K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum

Technical-Vocational Education

Learning Module

E X P LO RATO RY

Grade 7
 MODULE 2

USE OF BASIC TOOLS

OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
O1. identify the basic machine tools in a shop
O2. distinguish the structure and purpose of each tool
O3. familiarize how to use the tools safely

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 MACHINING

• A material removal process in which a sharp cutting tool is used to

mechanically cut away material so that the desired part geometry remains
- Most common application: to shape metal parts
- Machining is the most versatile and accurate of all manufacturing
processes in its capability to produce a diversity of part geometries and
geometric features
• Casting can also produce a variety of shapes, but it lacks the precision and
accuracy of machining

INTRODUCTION TO MACHINE TOOLS

Machine tools are machining equipment that cuts, shears, punches, presses,
drills, grinds. They are generally the power-driven metal cutting or metal farming
machines used to alter/change the workpiece to the required shape and size by:
1. Cutting away the unwanted sections
2. Pressing, drawing, punching, or shearing
3. Controlled electrical machinery process

To achieve the finished product, various operations such as turning, drilling,

milling, threading, reaming, grinding, etc., have to be performed. Any machine tool
chosen will have the capability to:
1. Hold and support the workpiece and cutting tool
2. Impart suitable reciprocating or rotary movement to the cutting tool or
workpiece
3. Regulate the cutting speed and feeding movement between the tool and
workpiece so that the desired cutting actions, accuracy, and repeatability can
be achieved.

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 Basic machine tools are the machines that are used for general purpose metal
cutting operations within their range and these include engine lathe machine,
drilling lathe machine, shapers lathe machine, milling machines, grinder lathe
machine, power hacksaws lathe machine, planer lathe machine, Sloter lathe
machine, etc.

Lathe Machine

“The engine lathe, as the horizontal

metal-turning machine is commonly
called, is the most important of all the
machine tools. It is usually considered
the father of all other machine tools
because many of its fundamental
mechanical elements are incorporated
into the design of other machine tools.”

A lathe is a machine tool that holds the workpiece between two rigid and strong
supports called centers or in a chuck or faceplate which revolves. The engine lathe is
a basic machine tool that can be used for a variety of turning, facing, and drilling
operations. Turning operations involve cutting excess metal, in the form of chips,
from the external diameter of a workpiece and include turning straight or tapered
cylindrical shapes, grooves, shoulders, and screw threads and facing flat surfaces on
the ends of cylindrical parts.

Shaper Machine

A shaper is a machine tool used primarily for:

1. Producing a flat or plane surface which may be in a
horizontal, a vertical, or an angular plane.
2. Making slots, grooves, and keyways
3. Producing contour of concave/convex or both

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Planer Machine

A planer is a machine tool designed to produce a plane

and a flat surface on a workpiece that is too large or too
heavy. The workpiece is securely fixed on a table called
platen, and it reciprocates horizontally against a single-
edged cutting tool. The surface machined may be
horizontal, vertical, or at an angle.

Milling Machine

Milling is the cutting operation that removes metal by feeding

the work against a rotating, cutter having single or multiple
cutting edges. Flat or curved surfaces of many shapes can be
machined by milling with good finish and accuracy. A milling
machine may also be used for drilling, slotting, making a
circular profile, and gear cutting by having suitable
attachments.

Drilling Machine

The drilling machine or drill press is one of the most common and useful machines
employed in the industry for producing,
forming, and finishing holes in a workpiece.
The unit essentially consists of:
1. A spindle that turns the tool (called drill)
which can be advanced in the workpiece either
automatically or by hand.
2. A work table that holds the workpiece rigidly
in position.

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Slotting Machine

The slotting machine is a reciprocating machine tool

in which, the ram holding the tool reciprocates in a
vertical axis and the cutting action of the tool is only
during the downward stroke.

Presses

This large class of machines includes equipment used for forming

metal parts by applying the following processes: shearing,
blanking, forming, drawing, bending, forging, coining, upsetting,
flanging, squeezing, and hammering. All of these processes require
presses with a movable ram that can be pressed against an anvil or
base. The movable ram may be powered by gravity, mechanical
linkages, or hydraulic or pneumatic systems.

Grinding Machine

Grinding machines remove small chips from metal parts that

are brought into contact with a rotating abrasive wheel called
a grinding wheel or an abrasive belt. Grinding is the most
accurate of all of the basic machining processes.

Power Saws

Metal-cutting power saws are of three basic types: (1) power

hacksaws, (2) band saws, and (3) circular disk saws. Vertical
band saws are used for cutting shapes in metal plate, for
internal and external contours, and angular cuts.

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Together with these common power tools, hand tools are also utilized in machining
to create a craft. These include the usual hand tools we may have already seen at
home or somewhere. Hand tools for machining include:

• Vises – used to hold work for filing, hacksawing, chiseling, and bending
light metal. They are also used for holding work when assembling and
disassembling parts.
• Clamps – used to hold workpieces on machines such as drill presses, as well
as to clamp parts together. The size of the clamp is determined by the
largest opening of its jaws.
• Pliers – come in several shapes and with several types of jaw-action like to
grasp a larger size workpiece, to tighten nuts, to make loops in wire and to
shape light metal, for holding small delicate workpieces in tight spots,
cutting, bending, etc.
• Hammers – like the ball peen hammer, is the one most frequently used by
machinists. It has a rounded surface on one end of the head, which is used
for upsetting or riveting metal, and a hardened striking surface on the
other.
• Wrenches – have a large variety that is made for different uses such as
turning capscrews, bolts, and nuts.
• Screwdrivers – has two commonly used types: standard and Phillips. It is
important to use the right width blade when installing or removing screws.
• Chisels and punches – are useful tools for machinists that are in different
sizes and shapes. It can be used to drive out pins, a starting punch to drive
out pins, a starting point for drilling, and for cutting off rivet heads and
welds.

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H OW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

ACTIVITY 1

Let us look through the tools and machines once again. Have you seen one
already in real life?

Directions: Color one of the most known machine for the machinists. Try
figuring out how would a simple engine lathe look like in real life or if you
have already seen it, present it through the drawing. Use any coloring or art
materials you have at home to copy and color the drawing below in a separate
sheet. After, answer the questions that follow.

1. Do you have any of the tools mentioned in the lesson at home? What tools
have you already seen in real life?
2. Why do you think some tools can be found in other places (like at home)
aside from the machine shop?

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Here’s another activity to help you master your understanding for this module. After
this, assess how much you have learned by answering the assessment section.

ACTIVITY 2

There are several common tools mentioned below from the lesson you have
just read. As you have learned, they may be used for machining, but they can
actually be used for other purposes and areas too aside from this. Write down
how the tools mentioned below are used in your home or by the people you
know like family, relatives, neighbors, etc.

1. Screwdriver

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

2. Hammer

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

3. Pliers

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

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ASSESSMENT

Directions: Read the questions carefully and choose the best answer for each.

1. Why are machines included in the basic tools for machining?

a. They are only what we see in a machine shop.
b. They are the most expensive things present in a machine shop
c. They are always needed even in other job or field of work
d. They are used for most of the general operations in machining
2. It is considered to be the father of all other machine tools for its many fundamental
mechanical elements that are incorporated to other machine tools.
a. Shaper machine b. Lathe machine c. Hammer d. Chisel
3. It has a rounded surface on one end of the head, which is used for upsetting or
riveting metal, and a hardened striking surface on the other.
a. Ball peen hammer b. Wrenches c. Sledge hammer d. Pliers
4. What are the two commonly used types of screwdrivers?
a. Styled and Phillipians b. Standard and Philippines
c. Standard and Phillips d. Styled and Phillips
5. It is the tool used to hold workpieces and to clamp parts together.
a. Vises b. Clamps c. Hammers d. Lathe machine
6. The following are the basic tools for machining except
a. Punches b. Chisels c. Power saws d. Scissors
7. A machine tool designed to produce plane and flat surface on a workpiece
a. Lathe machine b. Milling machine c. Planer machine d. Hammer
8. The process of removing a material through a sharp cutting tool to cut material and
form the desired geometry precisely and accurately
a. Casting b. Machining c. Cutting d. Machine
9. The tool used for holding work when assembling and disassembling parts
a. Vises b. Clamps c. Wrenches d. Punches
10. It is used for the most accurate basic machining process and removes small chips
from metal parts
a. Power saw b. Hammer c. Grinding machine d. Cutter

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 10
ASSESSMENT
1. D
2. B
3. A
4. C
5. B
6. D
7. C
8. B
9. A
10. C
ANSWER KEY
REFERENCES

MELCS

Chaturvedi, S. (2015, April 23). Introduction to Machine & Machines Tools. Retrieved
September 11, 2020

Hand Tools. (n.d.). Retrieved September 12, 2020, from

http://docshare02.docshare.tips/files/8021/80212634.pdf

John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (2002). “Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 2/e”. Retrieved
September 2020, from
http://www.me.nchu.edu.tw/lab/CIM/www/courses/Manufacturing%20Processes/Ch22-
MachiningOps-Wiley.pdf

McGeough, J. A., & McCarthy, W. J. (2020, January 10). Basic Machine Tools. Retrieved
September 11, 2020, from Encyclopædia Britannica:
https://www.britannica.com/technology/machine-tool/Boring-machines

https://www.google.com/search?q=BLACK+%26+WHITE+LATHE+MACHINE&tbm=isch&ved=
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cCegQIABAA&oq=BLACK+%26+WHITE+LATHE+MACHINE&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQA1D7B1jLJGCJJ
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https://www.google.com/search?q=BLACK+%26+WHITE+SHAPER+MACHINE&tbm=isch&ve
d=2ahUKEwjGgfDNk-HrAhXM_WEKHcrHB50Q2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=BLACK+%26+WHITE+SHAPER+MACHINE&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQA1DD4gVYyu
0FYPXuBWgAcAB4AIAB0QGIAYwIkgEFMC42LjGYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ8ABAQ&scli
ent=img&ei=MXRbX4alLcz7hwPKj5_oCQ#imgrc=5yx9FEcVsUptZM

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NG&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiU57qjlOHrAhVbEIgKHVr_A4AQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=BLACK+%26+WHITE+PLANER+MACHINE+FOR+MACHINING&gs_lcp=CgNp
bWcQA1D7XViSdWDudmgBcAB4AIABsAOIAZUYkgEJMC45LjMuMS4ymAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLX
dpei1pbWfAAQE&sclient=img&ei=5XRbX9TgDdugoATa_o-ACA#imgrc=ZgW7KtvQfr95QM

https://www.google.com/search?q=BLACK+%26+WHITE+MILLING+MACHINE+FOR+MACHIN
ING&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwig1ZLclOHrAhVEUJQKHd5YDxcQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=BLACK+%26+WHITE+MILLING+MACHINE+FOR+MACHINING&gs_lcp=CgNp
bWcQA1DySljqVGCrVmgAcAB4AIABoAKIAZcLkgEFMC41LjOYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ
8ABAQ&sclient=img&ei=XHVbX6C3BsSg0QTesb24AQ#imgrc=YdL3BDHCeNTewM

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https://www.google.com/search?q=BLACK+%26+WHITE+DRILLING+MACHINE+FOR+MACHI
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cCegQIABAA&oq=BLACK+%26+WHITE+DRILLING+MACHINE+FOR+MACHINING&gs_lcp=CgN
pbWcQA1D06QFY1fkBYM76AWgAcAB4AIABnAOIAaQQkgEJMC4xLjUuMS4xmAEAoAEBqgELZ
3dzLXdpei1pbWfAAQE&sclient=img&ei=bHVbX7LdJ5OT-
AbA4ZyQDw#imgrc=XXJNAXjwCmBj4M

https://www.google.com/search?q=BLACK+%26+WHITE+SLOTTING+MACHINE+FOR+MACHI
NING&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwifo4jAleHrAhVCDd4KHU71AB4Q2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=BLACK+%26+WHITE+SLOTTING+MACHINE+FOR+MACHINING&gs_lcp=CgN
pbWcQA1CznwNYl6gDYNGpA2gAcAB4AIABzAGIAfEJkgEFMC44LjGYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l
6LWltZ8ABAQ&sclient=img&ei=LXZbX9_YJ8Ka-AbO6oPwAQ#imgrc=hINjsF2XYy_YiM

https://www.google.com/search?q=PRESSES+FOR+MACHINING&tbm=isch&chips=q:presses
+for+machining,online_chips:metal&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7wOKnluHrAhVI62EKHSwy
AQ0Q4lYoAXoECAEQFg&biw=1349&bih=625#imgrc=xQzK-rf1zZd0lM

https://www.google.com/search?q=GRINDING+MACHINE+FOR+METAL&tbm=isch&ved=2ah
UKEwjs-czvluHrAhVHCt4KHRHIB3YQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=GRINDING+MACHINE+FOR+METAL&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzICCAA6BAgAEE
M6BAgAEBhQ5f0BWLiWAmDwlwJoAnAAeACAAYACiAGSEZIBBTAuOS4zmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dz
LXdpei1pbWfAAQE&sclient=img&ei=nXdbX6y3L8eU-AaRkJ-
wBw&bih=625&biw=1349&hl=en#imgrc=fW--Sq7tRJgoUM

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agp-
powertools.com%2Fproduct%2F13&psig=AOvVaw1QoUpOUdawN-
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01%2Fsketch-easy-sketch-lathe-machine-
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