience sampling)
 A TV show host asks his viewers to visit his website and respond to an online
poll.
 A professor asks the first 555 students who arrive to class to participate in a
research study about young adult sleep patterns.
Quizzes
 A researcher is studying environmental engineers but can only find five.
She asks these engineers if they know any more. They give her several
further referrals, who in turn provide additional contacts. In this way, she
manages to contact sufficient engineers.
(Snowball)
 A researcher wants to get opinions from non-working mothers. They go

around an area knocking on doors during the day when children are
likely to be at school. They ask to speak to the 'woman of the house. Their
first questions are then about whether there are children and whether the
woman has a day job.
(purposive)
 Define the population of your study
 Do you think you are able to collect the sample

with non-probability sampling methods?
Random
sampling
Systematic random
sampling
Probability
Sampling Stratified random
sampling
Multistage(Cluster)
sampling
Sampling
Convenience
sampling
Quota
Non- sampling
probability
sampling Purposive
sampling
Snowball
sampling

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Chapter 6

 Stress during mid-term among college students

 Which students should I survey? How?

 Sample : the participant in a study

 Sampling : the process whereby a researcher

 If sample isn’t chosen carefully and systematically, it might not

 Population : 50% male, 50% female

 The sample is not representative of the population as a

 Due to errors in sampling

1. Simple Random Sampling

 In a simple random sample

 Select elements randomly until a simple random sample of

 It can be carried out with the aid of a computer.

 Samples are selected at specific

 Dividing the population into

 Within each stratum we take

 A stratified sampling approach is most effective when the

1. Variability within a stratum is minimized.

Proportionate stratified sampling: Disproportionate stratified sampling:

 A technique in which the sample  A method in which the

 A sampling in which the

 The most common used in

 The most common variables used in the clustering population

 Which of the following is not an example of probability

 A student council surveys 100 students by taking

 The police set up checkpoints at randomly selected road locations,

 Do you think you are able to collect the sample

 A sampling technique in which the elements in the

 Types of Non-probability Sampling:

 It relies on selecting the most available subjects to

2. Then, unlike stratified sampling,

 Meeting a homeless person, interview that person and then

 Usually the sample size is small.

 This sampling technique is widely used when researchers

 Non-probability sampling is used when researchers have

 Non-probability sampling is conducted to observe if a

 2. Getting responses using non-probability sampling is faster

 A researcher wants to get opinions from non-working mothers. They go

 Do you think you are able to collect the sample

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