PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO

COLLEGE OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES

COURSE CODE: ITE101

COURSE DESCRIPTION: LIVING IN THE IT ERA

COURSE INTENDED 1. Discuss the concepts, frameworks, and components of information and
LEARNING OUTCOMES: computing systems
2. Discuss social, legal and ethical issues in information technology era
3. Explain emerging technologies in information system

LEARNING MATERIAL
FOR WEEK NUMBER:
2-3
I. TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

II. OBJECTIVES: After this lesson, you are expected to:

1. Discuss the importance of Information Technology in the field of Nursing

2. Summarize the history of computers
3. Enumerate application of computers in various fields

III. INTRODUCTION: This lesson covers the history of computers and its application in various fields
especially in the field of Nursing.

IV. CONTENTS:

What is Information Technology?

The phrase “information technology” goes back to a 1958 article published in the Harvard Business Review.
Authors Harold J. Leavitt and Thomas L. Whisler defined several types of information technology:

 Techniques for the fast processing of information

 The use of statistical and mathematical models for decision-making
 The “simulation of higher-order thinking through computer programs”

“While many aspects of this technology are uncertain, it seems clear that it will move into the managerial scene
rapidly, with definite and far-reaching impact on managerial organization,” they wrote.

Six decades later, it’s clear that Leavitt and Whisler were onto something big. Today, information technology refers
to everything that businesses use computers for. Information technology is building communications networks for
a company, safeguarding data and information, creating and administering databases, helping employees
troubleshoot problems with their computers or mobile devices, or doing a range of other work to ensure the
efficiency and security of business information systems.

Technology and Society

Whether we are aware of it or not, we are surrounded by networks through which information flows constantly.
Our notions of time and location are changing – the world seems to have become a 'global village' where distance is
no longer a barrier to commercial or social contact.

IT systems are increasingly embedded in many aspects of our daily lives. But IT doesn't just exist in a vacuum – it
has an impact on society, and society has an effect on it. It also has economic and political implications.

The end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century are often compared to other
historical periods of great technological change such as the Industrial Revolution. This is because of the huge
changes that are happening in many aspects of life. The terms information society and network society have been
used to analyze the social and economic changes that are taking place in conjunction with technological
developments. These ideas are used by policy makers to drive forward changes in our technological infrastructure.

One of the discussions about IT concerns whether changes in society are driven by technological development, or
whether technologies are actually influenced and shaped by the society that produces them. This is a complex

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debate but an interesting idea to think about. On the one hand, if technologies are shaped by social conditions, then
they will inevitably reflect the values and norms of the particular society in which they are created. On the other
hand, if we believe technology determines the way society develops, then we might feel very helpless and fatalistic.
You could also think about this on a personal level. In your everyday life, you will probably have experienced
technological change as something that you have no control over – something that happens to you. For example, a
new computer arrives in your office and you are required to learn how to use it, whether you like it or not. Often
you have no influence or control over how technology intrudes into your life. In commercial terms this is
sometimes described as either a 'technology push' or, conversely, a 'market pull'.

Yet technologies are also shaped by the people who design and create them. Societies and individuals can also
control or influence how technologies are used. New mobile phones with added features seem to appear every
month and relentless advertising tries to persuade us that we need to have the latest version. However, as the
consumer you do have ultimate control over whether you choose to buy one or not.

Unintended uses sometimes develop for technologies. A classic example is the SMS/text messaging facility on
mobile phones. Originally this was just a minor feature and was not expected by the manufacturers to be used by
phone owners at all. Yet it resulted in a whole new method of communication and form of popular culture, different
ways of interacting with radio and television, and even a new language form (texting).

How Technology is Impacting Nursing Practice in 2020

In the last 30 years, technological advances have transformed the medical landscape. The days of meticulous
charting and manually filing records are dwindling. With emerging technologies in telehealth and electronic
recordkeeping, patients have more accessibility to their data than ever before. In the nursing field, technology
allows RNs to improve efficiency and communicate more effectively.

The advances in information technology and new devices have improved the quality of life for patients and
healthcare professionals alike.

Improved Accessibility - Electronic health records (EHRs) have transformed the healthcare information technology
space. An electronic health record is a digital version of a patient’s medical history. It can include progress notes,
providers, problems, medications, lab data, etc. EHRs can improve patient care by improving the accuracy and
clarity of medical records, and making data easily accessible to healthcare providers, doctors, and patients.
Advancements in telehealth have also played a large part in improved accessibility. Telecommunication systems
have made it easier for patients separated geographically to receive nursing care via remote patient monitoring,
live video conferencing and mobile health apps. In today’s environment, it has become easier for those in remote
geographic areas to have access to quality care.

Decreased Human Error - New technologies can decrease the chance of human error. Nurses who work long hours
or have understaffed units are at a higher risk of making mistakes. With new medical technologies, routine
procedures are simplified. For example, automated IV pumps can measure the dosage of medication given to
patients. This creates a quicker process for changing drip amounts and dosage.

Positive Impact on Nursing Shortage - Nurse burnout has been a factor in the shortage of nurses in the U.S.
Prolonged mental and physical exhaustion can cause nurses to feel stretched thin, which leads to nurses leaving
their practice setting. Emerging technologies in telehealth can help mitigate the burden put on nurses since it takes
fewer nurses to provide adequate care. Telehealth also provides nurses the opportunity to reach geographical
areas that are identified as having health professional shortages. This includes locations in more rural regions that
lack reasonable numbers of healthcare professionals; telehealth helps address these shortages by effectively
providing care to patients remotely. These strides in telehealth technology can ultimately reduce healthcare costs
by decreasing ER visits and hospital admissions.

What is a Computer?

A computer is a fast-electronic calculating machine that accepts digitized input information, processes it according
to a list of internally stored instructions, and produces the resulting output information.

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Parts of the Computer According to their Function

1. Processing unit - the "brain" of the computer where processing occurs. The central processing unit (CPU),
contained in the system unit box, manipulates (calculates, compares) data supplied by input and storage
devices. While "thinking," it temporarily stores results in its internal memory, called RAM. Feedback is
returned to the user via output devices

2. Input devices - allow the user to send information to the computer. These include: keyboard, mouse,
joystick, trackball, touch-sensitive monitor, voice-input.

3. Output devices - receive information from the CPU and return feedback to the user. These include: monitor,
printer, speakers

4. Storage units - permanent disk storage, using floppy, hard disks, CD-ROMs, memory cards, memory sticks.

Evolution of the Computer

Mechanical Era

The first counting device was the abacus, originally from Asia. It worked on a place-value notion meaning that the
place of a bead or rock on the apparatus determined how much it was worth.

1642: Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician and philosopher, invents the first mechanical digital calculator using
gears, called the Pascaline. Although this machine could perform addition and subtraction on whole numbers, it
was too expensive and only Pascal himself could repair it.

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1804: Joseph Marie Jacquard used punch cards to automate a weaving loom.

1812: Charles P. Babbage, the "father of the computer", discovered that many long calculations involved many
similar, repeated operations. Therefore, he designed a machine, the difference engine which would be steam-
powered, fully automatic and commanded by a fixed instruction program. In 1833, Babbage quit working on this
machine to concentrate on the analytical engine.

1840s: Augusta Ada Byron. "The first programmer" suggested that a binary system should be used for storage
rather than a decimal system.

1890: Dr. Herman Hollerith introduced the first electromechanical, punched-card data-processing machine which
was used to compile information for the 1890 U.S. census. Hollerith's tabulator became so successful that he
started his own business to market it. His company would eventually become International Business Machines
(IBM).

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1906: The vacuum tube is invented by American physicist Lee De Forest.

First Generation: Vacuum tube

1939: Dr. John V. Atanasoff and his assistant Clifford Berry build the first electronic digital computer. Their
machine, the Atanasoff-Berry-Computer (ABC) provided the foundation for the advances in electronic digital
computers.

1943: British mathematician Alan Turing developed a hypothetical device, the Turing machine which would be
designed to perform logical operation and could read and write. It would presage programmable computers.

1944: Howard Aiken, in collaboration with engineers from IBM, constructed a large automatic digital sequence-
controlled computer called the Harvard Mark I.

1947: The giant ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator) machine was developed by John W.
Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, Jr. at the University of Pennsylvania. It used 18,000 vacuums, punch-card input,
weighed thirty tons and occupied a thirty-by-fifty-foot space. It wasn't programmable but was productive from
1946 to 1955 and was used to compute artillery firing tables. That same year, the transistor was invented by

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William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain of Bell Labs. It would rid computers of vacuum tubes and
radios.

1947: Transistor was invented at Bell lab by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain & William Shockley.

1949: Maurice V. Wilkes built the EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer), the first stored-program
computer. EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), the second stored-program computer was
built by Mauchly, Eckert, and von Neumann.

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Second Generation: Transistor

1950: Turing built the ACE, considered by some to be the first programmable digital computer.

1951: Mauchly and Eckert built the UNIVAC I, the first computer designed and sold commercially, specifically for
business data-processing applications. Dr. Grace Murray Hopper developed the UNIVAC I compiler.

1959: Jack St. Clair Kilby and Robert Noyce of Texas Instruments manufactured the first integrated circuit, or chip,
which is a collection of tiny little transistors.

Third Generation: IC

1960s: Gene Amdahl designed the IBM System/360 series of mainframe (G) computers, the first general-purpose
digital computers to use integrated circuits.

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1965: BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) programming language was developed by Dr.
Thomas Kurtz and Dr. John Kemeny.

1969: The Internet started.

Fourth generation: Microprocessor

1970: Dr. Ted Hoff developed the famous Intel 4004 microprocessor (G) chip.

1975: Ed Roberts, the "father of the microcomputer" designed the first microcomputer, the Altair 8800, which was
produced by Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS). The same year, two young hackers, William
Gates and Paul Allen approached MITS and promised to deliver a BASIC compiler. So they did and from the sale,
Microsoft was born.

1976: Apple Computer, Inc was founded by Steven Jobs and Stephen Wozniak.

1977: Jobs and Wozniak designed and built the first Apple II microcomputer.

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1981: The IBM PC was introduced with a 16-bit microprocessor.

1984 – Apple Computer launched the Macintosh, the first successful mouse-driven computer with GUI.

1984 – IBM released the first commercial implementation of 80286 called PC/AT (PC Advanced Technology). It is
three times faster than original PCs and based on the Intel 286 chip.

1988: A non-destructive worm was introduced into the Internet network bringing thousands of computers to a
halt.

1989: The Intel 486 became the world's first 1,000,000 transistor microprocessor.

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Fifth Generation: ULSI

The period of fifth generation is 1980-till date. In the fifth generation, Very large-scale integration (VLSI)
technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production of microprocessor
chips having ten million electronic components.

The Application of Computer in Various Fields

1. Military: The application of computer plays a vital role in the design and development of high tech weapons for
defense where absolute accuracy is essential. The whole world saw the vast use of computers in defense during the
Gulf and Afghanistan wars and also in the Iraq war.

Computerized simulation exercises are very helpful in training pilots. Computers are used to help in fighting terror
by locating unlawful elements in the world with high accuracy. With the use of computer technology, government
around the world can successfully execute their plans through effective planning. The world saw how America was
able to plan the downfall of Osama and located him accurately.

2. Banks: As a result of the computerization and networking of a large number of banks, several facilities are being
offered to the customers. Using online banking, you can check your past transactions from the date of the account
opening with real-time balance.

Money can be easily transferred to any account across the globe. Internet banking also allows the use of ATM or
Debit Card, Credit Card to shop, buy tickets, pay bills for utility services like electricity, telephone, and mobiles
recharge.

You can even subscribe to a free monthly bank account statements and apply online to open fixed deposits.

3. Research: The computer is facilitating the research work in a tremendous way by performing complex
computations, which sometimes seem impossible for humans. Some of them are listed below:

 The computations required for launching a new satellite into space in one such example
 Earthquakes and Tsunami warnings are possible with the aid of computers
 Weather forecasting is done with help of computers
 Impact of nuclear tests can be studied using computers

4. Education: The application of computer play vital role in Computer-aided learning and teaching is changing the
entire spectrum of our education system. The multimedia-rich computerized animation and video help students to
understand the concepts in a very simple and effective manner.

Virtual Classroom s is a reality nowadays. The technology uses video conferencing and online modules of study
material for learning. With the advent of e-learning, students can study as per schedule. Now, It has become
possible to conduct online entrance exams at the national and international levels with the help of computers.

The results of various education boards, as well as entrance exams, are available online. Students can find
information about various colleges through the Internet can apply online for desired courses.

5. Media and Communication: The application of computers has played a major role in revolutionizing the
communication system. From Advent of Telephone and Television which were perceived as incredible things, we
have come a long way to enjoy the facilities like mobile phones, the Internet , E-mail, SMS, Chatting, Cable TV Video
Conferencing, etc.

6. Criminal Identification and Law Enforcement: The application of computers can create close resembling
photographs of criminals. This help CBI(Central Bureau of Investigation) staff to identify the criminals. The police
use the DNA fingerprinting technique to identify accused with the help of skin, hair, or blood samples collected
from the site of crime.

The traffic police use speed cameras on traffic lights to monitor people for law violations. The police also use
computers to track the information of stolen automobiles and mobile phones in order to catch the criminals in no
time.

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7. Entertainment: At home, the applications of computers are being used for as well as entertainment. With the
advent of a computer, the member of the family can have easy access to games music, movie e-mail, chatting, and
research for their projects and assignments. People can even enjoy the facility of watching television on their
computers.

8. Business: Computer has helped in improving business activities throughout the world. The organization can
have access to the latest technology and manpower across the world. E-commerce has completely changed the
scenario of online shopping.

9. Animation and Films: In the field of entertainment, the computer is used for making cartoon films, producing
special musical effects, and bringing fantasy to life in movies. Cartoon characters like Walt Disney’s Mickey and
Donald, Tom, and Jerry, etc are given animation effects through computers.

Movie-like Jurassic Park, Godzilla, Happy Feet Robot, Kung Fu Panda has used the latest computer animation
techniques for giving special effects.

10. Book Publishing: With the help of the application of computer, designing, typing, and editing work can be done
with great ease and efficiency. We can insert pictures, apply various formatting features and styles to a book in no
time using a computer.

11. Commercial Purpose: Advanced reservation of rooms in hotels and booking of cinema tickets is now possible
from anywhere with the advent of the Internet . The billing system in theatres, shopping malls are hotels that have
become possible through computers.

12. Engineering and Manufacturing: The application of computers has played a major role in Computed Aided
Design(CAD) and Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) for designing and manufacturing high-quality products like
cars and planes.

Architect use computer for designing the layout of building and viewing the objects in details. A robot is big
advancement in technology which is used to skillful and repetitive work. Manufacturing with support of robots and
computers is called Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM).

13. Sports: Computers are also used in the field of sports. The sports equipment used by athletes is first tested on
computers. There are several sports exercising equipment, which have inbuilt programs to train to sportspeople.

The training of athletes is done with aid of computers, scoreboards, recording speed of players, action replay,
printing and selling of tickets are also done with help of computers.

14. Medical Science: The application of computer help in diagnosing diseases and controlling important medical
processes like CITI scan, X-ray, ECG, and Ultrasounds.

Computerized equipment is helpful in maintaining patients’ medical records and performing surgeries. Computers
can be used for research and to help the doctors in the treatment of diseases.

15. Government Sector: Computers are used for official correspondence, budgeting, accounts, reporting, payroll,
attendance, uploading of various schemes, forms, etc. The sector like census bureau, Income TAX, airline and
railway, electricity board of telephone exchanges are benefiting from computer technology.

16. Library and Museum: The application of computers in the library can help maintain records of the issue and
deposit dates of books, encyclopaedias, CDs, etc. A computer can maintain a subject-wise listing of books and helps
in indexing and searching a particular book quickly.

The advantage and applications of computers in various fields are unlimited. Now it must be evident to you how
computers become an essential part of our life. It has influenced our lives to such an extent that we cannot even
imagine working without this electronic device.

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V. REFERENCES: [1] Avant Healthcare Professionals. 2019. How is Technology Impacting Nursing Practice
in 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2021 from shorturl.at/afuPR

[2] Mickeel Allen. 2019. Technological Influence on Society. Retrieved April 10, 2021
from shorturl.at/agtW2

[3] Dale Stokdyk. 2019. What is Information Technology. Retrieved April 10, 2021 from
https://www.snhu.edu/about-us/newsroom/2018/07/what-is-information-technology.

[4] Concepts All. 2020. The Application of Computer in Various Fields. Retrieved April 10,
2021 from https://conceptsall.com/the-application-of-computer-in-various-fields/

DISCLAIMER

Every reasonable effort is made to ensure the accuracy of the information used in the creation of this
reference material, without prejudice to the existing copyrights of the authors. As an off-shoot of the innumerable
difficulties encountered during these trying times, the authors endeavored to ensure proper attribution of the
esteemed original works, by way of footnotes or bibliography, to their best abilities and based on available
resources, despite the limited access and mobility due to quarantine restrictions imposed by the duly constituted
authorities.

We make no warranties, guarantees or representations concerning the accuracy or suitability of the

information contained in this material or any references and links provided here. Links to other materials in our
CPOD and CAM was made in good faith, for non-commercial teaching purposes only to the extent justified for the
purpose, and consistent with fair use under Sec. 185 of Republic Act No. 8293, otherwise known as the Intellectual
Property Code of the Philippines.

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