Chapter 9 Learning and Behavior

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1. 1. Which type of consequence serves to c) negative 13. 13. According to the anxiety conservation c) avoidance
motivate escape and avoidance behaviors? reinforcement hypothesis, avoidance responses persist occurs too
because quickly for
2. 2. In general, when we are confronted with b) follows
the fear to
an aversive situation, the development of
extinguish.
avoidance behavior ______ the development
of escape behavior. 14. 14. Although Hau was only bitten once by a d) he avoids
dog many years ago, he nevertheless dogs so
3. 3. Which of the following would be a typical c) the sound
persistently avoids dogs whenever possible. quickly that
sequence of stimuli in a shuttle avoidance of a tone is
According to the anxiety conservation the fear
procedure? followed by
hypothesis, Hau's fear of dogs doesn't doesn't have
the
extinguish because time to
presentation
extinguish.
of shock
15. 15. Robert has a bug phobia. According to c) is too brief
4. 4. In a shuttle avoidance procedure b) shock;
the anxiety conservation hypothesis, his fear for extinction
involving the stimuli of tone and shock, the escape
of bugs doesn't extinguish because any to take
______ serves as the SD for the ______
exposure to bugs that does take place place.
response.
16. 16. A rat has learned that if it presses a lever d) contradict
5. 5. In a shuttle avoidance procedure c) tone;
every 30 seconds, it can avoid receiving a
involving the stimuli of tone and shock, the avoidance
shock. After many sessions, you notice the
______ serves as the SD for the ______
rat leisurely wandering about the chamber
response.
during the time period preceding each lever
6. 6. In a shuttle avoidance procedure, the a) escape; press. On the surface, this behavior seems to
animal first learns to ______ the aversive avoid ______ Mowrer's two-process theory of
stimulus and then learns to ______ it. avoidance.
7. 7. The initial process in Mowrer's two- a) classical 17. 17. In defense of two-process theory, it has b) animals
process theory of avoidance involves conditioning been argued that that continue
of a fear to avoid a
response. feared
8. 8. According to two-process theory, the d) classically situation also
first step in the development of an conditioned continue to
avoidance response is creation of a(n) fear response. experience at
least some
9. 9. The second process in Mowrer's two- d) negative
fear of the
process theory of avoidance involves reinforcement
CS.
resulting from
the reduction 18. 18. Levis' answer to the problem that the a) the animal
of fear . "nonchalant" animal poses for two-process nevertheless
theory of avoidance is that feels a
10. 10. The second process in Mowrer's two- b) negative
residual
process theory of avoidance involves ______ reinforcement;
amount of
in the form of ______ fear reduction
fear.
11. 11. Allen (who was bullied as a child) feels b) two-
anxious whenever he sees a gang of process
teenagers walking toward him, and as a theory of
result usually crosses the street to avoid avoidance
them. As worded, this example seems to fit
well with the ______ of avoidance.
12. 12. One difficulty for two-process theory of a) avoidance
avoidance is that responses are
difficult to
extinguish.
19. 19. Arthur owns a restaurant in a ( d. both a 27. 27. Consistent with the notion that false ( c. both a
neighborhood controlled by organized and b) memories of traumatic experiences might and b)
crime. Local merchants will often pay a) if Arthur sometimes result from a process of shaping a) the
'protection' money to gang members in truly had no emergence of
order to avoid having anything bad happen fear, he such
to their businesses. When the gang would not memories is
representative comes to the restaurant at continue to sometimes
the beginning of every month, Arthur hands perform the gradual.
over an envelope full of cash, and has a avoidance b) clients are
pleasant conversation with the gang response sometimes
member. From the outside, it would appear b) Arthur is advised to
as if Arthur has no fear, and yet continues to less fearful seek out
pay money to the gang. What would Levis as a result of those who
(1989) suggest about Arthur's apparent experience will support
nonchalance? their
memories.
20. 20. According to Levis (1989), seemingly c) still
nonchalant animals who continue to avoid experiencing 28. 28. Ben is a successful sales manager who a) negative
the aversive stimulus are a residual occasionally enjoys being tied up and reinforcement.
amount of whipped. Lorna is a successful screenwriter
fear. who goes to a hypnotist where she
recovers memories of being abducted by
21. 21. According to the one-process theory of c) an overall
aliens. According to Newman and
avoidance, the effective consequence that reduction in
Baumeister, these two behavior patterns
maintains avoidance is the amount
might both be motivated by the process of
of aversive
stimulation. 29. 29. According to Mineka, experimentally b) only one
created avoidance in animals differs from conditioning
22. 22. Two-process theory of avoidance is to d) less fear;
human phobias in that trial is
_____ as one-process theory is to _____. less shock
typically
23. 23. According to Bolles' theory of species- d) elicited required to
specific defense reactions, many avoidance behaviors establish a
behaviors are actually rather than phobia.
operants.
30. 30. For experimental avoidance b) CS.
24. 24. From a behavioral perspective, b) covert conditioning to be equivalent to a human
repression can be viewed as a form of phobia, the animal would have to
avoidance consistently avoid the
conditioning.
31. 31. According to Mineka, phobias in humans d) none of
25. 25. From a behavioral perspective, Sandra is b) and experimental avoidance in rats differ in these
repressing her memory of how her dog died consistently that
if she thinks of
32. 32. Donna refuses to go to the park in the b) reducing
something
summer when wasps are most numerous. the likelihood
else before
This illustrates what critical factor in the of
she
maintenance of phobic behavior? encountering
remembers
the CS
the incident.
33. 33. What critical factor in phobic behavior a)
26. 26. Evidence that recovered memories of a)
patterns is absent in most examples of opportunity
trauma might sometimes be false includes sometimes
experimental avoidance conditioning? to make an
the fact that the memories emerge in a
early
gradual
avoidance
manner.
response
34. 34. According to Stampfl, a critical factor in c) early 46. 46. Which of the following treatment a) exposure and
the maintenance of human phobias is avoidance of procedures are most effective in the response
the aversive treatment of OCD? prevention
stimulus.
47. 47. Which of the following could be a ( d. either a or b
35. 35. According to research conducted by d) she plans task involved in an exposure and could be used)
Stampfl, a critical factor that helps to events so that response prevention treatment for a a) going for days
maintain Diane's wasp phobia is the fact she almost cleaning compulsion? without a shower
that never b) touching dog
encounters a feces
wasp.
48. 48. Exposure and response prevention c) both flooding
36. 36. According to Stampfl, an important a) early; therapy for OCD is similar to and systematic
factor that underlies the development of effort desensitization.
______ avoidance responses in phobias is reduction
49. 49. Obsessive-compulsive disorders c) during times of
______.
often arise stress.
37. 37. Obsessions are to ______ as compulsions a) thoughts;
50. 50. According to the text, which of the b) a stressful
are to ______. actions
following is most likely to precede the divorce
38. 38. Constantly worrying about whether you c) obsession. development of a tendency to
locked the door as you left your apartment continually wash one's hands?
this morning is an example of a(n)
51. 51. The development of OCD may d) selective
39. 39. Obsessions and compulsions have ______ c) opposite results from the process of sensitization.
effects on anxiety.
52. 52. On a cognitive level, people with b) obsessive
40. 40. Hand-washing is to thoughts about a) decrease in OCD generally fail to realize that thoughts are
germs as ______ is to ______. anxiety; respondents and
increase in not operants.
anxiety
53. 53. Janice is bother by persistent c) respondent
41. 41. One difference between obsessive- b) passive; thoughts that she has left her
compulsive disorder and a phobia is that a active apartment door unlocked. This thought
phobia typically involves a(n) ______ pattern is best classified as a(n)
avoidance response, while obsessive-
54. 54. Which of the following d) Patients usually
compulsive disorder requires a(n) ______
characteristics of OCD is incongruent cannot recall a
avoidance response.
with two-process theory of avoidance. particular
42. 42. For Janine, who has been diagnosed a) increase in conditioning
with obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety. event that led to
thoughts about possible germs on her body the obsession.
produces a(n)
55. 55. Ted lost his job one day for arguing c) negative
43. 43. For Salima, who has been diagnosed d) decrease; with the boss. As a result, in his punishment.
with obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety subsequent jobs, he never again
checking the apartment door to make sure argued with the boss. This is best
it is locked results in a(n) ______ in feelings described as an example of
of ______.
56. 56. Jorge was given an extra homework d) positive
44. 44. The effective consequence that d) negative assignment after making faces at the punishment.
maintains an obsessive-compulsive disorder reinforcement. teacher one day. He never again made
is faces at the teacher. This is best
described as an example of
45. 45. Exposure and response prevention a) not
therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder engaging; 57. 57. Solitary confinement in prison, to b) time-out
involves prolonged exposure to the compulsive the extent that it is effective, is an
relevant event while ______ in the ______ extreme example of a ______ procedure.
behavior pattern.
58. 58. Being stranded on a desert island is ( d. both a 69. 69. When Larry went swimming in the c) intrinsic
most similar to and c are mountain lake, he almost froze to death
correct) and never again tried it. This is an example
b) response of ______ punishment.
cost.
70. 70. Eating rotten food is an _____ event; b) intrinsically
c) time out.
getting a traffic fine for speeding is an _____ punishing;
59. 59. Specific is to general as _____ is to _____. d) response event. extrinsically
cost; time out punishing
60. 60. Having one's car towed away for parking c) response 71. 71. Primary punishers are also called a)
in a no parking zone is most similar to a cost __________________ and secondary punishers unconditioned
______ procedure. are also called punishers;
conditioned
61. 61. Ideally, a time-out procedure should be a) followed
punishers.
by positive
reinforcement 72. 72. Being punched in the face for being b) primary
of rude is a(n) _______________ while getting a punisher;
appropriate demerit point for speeding is a(n) secondary
behavior. ______________. punisher
62. 62. Making a child sit in a corner for being b) time-out; 73. 73. Andrea works in a group home for ( d. all of
too noisy is an attempted ______ procedure, response adults with behavioral and mental these)
while turning off the television for being cost disorders. There is a 'marble system' that is a) secondary
too noisy is an attempted ______ procedure. used to reinforce and punish the behavior punishers
of the residents. Green marbles are given b) extrinsic
63. 63. Joanne lost her hat because she was c) response
for good behavior and red marbles are punishers
careless while sailing. As a result, she was cost.
given for problem behavior, and are c) generalized
never again so careless while sailing. This is
associated with various consequences. The punishers
best construed as an example of
residents do not like to get red marbles. In
64. 64. Jessica whines for extra helpings when d) extinction this example, red marbles can be
she is given dessert at the dinner table. In considered
order to put an end to the whining, her
74. 74. For a person who truly regards money c) generalized
mom decides to stop giving her extra
as the root of all evil, then receiving
dessert when she whines for it. Her mom is
money would likely function as a ______
attempting to use a(n) ______ procedure.
punisher for the behavior that led to it.
65. 65. Jessica whines for extra helpings when b) negative
75. 75. Problems with using punishment include ( d. all of
she is given dessert at the dinner table. In punishment
these)
order to put an end to the whining, her
mom decides to take away all of her
a) it does not
dessert whenever she whines. Her mom is
directly
attempting to use a(n) ______ procedure.
strengthen
66. 66. When the frequency of a behavior a) extinction. more
declines because performing the behavior appropriate
no longer leads to something, the process behavior.
involved is called b) strong
67. 67. No longer getting a cookie is to _____ as a) extinction; emotional
removal of a cookie is to _____. negative reactions may
punishment interfere with
learning.
68. 68. No longer getting food following a b) extinction;
c) the use of
certain behavior is to ______ as withdrawal of negative
punishment is
food following a certain behavior is to ______. punishment
often
immediately
reinforced.
76. 76. Tom yells at his parrot whenever it (d. all of 82. 82. Side effects of punishment can c) both
squawks, because the squawking bothers these) sometimes include improvements
the neighbors in the next apartment. Why a) The parrot in mood and
is this procedure less than ideal? could become enhanced
very passive. social behavior.
b) The parrot
83. 83. Marla was severely chastised as a d) all of these
might still
result of behaving in an aggressive way
squawk when
to her classmates. Which of the following a) anger
Tom isn't
could result from this event? b)
home.
improvements
c) The parrot
in mood
might become
c)
fearful of Tom.
improvements
77. 77. Problems with the use of punishment ( d. all of in social
include these) behavior
a) the
84. 84. Which of the following behaviors will d) All of these
recipient may
not occur after Sammy was yelled at for can result from
avoid the
throwing his food? punishment.
person
delivering the
a) He will
punishment.
become more
b) the
sociable.
recipient may
b) He will be in
become
a better mood.
aggressive.
c) He will pay
c) the
attention to
recipient may
those around
later use
him.
punishment to
control others. 85. 85. According to the text, the b) disruption of
improvements in mood resulting from an ongoing
78. 78. Roberto was severely chastised by Ms. ( c. both of
punishment may be due to state of
Veneka for asking inappropriate questions these)
agitation.
in class. Problems that might arise from this a) avoid Ms.
include the possibility that Roberto might Veneka 86. 86. According to the text, the increase in a) the release
whenever social behavior resulting from punishment of innate
possible. may be due to appeasement
b) refuse to gestures.
say anything 87. 87. For punishment to be maximally d) all of these
in class. effective, it should be
79. 79. Which procedure is most likely to a) positive a) consistent.
strengthen a pattern of aggression. punishment b) immediate.
c) intense
80. 80. Punishing your dog for chewing the c) both of
enough to stop
newspaper might only teach the dog these
the behavior.

a) to avoid 88. 88. Punishment is more effective when it d) none of

you. is these
b) to not chew 89. 89. For punishment to be maximally c)
the paper effective, it should be accompanied
when you are by an
around. explanation.
81. 81. The use of punishment can be quite a) immediate
seductive in that it often results in a(n) negative
reinforcer.
90. 90. Punishment is generally more b) intense 101. 101. According to Skinner's conditioned b) temporary
effective when it is enough at the suppression theory of punishment, effects
outset to stop punishment will typically have ______ on
the behavior. behavior.
91. 91. Shazia wishes to stop her 5 year-old b) accompany 102. 102. Contradicting Skinner's conditioned c) strong;
daughter from pulling the cat's tail. To do the reprimand suppression theory of punishment, ______ long
so most effectively, she should with an forms of punishment are capable of
explanation. suppressing behavior for ______ periods of
time.
92. 92. Unlike positive reinforcement, c) delivered on
punishment has the strongest effect on a continuous 103. 103. Tom yelled at his parrot when it c) the parrot
behavior when it is schedule. started squawking in response to a noise in is so
the hallway. As a result, it stopped emotionally
93. 93. Basic problems with the use of d) both a and b
squawking. According to the conditioned upset that it
punishment in the legal system is that are correct
suppression theory of punishment, this is is no longer
the punishing consequence is typically
because inclined to
a) delayed.
squawk.
b) intermittent.
104. 104. According to the ______ theory of d) avoidance;
94. 94. When Vinita fought with her friends b) strongly
punishment, the underlying process in negative
over the toys they were playing with, reward the
punishment is actually ______. reinforcement
her mother made her sit in the corner for behavior of
a minute. Following this, the most playing 105. 105. After injuring his knee while c) avoidance
important thing for Vinita's mother to do cooperatively. rollerblading, Jared spends the rest of his theory of
is summer playing computer games and punishment.
swimming so that he will not get another
95. 95. The most important factor in a) positively
injury. This example fits best with the
reducing inappropriate behavior is to reinforce
appropriate 106. 106. Dan really hates doing his taxes. As a b) avoidance
behavior. result, when the tax deadline is theory
approaching, Dan seems to do everything
96. 96. In general, _____ punishment is a) negative;
but his taxes. He cleans his apartment,
preferable to _____ punishment. positive
washes his car, takes on extra shifts at work
97. 97. According to the text, an unfortunate d) it may both and even volunteers to organize a block
result of studying long hard hours is that strengthen the party. This behavior is consistent with which
tendency to theory of punishment?
procrastinate
107. 107. According to the _____ theory of c) avoidance;
and it may
punishment, a critical process involved is reinforcement
punish the act
negative _____.
of studying.
108. 108. According to the Premack approach to a) low
98. 98. A recommended treatment for a) work on the
punishment, a(n) ______ behavior can be used probability;
procrastinating on a task is to task in very
to punish a(n) ______ behavior. high
brief daily
probability
sessions.
109. 109. According to the Premack principle, a) girl-
99. 99. According to the conditioned a) produces an
which of the following constitutes a watching —>
suppression theory of punishment, emotional
contingency of punishment for the average doing chores
punishment does not weaken a behavior response that
teenage boy (who likes girl-watching and
but instead interferes with
dislikes doing chores).
its occurrence.
110. 110. Which of the following constitutes a a) watching
100. 100. After being bitten by the neighbors' d) conditioned
contingency of punishment for the average TV →
dog when trying to swipe apple's from suppression
person (who is likely to watch TV and not cleaning the
their apple tree, Midori became so
likely to clean the bathroom), according to bathroom
fearful that she lost interest in the
the Premack principle?
apples. This example best fits with the
______ theory of punishment.
111. 111. Vanessa is highly likely to shop and b) shopping 120. 120. In their theoretical account of learned d) lack of
very unlikely to do laundry. Which of the → doing helplessness, Seligman and Maier (1967)
following would be a contingency of laundry proposed that the helpless animal has
punishment for Vanessa, according to the learned that there is a(n) ______ contingency
Premack principle? between behavior and its outcomes.
112. 112. The ______ approach views punishment c) Premack 121. 121. The famous psychoanalyst, Alfred b) less; had
as the mirror opposite of reinforcement. approach to Adler, was sickly as a small child but never
worked hard and overcame his
113. 113. A meteor hurtling out of the sky and b)
weaknesses. Research on learned
destroying your house is most clearly noncontingent
helplessness suggests that later in life,
described as an example of punishment.
Adler would have been ______ vulnerable to
114. 114. In the original research on learned c) received depression than a child who ______
helplessness, dogs in the escapable shock the same overcome adversity in childhood.
condition ______ dogs in the inescapable amount of
122. 122. Research on learned helplessness b)
shock condition. shock as
suggests that a useful means of treating depression;
115. 115. In the original research on learned a) more some forms of ______ would be to arrange succeeding
helplessness, dogs that were first exposed readily for the person to have repeated
to escapable shock later learned to avoid experiences with ______ at something.
shocks ______ than dogs that were first
123. 123. Research has shown that learned a) successful
exposed to inescapable shock.
helplessness can sometimes be alleviated
116. 116. In the Seligman and Maier (1967) b) by providing a strong cue that signals the
experiment, the dogs that displayed an inescapable occurrence of a(n) ______ escape response.
inability to avoid shock were those that had shock.
124. 124. On the basis of some research a) clearly
been exposed to
conducted on ways of overcoming learned inform the
117. 117. The term ______ refers to a decrement in d) learned helplessness, a useful treatment for a student
learning ability that results from exposure helplessness student who has difficulty solving math whenever he
to uncontrollable aversive events. problems might be to is successful.
118. 118. When Rita was in elementary school, d) decrease; 125. 125. Masserman was able to induce d)
she was cruelly teased by a classmate learned neurotic symptoms in cats by exposing unpredictable
each recess. The teachers ignored her helplessness them to presentations
pleas for help as did her other classmates. of aversive
Seligman would predict that, as time stimuli.
passes, Rita is likely to ______ her efforts to
126. 126. The symptoms of experimental ( d. all of
stop the teasing. In other words, she will
neurosis that Masserman discovered these)
begin to suffer from ______.
included
119. 119. Nicole is taking a class that makes her b) learned a) normally
very frustrated. She and her classmates helplessness; quiet cats
say that they can't get good grades, and stop trying became
no matter what they study, or how they agitated.
study, they can't seem to answer questions b) normally
in a way that satisfies their instructor. active cats
They've tried getting tutors, asking became
questions during class and office hours, but passive and
their efforts don't match up with their withdrawn.
grades. They feel like they've tried c) counter-
everything, and are getting nowhere. This phobic
situation is very similar to ________________ and responses to
will likely lead to the tendency of the cues
students to ________________. associated
with feeding
127. 127. The symptoms of experimental d) neither a nor 135. 135. The ______________________ of DID c)
neurosis that Masserman discovered b are correct suggests that the disorder arises as a posttraumatic
included consequence of avoidance learning, while model;
a) normally the ________________ of DID suggests that the sociocognitive
active cats disorder arises as a consequence of model
became shaping and reinforcement.
agitated.
136. 136. Evidence that shaping might d) the alters
b) normally
sometimes be involved in the become more
quiet cats
development of DID includes the fact that similar to one
became passive
as therapy progresses another.
and withdrawn.
c) both a and b
are correct
128. 128. Masserman's experimental neurosis b) posttraumatic
seems similar to the human disorder stress disorder.
known as
129. 129. Bob was hit by lightning one day c) experimental
while having a picnic in the park. Later, neurosis.
while recuperating in the hospital, he
was suddenly assaulted by the patient in
the next bed (who was having a
psychotic reaction to all the drugs he
had been given). Bob then checked
himself out of the hospital only to be hit
by a meteorite on the way home. Bob's
experience most likely to resulted in the
development of symptoms similar to
130. 130. Which of the following is most likely a) being hit by a
to result in the development of PTSD? car while
having a
barbecue in
your backyard
131. 131. Masserman's experimental neurosis d)
procedure is to ______ as Seligman's unpredictability;
learned helplessness procedure is to uncontrollability
______.
132. 132. Lack of control seems to be the c) learned
critical factor involved in ______, while helplessness;
lack of predictability is the critical factor experimental
involved in ______. neurosis
133. 133. Behaviorists have traditionally b) distinctly
viewed multiple personalities as different
distinctly different patterns of behavior contingencies
that result from of
reinforcement.
134. 134. Interpreted from a behavioral a) avoidance
perspective, the posttraumatic model of response.
DID views the development of alter
personalities as a(n)