Chemical Biology 03 Blood: Biomolecular Structure Lecture 3: 9/13/10

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Chemical

 Biology  03  
BLOOD  
Biomolecular  Structure  
Lecture  3:  9/13/10  
What  holds  Atoms  together?    bonds    
Covalent  Molecules  
•     Ionic  bonds,  electrosta7c  
a8rac7on  keeps  charged  atoms  
together  
• very  strong,  but  can  be  broken  
by  water      example:  __________  

•     Covalent  bonds:  electrons  are  


shared  between  atoms  in  bonds  
•   weaker  than  ionic,  but  can  not  
be  broken  by  water  (example  
________)  
•   only  Outermost  electrons  
(valence)  interact  
• Single  bonds:  weaker  bonds,  
longer,  and  atoms  can  rotate  
• Double  bonds  and  Triple  bonds:  
stronger,  shorter  bonds:  atoms  
can  not  rotate  (bond  is  more  
rigid)  
It  all  comes  back  to  the  periodic  table  
Rows  go  horizontally:  1st  row,  H,  He;  2nd  row,  Li,  Be,  B,  C,  N,  O,  F,  Ne;  3rd  row..  
of  electrons  in  their  valence  shells  
Columns  go  ver7cally  and  have  same  number  

h8p://www.elementsdatabase.com/  
How  is  Bonding  related  to  Valence?  
Valence  Number:    
1.  Valence  number  of  an  element  is  the  typical  number  of  ______  it  makes  with  
other  atoms.    
2.  Each  element  is  different  in  the  number  of  bonds  it  prefers  to  make.    Why?    
3.  Each  single  bond  is  made  of  ___  shared  electrons.  

Valence  Electrons:  
1.  How  do  you  determine  number  of  valence  electrons    owned  by  each  element?      
2.  When  bonds  are  made,  each  atom  tries  to  ______  its  outer  shell.  
3.  The  number  of  electrons  needed  to  fill  up  the  outer  shell  is  ___  (1st  Row),  _____  
(2nd  Row),  or  _______  (3rd  row)      
To  understand  Biological  Molecules,  
we  need  to  understand  bonding  
•  To  understand  bonding,  we  need  to  understand  electrons:  
1.  For  a  neutral  atom,  the  number  of  electrons  equals  the  
number  _____________  
2.  For  a  neutral  atom,  the  total  number  of  electrons  is  the  
same  as  the    _____________  
3.  Inner  shell  electrons  are  buried  and  don’t  interact  with  the  
environment  
4.  Outershell  (valence)  electrons  can  be  shared  in  bonds  or  
unshared  in  lone  pairs  
5.  The  number  of  outershell  electrons  is  the  same  for  each  of  
the  elements  in  a    ____________  in  the  periodic  table    
How  is  Bonding  related  to  Valence?  
Represen7ng  Molecules      
Chemical  Structure  of  
some  Sugars  
• Glucose,  one  of  many  sugars  
that  our  body  can  use,  is  an  
aldo-­‐sugar,  with  the  double  
bonded  oxygen  at  the  end  of  the  
chain.  
• Glucose  is  used  directly,  many  
others  are  converted  into  
glucose  
• Both  six  carbon  sugars  
(hexoses)  and  five  carbon  sugars  
(pentoses)  are  used    
Carbohydrate:  Simple  and  Complex  
•  All  sugars  have  the  suffix:  -­‐ose  
•  Simple  sugars  (glucose,  fructose,  
lactose)  are  monosaccharides    
•  Complex  Sugars  are  two  or  more  
simple  sugars  a8ached  together  
•  the  disaccharide  sucrose,  is  1  
glucose  +  1  fructose  a8ached  
together    
•  polysaccharides:  such  as  glycogen  
are  used  to  store  carbs  in  liver  
and  muscle  for  later  and  cellulose  
in  plants   SUCROSE  
Carbohydrate:  Simple  and  Complex  
•  All  sugars  have  the  suffix:  -­‐ose  
Don’t  be  confused  that  now  glucose  is  
•  Simple  sugars  (glucose,  fructose,   shown  as  a  hexagon,  and  fructose  as  
a  pentagon,  they  both  like  to  cyclize!  
lactose)  are  monosaccharides    
•  Complex  Sugars  are  two  or  more  
simple  sugars  a8ached  together  
•  the  disaccharide  sucrose,  is  1  
glucose  +  1  fructose  a8ached  
together    
•  polysaccharides:  such  as  glycogen  
are  used  to  store  carbs  in  liver  
and  muscle  for  later  and  cellulose  
in  plants  
Carbohydrate:  Simple  and  Complex  
•  All  sugars  have  the  suffix:  -­‐ose  
•  Simple  sugars  (glucose,  fructose,  
lactose)  are  monosaccharides    
•  Complex  Sugars  are  two  or  more  
simple  sugars  a8ached  together  
•  the  disaccharide  sucrose,  is  1  
glucose  +  1  fructose  a8ached  
together    
•  polysaccharides:  such  as  glycogen  
are  used  to  store  carbs  in  liver  
and  muscle  for  later  and  cellulose  
in  plants  
Ques7ons  I’d  like  to  Ask  
Ques7ons  Others  Asked  
The  ABO  blood  group  differ  in  the  kind  
of  sugars  on  the  red  blood  cell    
•  They  are  produced  by  a  
series  of  reac7ons  in  which  
enzymes  catalyze  the  
transfer  of  sugar  units  to  
the  outer  membrane  of  the  
red  blood  cells.    
•  A  person's  DNA  determines  
the  type  of  enzymes  they  
have,  and,  therefore,  the  
type  of  sugar  that  end  up  on  
their  red  blood  cells  
•  h8p://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
bookshelf/br.fcgi?
book=rbcan7gen&part=ch2  
The  ABO  blood  group  differ  in  the  kind  
of  sugars  on  the  red  blood  cell    
•  They  are  produced  by  a  
series  of  reac7ons  in  
which  enzymes  catalyze  
the  transfer  of  sugar  units  
to  the  outer  membrane  of  
the  red  blood  cells.    
•  A  person's  DNA  determines  
the  type  of  enzymes  they  
have,  and,  therefore,  the  type  
of  sugar  that  end  up  on  their  
red  blood  cells  
•  h8p://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
bookshelf/br.fcgi?
book=rbcan7gen&part=ch2  
The  ABO  blood  group  differ  in  the  kind  
of  sugars  on  the  red  blood  cell    
•  The  func7ons  of  many  of  
the  blood  group  an7gens  
are  not  known,  and  if  they  
are  missing  from  the  red  
blood  cell  membrane,  there  
is  no  ill  effect.    
•  This  suggests  that  if  the  
blood  group  an7gens  used  
to  have  a  func7on,  e.g.,  one  
par7cular  blood  group  
an7gen  made  red  blood  
cells  more  resistant  to  
invasion  from  a  parasite,  it  
is  no  longer  relevant  today.  
Blood  type  O  

•  People  with  blood  type  O  are  said  


to  be  "universal  donors"  because  
their  blood  is  compa7ble  with  all  
ABO  blood  types.    
•  It  is  also  the  most  common  blood  
type  in  popula7ons  around  the  
world,  including  the  USA  (1)  and  
Western  Europe  (2,  3).    
•  Among  indigenous  popula7ons  of  
Central  and  South  America,  the  
frequency  of  O  blood  type  is  
extremely  high,  approaching  
100%.  It  is  also  high  among  
Australian  aborigines.  
Blood  Type  A  

•  Type  A  is  common  in  Central  


and  Eastern  Europe.  In  
countries  such  as  Austria,  
Denmark,  Norway,  and  
Switzerland,  about  45-­‐50%  of  
the  popula7on  have  this  blood  
type,  whereas  about  40%  of  
Poles  and  Ukrainians  do  so.  
•  The  highest  frequencies  are  
found  in  small,  unrelated  
popula7ons.  For  example,  
about  80%  of  the  Blackfoot  
Indians  of  Montana  have  
blood  type  A.  
Blood  type  B  

•  Blood  type  B  is  


rela7vely  common  in  
Chinese  and  Indians,  
being  present  in  up  to  
25%  of  the  popula7on.    
•  It  is  less  common  in  
European  countries  and  
Americans  of  European  
origin,  being  found  in  
about  10%  of  these  
popula7ons.  
Blood  type  AB  is  the  least  common  

•  Blood  type  AB  individuals  


are  known  as  "universal  
receivers"  because  they  
can  receive  blood  from  
any  A,  B,  or  O  type.    
•  It  is  also  the  rarest  of  the  
blood  groups.  It  is  most  
common  in  Japan,  regions  
of  China,  and  in  Koreans,  
being  present  in  about  
10%  of  these  popula7ons.  

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