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History of
Blood banking
Judith Maye G. Bolicom RMT
History of Blood Banking
• China, 1000 BC - The soul was contained in the
blood.
• Egyptians bathed in blood for their health.
• Romans drinking the blood of fallen gladiators to
gain strength and vitality and to cure epilepsy.
• Ancient Greeks believed that blood was formed in
the heart, then consumed as it flowed out to the
body in veins, while air was passed from the lungs
to the body in arteries.
The First Transfusion
• Pope Innocent VII
• 1492
• Requested by a Jewish
Physician
• Said to have received
a transfusion from the
blood of three ten-year
old boy.
The First Transfusion
• All of them died.
• First blood transfusion recorded in history.
In 15th
Century
• William Harvey
• British Physician
• Discovery of the
circulation of blood.
In the 17 th century
• Richard Lower
• 1655
• Performing the first successful blood transfusion
(animal to animal).
• He kept exsanguinated dogs alive by connecting
the carotid artery of the donor dog to the jugular
vein of the recipient dog with a quill
1. Performed transfusion of lamb blood into the
carotid artery of a young woman in 1667
Jean
(Dennis and Emmerez)
2. 15-year-old boy - survived
Baptiste
3. Laborer - survived
4. Denis’s fourth transfusion recipient,
Denis
suffering from luetic madness ,following a
symptom-free first transfusion, developed a
hemolytic reaction upon his second
transfusion. His madness seemed improved,
so another transfusion was undertaken which
unfortunately proved fatal.
Jean Baptiste Denis
• This incident led to a prohibition by the French Parliament of
further transfusions (1678).
• The British Royal Society (1668) and the Vatican (1669) had also
laid prohibitions against blood transfusions.
• These prohibitions and the fear of adverse reactions led to a

150year long near complete hiatus in transfusion work.
The Eighteenth Century
Transfusions were done only sporadically and were Transfusion was generally thought of as a cure for
generally animal to human. mental aberration or as a youth potion for the aged,
rather than as a treatment for blood loss.
James Blundell
• In 1818, James Blundell attempted human-to
human transfusion of a man suffering from
gastric carcinoma.
• He also successfully transfused a patient who
had hemorrhaged during childbirth
The Nineteenth Century
• Transfusions in the 1800s were plagued by the complications of
transfusion reactions.
• Panum and Landois showed that same species transfusions were more
efficacious than interspecies transfusions.
• However, animal to human transfusions were performed as late as
1890.
• Two instances of successful transfusion, both administered during leg
amputation, are documented from the Civil War
Karl Landsteiner
• In 1900-01 , Landsteiner showed that serum
from some individuals could agglutinate or
hemolyze the red blood cells of certain, but
not all, individuals. The serum of the latter
would likewise agglutinate the red blood
cells of the former.
• He named these three different types A, B,
and C. Today these are types A, B, and O.
History
• Sturli and DeCastello described the fourth blood group, AB, in 1902.
• Landsteiner and Wiener, in 1940, describe Rh typing. This leads to dramatic
decrease in the incidence of hemolytic disease of the newborn.
• Over 250 different antigens categorized into 23 major discrete systems are
now known.
• American Surgeon Reuben Ottenberg and Schultz were the first to apply
this information in an actual transfusion (1907) . He suggested that patient
and donor blood should be grouped and cross matched.
Lewisohn’s Method of Transfusion(1907)
Blood is collected in a citrated flask and immediately transfused.

Albert Hustin
In 1914 , Albert Hustin reported
the first human transfusion using
citrated blood, he added sodium
citrate and glucose to preserve
blood.
First Blood Depot
• The introduction of a citrate dextrose solution
permitted the storage of blood in containers
for several days thus opening the way for the
first “Blood Depot” in Britain during World
War I
• Oswald Hope Robertson , a medical
researcher and US army officer, who
established the Depot is now recognized as
the creator of first blood bank.
• World War I experiences led to the universal
adoption of blood typing to select blood
donors.
• Rous and Turner developed a solution of
salt, isocitrate and dextrose in order to both
anti-coagulate and preserve blood.
• This method, with minor variations, was
used through most of World War II.
• Loutit and Mollison introduced ACD
(acid-citrate-dextrose) as a preservative in
1943.
• It was adopted by the Army in 1945.(1:4
solution: blood ratio)
Dr. Charles
Drew
• Dr. Charles Drew was an African-
American doctor and scientist .
• His work on blood storage and
blood banks helped to save
thousands of lives during World
War II.
• He developed ways to process
and store blood plasma.
In 1940 , Edwin Cohn developed
cold ethanol fractionation, the
process of breaking down plasma
into components and products.
Edwin 1951
Cohn 1940
In 1951, Edwin Cohn developed

the first cell separator which
allowed blood to be separated into
red cells, white cells, platelets, and
plasma
Blood Banks
In 1936,During the Spanish Civil War, Dr. Norman Bethune,

established the first Blood Bank at Madrid.
1936
15 Mar. 1937
Bernard Fantus, at Chicago’s Cook County Hospital,
established the first hospital blood bank in the United States on
15 Mar 1937.
ACD preservative was supplanted by citrate-phosphate-
dextrose (CPD) in 1957.
CPD with adenine in 1965.
Blood CPD-A1 in the 1980s.
Bank Effective preservation and refrigeration lead to the ability

to bank blood for longer periods.
Cryoprotective agents, such as glycerol, gain use in the

1960s, enabling freezing of blood for long-term storage.
Plastic Blood Bags
• Blood was collected into reusable glass bottles in the first half of the
twentieth century.
• Pyrogenic reactions from contamination due to incomplete cleaning
were frequent.
• Air embolism was a common complication due to the vacuum
systems used on glass bottles.
• Trials of plastic bags were conducted by the American Red Cross in
1949.
• In 1952, Dr Carl Waldemar Walter, of
Plastic Harvard Medical School, is credited

with the invention of the first Plastic
Blood blood collection bag.

• Plastic bags were disposable and,
Bags because of their flexibility, facilitated
the separation of blood components
and the advent of component therapy.
Blood Bank
In 1964 , Plasmapheresis was introduced for the means of

collecting plasma for fractionation. Judith Pool develops In 1981, use of polyvinyl bags for collection ,storage and
cryoprecipitate for the treatment of Hemophilia transfusion was legalised.
1964 1969 1981
In 1969, S. Murphy and F. Gardener demonstrated the feasibility

of storing platelets at room temp, revolutionizing platelet
transfusion therapy
• Blood Transfusion and Banking
has come a long way due to
Blood multiple scientists, adventurous

physicians, courageous donors
banking
and patients.
• We owe much to these
pioneers.
Assignment
• Research for the History of Philippine
National Red Cross

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History of

• These prohibitions and the fear of adverse reactions led to a

Blood is collected in a citrated flask and immediately transfused.

In 1951, Edwin Cohn developed

In 1936,During the Spanish Civil War, Dr. Norman Bethune,

CPD with adenine in 1965.

Blood CPD-A1 in the 1980s.

Bank Effective preservation and refrigeration lead to the ability

Cryoprotective agents, such as glycerol, gain use in the

Plastic Harvard Medical School, is credited

Blood blood collection bag.

In 1964 , Plasmapheresis was introduced for the means of

1964 1969 1981

In 1969, S. Murphy and F. Gardener demonstrated the feasibility

Blood multiple scientists, adventurous

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