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Jane Jacobs OC
 (4 May 1916 – 25 April 2006)
was an American-Canadian journalist, author, and
activist who influenced urban studies, sociology, and
economics.

Her book The Death and Life of Great American

Cities (1961) argued that “urban renewal”/”slum
clearance” did not respect the needs of city-dwellers.
Jacobs organized grassroots efforts to protect
neighborhoods from “urban renewal”/”slum clearance”, in
particular Robert Moses’ plans to overhaul her
own Greenwich Village neighborhood. She was instrumental in the eventual cancellation of
the Lower Manhattan Expressway, which would have passed directly through SoHo,
Manhattan and Little Italy, Manhattan. She was arrested in 1968 for inciting a crowd at a
public hearing on that project. After moving to Toronto in 1968, she joined the opposition to
the Spadina Expressway and the associated network of expressways in Toronto planned, and
under construction.
Work(s):
 The Death and Life of Great American Cities – In the book she celebrates the
diversity and complexity of old-mixed use neighborhoods, while lamenting the
monotony and sterility of modern planning.
 The Economy of Cities – The thesis of this book is that cities are the primary drivers
of economic development. Her main argument is that explosive economic growth
derives from urban import replacement.
 Cities and the Wealth of Nations – Cities and the Wealth of Nations attempts to do
for economics what The Death and Life of Great American Cities did for modern urban
planning, though it has not received the same critical attention.
 Systems of Survival – This book is written as a Platonic dialogue. It appears that she
(as described by characters in her book) took newspaper clippings of moral judgments
related to work, collected and sorted them to find that they fit two patterns of moral
behavior that were mutually exclusive. She calls these two patterns “Moral Syndrome
A”, or commercial moral syndrome, and “Moral Syndrome B”, or guardian moral
syndrome.
 The Nature of Economies – The Nature of Economies, a dialog between friends
concerning the premise: “human beings exist wholly within nature as part of the natural
order in every respect” (p. ix), argues that the same principles underlie
both ecosystems and economies: “development and co-development through
differentiation and their combinations; expansion through diverse, multiple uses of
energy; and self-maintenance through self-refueling” (p. 82).
 Dark Age Ahead – Published in 2004 by Random House, Dark Age Ahead posits
Jacobs’ argument that “North American” civilization shows signs of a spiral decline
comparable to the collapse of the Roman empire.

Frederick Law Olmsted 

(April 26, 1822 – August 28, 1903)
was an American landscape architect, journalist, social critic,
and public administrator.

He is popularly considered to be the father of

American landscape architecture. Olmsted was famous for co-
designing many well-known urban parks with his senior
partner Calvert Vaux,

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including Central Park in New York City, Prospect Park in Brooklyn, New
York and Cadwalader Park in Trenton. 

He headed the pre-eminent landscape architecture and planning consultancy of late

nineteenth-century America, which was carried on and expanded by his sons, Frederick Jr
and John C, under the name Olmsted Brothers.

NOTABLE WORK(S):
 Arnold Arboretum
 Back Bay Fens
 Belle Isle
 Boston’s Emerald
Necklace
 Buffalo, New York
 Central Park
 Druid Hills, Atlanta,
GA.
 Franklin Park
 Grounds of the US
Capitol
 Jamaica Pond
 Landscapes
 Moraine Farm,
Beverly Mass.
 Mount Royal, Montreal Quebec
 Muddy Rivers Link
 Niagara Falls State Reserve
 Prospect Park
 Riverside, Illinois
 Stanford University
 The Biltmore
 The Colombian Exhibition

Jan Gehl Hon, FAIA 

(born 17 September 1936, Copenhagen)

Is a Danish architect and urban
design consultant based
in Copenhagen whose career has focused on
improving the quality of urban life by re-
orienting city design towards the pedestrian
and cyclist. He is a founding partner of Gehl
Architects.

Gehl received a Masters of Architecture from the School of Architecture at the Royal Danish
Academy of Fine Arts (KADK) in Copenhagen in 1960, and practiced architecture from 1960
to 1966. In 1966 he received a research grant from KADK to study “ the form and use of
public spaces”; his book Life between Buildings (1971) reports his studies of public life in
public spaces, and develops his theories about how city planning and architecture influence
public life. He became a professor of urban planning at KADK, and a Visiting
Professor around the world. He co-founded Gehl Architects in 2000 with Helle Søholt, held a
Partner position until 2011, and remains a Senior Advisor.

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NOTABLE WORK(S)
 Cities for People - For more than forty years Jan Gehl has helped
to transform urban environments around the world based on his
research into the ways people actually use—or could use—the
spaces where they live and work. In this revolutionary book, Gehl
presents his latest work creating (or recreating) cityscapes on a
human scale. He clearly explains the methods and tools he uses to
reconfigure unworkable cityscapes into the landscapes he believes
they should be: cities for people.
 Life between buildings - Life Between Buildings is Jan Gehl’s
classic text on the importance of designing urban public space with the
fundamental desires of people as guiding principles. The book
describes essential elements that contribute to people’s enjoyment of
spaces in the public realm. These elements remain remarkably
constant even as architectural styles go in and out of fashion and the
character of the ‘life between buildings’ changes.
 New City spaces - Based on materials from the project "New
Tendencies in Public Space Architecture" conducted at the
School of Architecture, Royal Danish Academy of Arts.
 How to study Public Life - How to Study Public Life is an
essential tool-oriented book for all those striving to create better
cities for people." "Gehl and Svarre's How to Study Public Life is
a refreshing manual for how to engage design professionals and
the general public to observe, analyze, and assess the nature of
their city."
 New City Life - "New City Life tells the story of the gradual
development of industrial society's essential city life to the elective
city life of a leisure and consumer society. Where city life was once a
necessity and taken for granted, today it is an option. For that very
reason this is also the story of a transition from time when the quality
of city space did not play much of a role in its use to a new situation
in which quality is a crucial parameter. Contemporary
experience shows that when quality city space is provided it
attracts an extensive and multifaceted city life with many new
features that reflect the changes in society.
 Places for People - In 1993 Professor Jan Gehl was invited
to Melbourne by the City of. Melbourne to conduct a survey of
Public Spaces and Public Life.

Andrés Duany
 (born September 7, 1949)
is an American architect, an urban planner, and a
founder of the Congress for the New Urbanism.

In 1977, Duany co-founded

the Miami firm Arquitectonica with his
wife, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk; Bernardo Fort-
Brescia; Laurinda Spear; and Hervin Romney.
Arquitectonica became famous for playful Latin-
American influenced modernism. The firm's Atlantis
Condominium was featured prominently in the
opening credits of the television series Miami Vice.

In 1980, Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk

founded Duany Plater-Zyberk & Company (DPZ),

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based in Miami, Florida. DPZ participated in the New Urbanism, an international urban
planning
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movement opposed to suburban sprawl and urban disinvestment. The firm first received
recognition as the designer of new towns such as Seaside, Florida and Kentlands, Maryland.
The firm has since completed designs and codes for over three hundred new towns, regional
plans, and inner-city revitalization projects. Duany is also considered to be a representative
of New Classical Architecture.

Duany is a co-founder and emeritus board member of the Congress for the New
Urbanism (CNU), established in 1993. He has co-authored five books: Suburban Nation: The
Rise of Sprawl and the Decline of the American Dream; The New Civic Art; The Smart Growth
Manual; Garden Cities; and Landscape Urbanism and Its Discontents. Duany has worked as
visiting professor at many institutions and holds two honorary doctorates. He is a fellow of
the American Institute of Architects and an adjunct professor at the University of Miami.

NOTABLE WORK(S):
 Suburban Nation: The Rise of Sprawl and the Decline of the American Dream - A
manifesto by America's most controversial and celebrated town planners, proposing an
alternative model for community design.
 The New Civic Art: Elements of Town Planning - The book is a voluminous, richly
illustrated catalog of what the authors consider to be examples of sound planning.
More than 1000 briefly annotated drawings, photos, plans, and models of everything
from the Acropolis to Chinese villages to Los Angeles courtyard houses provide object
lessons in mixed-use design, pedestrian-friendly environments, welcoming public
spaces, and other tenets of new urbanism.
 The Smart Growth Manual - Everyone is calling for smart growth...but what exactly is
it? In the Smart Growth Manual, two leading city planners provide a thorough answer.
From the expanse of the metropolis to the detail of the window box, they address the
pressing challenges of urban development with easy-to-follow advice and broad array
of best practices.
 Garden Cities: Theory & Practice of Agrarian Urbanism - This book details a type
of community plan and management that enables a comprehensive interaction of
agriculture with modern society. Agrarian Urbanism may not be for everyone, but it is
one of the more beneficial methods to develop and dwell on the land. Because of its
mitigating effect on climate change, a neo-agrarian way of life should be made
available to as many as possible.

Lewis Mumford
 (October 19, 1895 – January 26, 1990)
was an American historian, sociologist, philosopher of
technology, and literary critic. Particularly noted for his study
of cities and urban architecture, he had a broad career as a
writer. Mumford made signal contributions to social
philosophy, American literary and cultural history and the
history of technology. Mumford was influenced by the work
of Scottish theorist Sir Patrick Geddes and worked closely
with his associate the British sociologist Victor Branford.
Mumford was also a contemporary and friend of Frank Lloyd
Wright, Clarence Stein, Frederic Osborn, Edmund N. Bacon,
and Vannevar Bush.

WORK(S):
 1922  The Story of Utopias
 1924  Sticks and Stones
 1926  Architecture, published by the American Library Association in its "Reading With
a Purpose" series
 1926  The Golden Day

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  1929  Herman Melville: A Study of His Life and Vision
 1931  The Brown Decades: A Study of the Arts in America, 1865–1895
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 "Renewal of Life" series
 1934  Technics and
Civilization
 1938  The Culture of Cities
 1944  The Condition of Man
 1951  The Conduct of Life
 1939  The City (film)
 1939  Men Must Act
 1940  Faith for Living
 1941  The South in
Architecture
 1945  City Development
 1946  Values for Survival
 1952  Art and Technics
 1954  In the Name of Sanity
 1956  From the Ground
Up (essay collection)
 1956  The Transformations of Man (New York: Harper and Row)
 1961  The City in History (awarded the National Book Award)
 1963  The Highway and the City (essay collection)
 The Myth of the Machine (two volumes)
 1967  Technics and Human Development
 1970  The Pentagon of Power
 1968  The Urban Prospect (essay collection)
 1979  My Work and Days: A Personal Chronicle
 1982  Sketches from Life: The Autobiography of Lewis Mumford(New York: Dial Press)
 1986  The Lewis Mumford Reader (Donald L. Miller, ed.; New York: Pantheon Books)

Robert Gibbs,FASLA, AICP, President

Robert serves as GPG's president and managing
director.  He is a registered landscape architect,
professional planner and charter member of the
American and European Congress for the New
Urbanism. Robert teaches at Harvard's Graduate
School of Design's Executive Education program and
has authored numerous books including Principles for
Urban Retail.  In 2012, Gibbs was honored by the
Clinton Presidential Library for his life's contributions to
urban planning and by the City of Auckland, New
Zealand for his planning innovations. Robert was
recently named as one of the 100 Most Influential
Urbanist of the past century by Planetizen and has
consulted across the Americas, Europe and Pacific
Rim for over 2500 cities, institutions, real estate
developments and universities. Robert was inducted
into the American Society of Landscape Architects College of Fellows in 2019.

Gibbs has a BA from Oakland University, where was named the Distinguished Alumni of 2016
and was granted an Honorary Doctorate of Arts in 2019.  He has also earned a Masters in
Landscape Architecture from the University of Michigan.  Gibbs is a member of the American
Society of Landscape Architects, the American Institute of Certified Planners, the Congress
for the New Urbanism and the Urban Land Institute.  Prior to founding GPG in 1988, Robert
was an urban designer at the Smith-JJR Group and an urban planner at the Taubman

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Shopping Center Company.   Gibbs also hosts Michigan Planning Today, a popular cable
program on urban and real estate issues.

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WORK(S):

URBAN RETAIL - The retail environment has evolved rapidly in the

past few decades, with the retailing industry and its placement and
design of "brick-and-mortar" locations changing with evolving
demographics, shopping behavior, transportation options and a
desire in recent years for more unique shopping environments.

Written by a leading expert, this is a guide to planning for retail

development for urban planners, urban designers and architects. It
includes an overview of history of retail design, a look at retail and
merchandising trends, and principles for current retail
developments.

Frank Lloyd Wright

 (June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959)
was an American architect, interior designer, writer, and
educator, whose creative period spanned more than 70
years, designing more than 1,000 structures, of which 532
were completed. Wright believed in designing structures
that were in harmony with humanity and its environment, a
philosophy he called organic architecture. This philosophy
was best exemplified by Fallingwater (1935), which has been
called "the best all-time work of American architecture." As
a founder of organic architecture, Wright played a key role
in the architectural movements of the twentieth century,
influencing three generations of architects worldwide
through his works.

Wright was the pioneer of what came to be called the Prairie

School movement of architecture, and he also developed the concept of the Usonian home
in Broadacre City, his unique vision for urban planning in the United States. In addition to his
houses, Wright designed original and innovative offices, churches, schools, skyscrapers,
hotels, museums, and other structures. He often designed interior elements for these
buildings, as well, including furniture and stained glass. Wright wrote 20 books and many
articles and was a popular lecturer in the United States and Europe. Wright was recognized in
1991 by the American Institute of Architects as "the greatest American architect of all time." In
2019, a selection of his work became a listed World Heritage Site as The 20th-Century
Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright.

WORK(S):
UTOPIA/DYSTOPIA BROADACRE CITY –
Broadacre City was designed to be a
continuous urban area with a low population
density and services grouped depending on the
type. The city had a futuristic highway and
airfields in an effort to help curb traffic. The
highways connecting different cities were
gigantic, with detailed design and landscaping.
There were public service stations and
comfortable vehicles with the city divided into
various units. There were farm units, factory
units, roadside markets, leisure areas, schools,

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and living spaces. Each living unit was given an acre to decorate and nurture. All the units
were organized such that individuals would get any service or commodity they needed within
a radius of one hundred and fifty miles accessible
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by road or air to make it decentralized and sustainable. Similar services were found in distinct
zones of the city. For example, Banks were located along the same street, same to leisure
joints. The design was motor vehicle-friendly, reflecting Wright’s love for cars and the living
units were called minimum houses. The design concept focused on the social right of every
citizen, especially the family unit, to their place on land and air, where they were free to
socialize.

Charles-Édouard Jeanneret (AKA Le Corbusier)

 (6 October 1887 – 27 August 1965)

was a Swiss-French architect, designer,

painter, urban planner, writer, and one of the
pioneers of what is now called modern architecture.
He was born in Switzerland and became a French
citizen in 1930. His career spanned five decades,
and he designed buildings in Europe, Japan, India,
and North and South America.

Dedicated to providing better living conditions for the

residents of crowded cities, Le Corbusier was
influential in urban planning, and was a founding
member of the Congrès International d'Architecture
Moderne (CIAM). Le Corbusier prepared the master
plan for the city of Chandigarh in India, and contributed specific designs for several buildings
there, specially the government buildings.

On 17 July 2016, seventeen projects by Le Corbusier in seven countries were inscribed in the
list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites as The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an
Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement.

WORK(S)
 LA VILLE RADIUSE (RADIANT CITY) - Le Corbusier was trying to find a fix for the
same problems of urban pollution and overcrowding, but unlike Howard, he envisioned
building up, not out. His plan, also known as “Towers in the Park,” proposed exactly
that: numerous high-rise buildings each surrounded by green space. Each building was
set on what planners today would derisively refer to as “superblocks,” and space was
clearly delineated between different uses (in the above diagram, this includes
“housing,” the “business center,” “factories” and “warehouses”). Le Corbusier’s ideas
later reappeared in the design of massive public housing projects in the U.S. in the era
of “urban renewal.” This is an image of the famous Pruitt-Igoe housing project in St.
Louis that was demolished just 18 years after it was built.

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 PLAN VOISIN

Charles Marohn
Charles Marohn - known as "Chuck" to friends
and colleagues - is the Founder and President
of Strong Towns and the author of Strong Towns:
A Bottom-Up Revolution to Rebuild American
Prosperity. He is a Professional Engineer
(PE) licensed in the State of Minnesota and a
land use planner with two decades of experience.
He holds a bachelor's degree in Civil Engineering
and a Master of Urban and Regional Planning,
both from the University of Minnesota.

Marohn is also the lead author of Thoughts on Building Strong Towns — Volume 1, Volume 2 
and Volume 3 — as well as the author of A World Class Transportation System. He hosts the
Strong Towns Podcast and is a primary writer for Strong Towns’ web
content. He has presented Strong Towns concepts in hundreds of
cities and towns across North America. He is featured in the
documentary film Owned: A Tale of Two Americans, and was named
one of the 10 Most Influential Urbanists of all time by Planetizen.
WORK(S)
 Strong Towns (Book)- Learn the underlying reasons why
your city is going broke,Gain the knowledge needed to stop
bad development practices,Have a plan to make your
neighborhood stronger and more prosperous,Take control of
your community's future.
 A World Class Transporation -America is having a one-
dimensional discussion on transportation. The central question
– how do we get more money to continue with our current
approach – fails to adequately explain why our current
approach has left us lacking
funds in the first place. Political
leaders say they want a “world
class transportation system” but are not able to explain, in
any credible way, how to bring that vision about.

Richard L. Florida 
(born November 26, 1957, in Newark, New Jersey)

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One of the world's most visible urbanists. Richard Florida authored The Rise of the Creative
Class and, most recently, The New Urban Crisis. Serves as university professor and director
of cities at the Martin Prosperity Institute at the University of Toronto.

is an American urban studies theorist focusing on social and economic theory. He is a

professor and head of the Martin Prosperity Institute at the Rotman
School of Management at the University of Toronto.

Florida received a PhD from Columbia University in 1986. Prior to

joining George Mason University's School of Public Policy, where he
spent two years, he taught at Carnegie Mellon University's Heinz
College in Pittsburgh from 1987 to 2005. He was named a Senior Editor
at The Atlantic in March 2011 after serving as a correspondent for
TheAtlantic.com for a year.
WORK(S)
 The Rise of the Creative Class- The Rise of the Creative Class
is a 2002 non-fiction book that was written by noted American
sociologist and economist Richard Florida.

 The New Urban Crisis- The New Urban Crisis is a bracingly

original work of research and analysis that offers a compelling
diagnosis of our economic ills and a bold prescription for more
inclusive cities capable of ensuring prosperity for all.

William H. (Holly) Whyte

(1917-1999)

is the mentor of Project for Public Spaces because of his

seminal work in the study of human behavior in urban
settings. While working with the New York City Planning
Commission in 1969, Whyte began to wonder how newly
planned city spaces were actually working out - something
that no one had previously researched. This curiosity led
to the Street Life Project, a pioneering study of pedestrian
behavior and city dynamics.

Whyte was born in West Chester, Pennsylvania, in 1917.

Following his graduating from Princeton University
and service in the Marine Corps, he joined
the staff of Fortune magazine in 1946. After his book The Organization
Man (1956), which was based on his articles about corporate culture and the
suburban middle class, sold over two million copies, Whyte turned to
issues of sprawl and urban revitalization, which laid the ground for
his distinguished career as a sage of sane development and an advocate of
cities.

WORK(S)
 The Social Life of Public Spaces. Whyte wrote that the social life in public
spaces contributes fundamentally to the quality of life of
individuals and society as a whole. He believed that we have a
moral responsibility to create physical places that facilitate civic
engagement and community interaction.
 Bottom-Up Place Design. Whyte advocated for a new way of
designing public spaces - one that was bottom-up, not top-
down. Using his approach, design should start with a thorough
understanding of the way people use spaces, and the way they

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would like to use spaces. Whyte noted that people vote with their
feet - they use spaces that are easy to use, that are comfortable.
They don't use the spaces that are not.
 The Power of Observation. By observing and by talking to people,
Whyte believed, we c an learn a great deal about what people
want in public spaces and can put this knowledge to work in
creating places that shape livable communities. We should
therefore enter spaces without theoretical or aesthetic biases,
and we should "look hard, with a clean, clear mind, and then look
again - and believe what you see."

Kevin Andrew Lynch 

(January 7, 1918 – April 25, 1984)

was an American urban planner and author. He is known

for his work on the perceptual form of urban environments
and was an early proponent of mental mapping. His most
influential books include The Image of the City (1960), a
seminal work on the perceptual form of urban
environments, and What Time is This Place? (1972),
which theorizes how the physical environment captures
and refigures temporal processes.

A student of architect Frank Lloyd Wright before training in

city planning, Lynch spent his academic career at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
teaching there from 1948 to 1978. He practiced site planning and urban design professionally
with Carr/Lynch Associates, later known as Carr, Lynch, and Sandell.

WORK(S)
Image of the City - Lynch's most famous work, The Image of the
City (1960), is the result of a five-year study on how observers
take in information of the city. Using three American cities as
examples (Boston, Jersey City and Los Angeles),

Lynch reported that users understood their surroundings in

consistent and predictable ways, forming mental maps with five
elements:
 paths, the streets, sidewalks, trails, and other channels in
which people travel;
 edges, perceived boundaries such as walls, buildings, and
shorelines;
 districts, relatively large sections of the city distinguished
by some identity or character;
 nodes, focal points, intersections or loci;

 landmarks, readily identifiable objects which serve as external reference points.
In the same book, Lynch also coined the words "imageability" and "wayfinding". Image of the
City has had important and durable influence in the fields of urban
planning and environmental psychology.

Robert Moses 
(December 18, 1888 – July 29, 1981)
The "master builder" of mid-20th century New York City and environs, Robert Moses is one of
the most polarizing figure of modern city building. Perhaps the most powerful man in New
York City for a long stretch of the 20th century, Moses pursued a campaign of modernism

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based on slum clearing, public housing projects, and high-speed automobile transportation
evident in
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New York to this day. Moses's ambitions also inspired the
growth of an opposition movement around Jane Jacobs.

was an American public official who worked mainly in

the New York metropolitan area. Known as the "master
builder" of mid-20th century New York City, Long
Island, Rockland County,

and Westchester County, he is sometimes compared

to Baron Haussmann of Second Empire Paris, and was one
of the most polarizing figures in the history of urban
development in the United States. His decisions favoring
highways over public transit helped create the modern
suburbs of Long Island and influenced a generation of engineers, architects, and urban
planners who spread his philosophies across the nation despite his not having been trained in
those professions. Moses would call himself a "coordinator" and was referred to in the media
as a "master builder".
WORK(S)
 Tribourough Bridge - The Triborough
Bridge (known officially as the Robert F.
Kennedy Bridge, and sometimes referred to
as the RFK Triborough Bridge, the RFK
Bridge, or simply the RFK) is a complex
of bridges and elevated expressway
viaducts[2] in New York City. The bridges
link the New York City
boroughs of Manhattan, Queens, and the
Bronx. The viaducts cross Randalls and
Wards Islands, which were previously two
islands but are now joined by landfill.
 Brooklyn–Battery link - The Brooklyn–
Battery Tunnel (officially the Hugh L. Carey
Tunnel) is a toll tunnel in New York City that
connects Red Hook in Brooklyn with Battery
Park in Manhattan. The tunnel consists of
twin tubes that each carry two traffic lanes
under the mouth of the East River. Although it
passes just offshore of Governors Island, the
tunnel does not provide vehicular access to
the island. With a length of 9,117 feet (2,779
m), the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel is the
longest continuous underwater vehicular
tunnel in North America.

Daniel Hudson Burnham, FAIA 

(September 4, 1846 – June 1, 1912)

was an American architect and urban designer.

He was the Director of Works for the World's
Columbian Exposition in Chicago, colloquially
referred to as "The White City".

Burnham took a leading role in the creation of

master plans for the development of a number of

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cities, including Chicago, Manila, Baguio and downtown Washington, D.C. He also designed
several famous buildings, including the Flatiron Building of triangular shape in New York City,
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Union Station in Washington D.C., the Continental Trust Company Building tower skyscraper
in Baltimore (now One South Calvert Building), and a number of notable skyscrapers in
Chicago.
Although best known for his skyscrapers, city planning, and for the White City, almost one
third of Burnham's total output – 14.7 million square feet (1.37 million square meters) –
consisted of buildings for shopping.

WORK(S)
City plans for:
 Chicago, Cleveland, San Francisco,
Washington DC, Manila, Baguio

 White City- a semi-utopia in which visitors

were meant to be shielded from poverty and
crime. Burnham’s plans for the site
incorporated the designs of architects trained at
the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, who paired
the balance and harmony
of Neoclassical and Baroque architecture with
the aesthetic of Chicago’s buildings and
cityscape.
 City Beautiful movement - The City Beautiful
Movement was a reform philosophy of North
American architecture and urban planning that
flourished during the 1890s and 1900s with the
intent of introducing beautification and
monumental grandeur in cities.

Sir Ebenezer Howard OBE 

(29 January 1850[1] – 1 May 1928),
the English founder of the garden city movement, is known
for his publication To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real
Reform (1898), the description of a utopian city in which
people live harmoniously together with nature. The
publication resulted in the founding of the garden city
movement, and the building of the first garden
city, Letchworth Garden City, commenced in 1903.

The second true Garden City was Welwyn Garden

City (1920) and the movement influenced the development
of several model suburbs in other countries, such as Forest
Hills Gardens designed by F. L. Olmsted Jr. in 1909,
Radburn NJ (1923) and the Suburban Resettlement
Program towns of the 1930s (Greenbelt,
Maryland; Greenhills, Ohio; Greenbrook, New
Jersey and Greendale, Wisconsin).

Howard aimed to reduce the alienation of humans and society from nature, and
hence advocated garden citiesand Georgism. Howard is believed by many to be
one of the great guides to the town planning movement, with many of his garden
city principles being used in modern town planning.

NOTABLE WORK(S):
 Garden City Movement

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  Garden City for Tomorrow - is a book by the British urban planner Ebenezer Howard.
When it was published in 1898, the
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book was titled To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform. In 1902 it was reprinted
as Garden Cities of To-Morrow. The book gave rise to the garden city movement and is very
important in the field of urban design
 LETCHWORTH GARDEN CITY -
The original land on which
Letchworth was built cost the First
Garden City, Ltd £160,378 and
covered 3826 acres. However, more
land was purchased and the
property increased to 4710
acres. The Letchworth garden city
was to sustain a population of
between 30,000 and 35,000 people,
and would be laid out as Howard
explained in his book. There would
be a central town, agricultural belt, shops, factories,
residences, civic centres and open spaces, this division of
land for specific purposes is now referred to as zoning and is
an important practice within town planning.

 Welwyn Garden City- It could be argued that Welwyn

Garden City fell short of Howard's ideals, Howard wanted
investors to invest for the sake of philanthropy, but investors
wanted returns and local democracy failed with an exclusive
government group formed. Finally, Welwyn Garden City was
marketed as a middle class commuter suburb, entirely
disrespecting the garden city ideals of a self-reliant city.

Christopher Wolfgang Alexander 

(born 4 October 1936 in Vienna, Austria) 

is a widely influential British-American architect and

design theorist, and currently emeritus professor at
the University of California, Berkeley. His theories about
the nature of human-centered design have affected fields
beyond architecture, including urban
design, software, sociology and others. Alexander has
designed and personally built over 100 buildings, both as
an architect and a general contractor.

 Architect and design theorist, regarded as the "father" of the pattern language movement.
Co-author of the 1977 book A Pattern Language.

NOTABLE WORK(S)
 Timeless Way of Building - (1979) described the perfection of
use to which buildings could aspire: There is one timeless way
of building. It is a thousand years old, and the same today as it
has ever been. The great traditional buildings of the past, the
villages and tents and temples in which man feels at home,
have always been made by people who were very close to the
center of this way. It is not possible to make great buildings, or
great towns, beautiful places, places where you feel yourself,
places where you feel alive, except by following this way. And,
as you will see, this way will lead anyone who looks for it to

13
 buildings which are themselves as ancient in their form, as the trees and hills, and as
our faces are.

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 A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Constructions-
(1977) described a practical architectural system in a form that
a theoretical mathematician or computer scientist might call
a generative grammar.
The work originated from an observation that many medieval cities are
attractive and harmonious. The authors said that this occurs because
they were built to local regulations that required specific features, but
freed the architect to adapt them to particular situations.
 The Nature of Order: An Essay on the Art of Building and
the Nature of the Universe - (2003–04), which includes
The Phenomenon of Life, The Process of Creating Life, A
Vision of a Living World and The Luminous Ground, is
Alexander's most comprehensive and elaborate work. In it, he puts forth a new theory
about the nature of space and describes how this theory influences thinking about
architecture, building, planning, and the way in which we view the world in general.

Jane Addams 
(September 6, 1860 – May 28, 1935)

was an American settlement activist, reformer, social

worker, sociologist, public administrator and author. She was
a notable figure in the history of social work and women's
suffrage in the United States and an advocate for world
peace. She co-founded Chicago's Hull House, one of
America's most famous settlement houses. In 1910, Addams
was awarded an honorary master of arts degree from Yale
University, becoming the first woman to receive an honorary
degree from the school. In 1920, she was a co-founder for
the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). In 1931, she
became the first American woman to be awarded the Nobel
Peace Prize, and is recognized as the founder of the social
work profession in the United States.[9] Maurice Hamington
considered her a radical pragmatist and the first woman
"public philosopher" in the United States.[10] When Addams
died in 1935, she was the best-known female public figure in the United States.

WORK(S):
 The dominant contribution is a focus on urban neighbourhoods containing a mix of
residents with different socioeconomic backgrounds from affluent to poor.
 Addams founded Hull House, a settlement house, in 1889 in Chicago. The settlement
house movement existed in the UK and the USA. It involved variations on well off
people providing a building in impoverished parts of cities to provide housing,
education and opportunities to the poorer people living there. The US variant was
secular and involved middle-classed people living intentionally in impoverished areas
to help break potential cycles of poverty.
 This influenced various urban planners including James Rossant in his master plan for
Reston, Virginia in 1964. Jane Jacobs identified with the theme of mixed
socioeconomic classes in neighbourhoods as being important for safe streets and
dynamic cities, but didn't, as far as I can tell, reference Jane Addams in particular,
although they are often both referenced by the same people today.

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Ian L. McHarg 
(20 November 1920 – 5 March 2001)

A pioneer of the environmental movement, McHarg founded

the University of Pennsylvania's Department of Landscape
Architecture and authored the book Design with Nature,
published in 1969.

was a Scottish landscape architect and writer on regional

planning using natural systems. McHarg was one of the most
influential persons in the environmental movement who
brought environmental concerns into broad public awareness
and ecological planning methods into the mainstream of
landscape architecture, city planning and public policy.[1] He
was the founder of the department of landscape architecture
at the University of Pennsylvania in the United States. His
1969 book Design with Nature pioneered the concept of ecological planning. It continues to
be one of the most widely celebrated books on landscape architecture and land-use planning.
In this book, he set forth the basic concepts that were to develop later in geographic
information systems.
WORK(S)
 Design with Nature - In 1969, he published Design
with Nature, which was essentially a book of step-by-
step instructions on how to break down a region into
its app ropriate uses. McHarg also was interested in
garden design and believed that homes should be
planned and designed with good private garden
space. He promoted an ecological view, in which the
designer becomes very familiar with the area through
analysis of soil, climate, hydrology, etc. Design With
Nature was the first work of its kind "to define the
problems of modern development and present a
methodology or process prescribing compatible
solutions". The book also affected a variety of fields and ideas. Frederick R.
Steiner tells us that "environmental impact assessment, new community development,
coastal zone management, brownfields restoration, zoo design, river corridor planning,
and ideas about sustainability and regenerative design all display the influence
of Design with Nature".

Richard Buckminster Fuller 

(July 12, 1895 – July 1, 1983) 

was an American architect, systems theorist, author,

designer, inventor, and futurist. Fuller published more than
30 books, coining or popularizing terms such as "Spaceship
Earth", "Dymaxion"
(house, car, map...), ephemeralization, synergetic, and
"tensegrity". He also developed numerous inventions, mainly
architectural designs, and popularized the widely
known geodesic dome. Carbon molecules known
as fullerenes were later named by scientists for their
structural and mathematical resemblance to geodesic
spheres.
Fuller was the second World President of Mensa from 1974
to 1983.

WORK(S):

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  The geodesic dome - Fuller was most famous for his lattice
shell structures – geodesic domes, which have been used as
parts of military radar stations, civic buildings, environmental
protest camps and exhibition attractions. An examination of
the geodesic design by Walther Bauersfeld for the Zeiss-
Planetarium, built some 28 years prior to Fuller's work,
reveals that Fuller's Geodesic Dome patent (U.S. 2,682,235;
awarded in 1954) is the same design as Bauersfeld's.

Their construction is based on extending some basic princ iples to build

simple "tensegrity" structures (tetrahedron, octahedron, and the closest packing of
spheres), making them lightweight and stable. The geodesic dome was a result of
Fuller's exploration of nature's constructing principles to find design solutions. The
Fuller Dome is referenced in the Hugo Award-winning novel Stand on
Zanzibar by John Brunner, in which a geodesic dome is said to cover the entire island
of Manhattan, and it floats on air due to the hot-air balloon effect of the large air-mass
under the dome (and perhaps its construction of lightweight materials).

 DYMAXION HOUSE - Fuller's energy-efficient and

inexpensive Dymaxion house garnered much
interest, but only two prototypes were ever
produced. Her e the term "Dymaxion" is used in
effect to signify a "radically strong and light
tensegrity structure". One of Fuller's Dymaxion
Houses is on display as a permanent exhibit at
the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan.
Designed and developed during the mid-1940s,
this prototype is a round structure (not a dome),
shaped something like the flattened "bell" of certain jellyfish. It has several innovative
features, including revolving dresser drawers, and a fine-mist shower that reduces
water consumption. According to Fuller biographer Steve Crooks, the house was
designed to be delivered in two cylindrical packages, with interior color panels
available at local dealers. A circular structure at the top of the house was designed to
rotate around a central mast to use natural winds for cooling and air circulation.

Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. 

(July 24, 1870 – December 25, 1957)

was an American landscape architect and city

planner known for his wildlife conservation efforts. He
had a lifetime commitment to national parks, and worked
on projects in Acadia, the Everglades and Yosemite
National Park. He gained national recognition by filling in
for his father on the Park Improvement Commission for
the District of Columbia beginning in 1901, and by
contributing to the famous McMillan Commission Plan for
redesigning Washington according to a revised version
of the original L’Enfant plan. Olmsted
Point in Yosemite and Olmsted Island at Great Falls of
the Potomac River in Maryland are named after him.

NOTABLE WORK(s)
 The L'Enfant Plan for the city of Washington 
 is the urban plan developed in 1791 by Major Pierre (Peter)
Charles L'Enfant for George Washington, the first President
of the United States.

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Léon Krier
 (born 7 April 1946)

is a Luxembourgish architect, architectural theorist and urban
planner, a prominent critic of architectural Modernism and
advocate of New Traditional Architecture and New Urbanism.
Krier combines an international architecture & planning
practice with writing and teaching. He is well-known for his
master plan for Poundbury, in Dorset, England. He is the
younger brother of architect Rob Krier.

WORK(S)

 THE SIZE OF A CITY - Krier agreed with the viewpoint of the late Heinrich
Tessenow that there is a strict relationship between the economic and cultural wealth
of a city, on the one hand, and the limitation of its population on the other. But this is
not a matter of mere hypothesis, he argues, but historical fact. The measurements and
geometric organization of a city and of its quarters are not the result of mere chance or
accident or simply of economic necessity, but rather represents a civilizing order which
is not only aesthetic and technical but also legislative and ethical.
 ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CITY - Krier has written a number of essays − many first
published in the journal Architectural Design,
against modernist town planning and its
principle of dividing up the city into a system of
single use zones (housing, sho pping, industry,
leisure, etc.), as well as the resultant suburbia,
commuting, etc. Indeed, Krier sees the
modernist planner as a tyrannical figure that
imposes detrimental megastructural scale more
dictated by ideology than necessity.
 ON ARCHITECTURE AND THE CITY- The
principle behind Krier’s writings has been to
explain the rational foundations of architecture
and the city, stating that “In the language of
symbols, there can exist no misunderstanding”.
That is to say, for Krier, buildings have a rational
order and type: a house, a palace, a temple, a
campanile, a church; but also a roof, a column,
a window, etc., what he terms “nameable
objects”. As projects get bigger, he goes on to
argue, the buildings should not get bigger, but
divide up; thus,
for instance, in
his unrealized
scheme for a school in Saint-Quentin-en-
Yvelines (1978), France, the school became a “city in
miniature”.

Sir Patrick Geddes FRSE 

(2 October 1854 – 17 April 1932)
was a British biologist, sociologist, geographer, philanthropist
and pioneering town planner. He is known for his innovative
thinking in the fields of urban planning and sociology.

17
He introduced the concept of "region" to architecture and planning and coined the term
"conurbation". Later, he
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elaborated ‘neotechnics’ as the way of remaking a world apart from over-commercialization
and money dominance.
An energetic Francophile,[5] Geddes was the founder in 1924 of the Collège des
Écossais (Scots College), an international teaching establishment in Montpellier, France and
in the 1920s he bought the Château d'Assas to set up a centre for urban studies.
A Scottish biologist, sociologist, geographer, and pioneering town planner, Geddes introduced
the concept of "region" to architecture and planning and coined the term "conurbation."
NOTABLE WORK(S)
 CONURBATION- A conurbation is a region
comprising a number of cities, large towns,
and other urban areas that,
through population growth and physical
expa nsion, have merged to form one
continuous urban or industrially developed
area. In most cases, a conurbation is
a polycentric urbanised area, in
which transportation has developed to link
areas to create a single urban labour
market or travel to work area.

Sir Peter Geoffrey Hall, FBA 

(19 March 1932 – 30 July 2014)

was an English town
planner, urbanist and geographer. He was the
Bartlett Professor of Planning and Regeneration
at The Bartlett, University College London and
president of both the Town and Country Planning
Association and the Regional Studies
Association. Hall was one of the most prolific and
influential urbanists of the twentieth century.

He was known internationally for his studies and writings on the economic, demographic,
cultural and management issues that face cities around the globe. Hall was for many years a
planning and regeneration adviser to successive UK governments. He was Special Adviser
on Strategic Planning to the British government (1991–94) and a member of the Office of the
Deputy Prime Minister's Urban Task Force (1998–1999).Hall is considered by many to be the
father of the industrial enterprise zone concept, adopted by countries worldwide to develop
industry in disadvantaged areas.
WORK(S)
 FREE PORT - in the city, a concept that would come to be
known as an Enterprise Zone. Enterprise Zones were to be
open to immigration of capital and people, without taxes or
bureaucracy, modeled after Hong Kong in the 1950s. In
practice, Enterprise Zones became areas where taxes were
waived and development highly subsidized.
 GOOD CITIES: BETTER LIVES - This book has one central
theme: how, in the United Kingdom, can we create better
cities and towns in which to live and work and play? What can
we learn from other countries, especially our near neighbours

18
 in Europe? And, in turn, can we provide lessons for other countries facing similar
dilemmas?
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 LIVE,WORK AND PLAY - The most recent and
simple definition of a live-work-play community is a
development that has a variety of housing, is
close to local companies where the community
works, and provides recreational outlets for
eating and entertainment.

  Thomas Jefferson 
 (April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826)
The third president of the United States (1801–1809), the
principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776),
and an accomplished architect. Jefferson's designs for his
home of Monticello and the University of Virginia campus are
significant contributions to the architectural heritage of the
United States, as well as influences on the federal style of
architecture that survives to this day.
As an architect, Jefferson was extremely influential in
bringing the Neo-Palladian style-popular among the Whig
aristocracy of Britain-to the United States. The style was
associated with Enlightenment ideas of republican civic virtue
and political liberty. Jefferson designed his home Monticello
near Charlottesville, Virginia. Nearby is the University of Virginia, the only university ever to
have been founded by a U.S. president. Jefferson designed the architecture of the first
buildings as well as the original curriculum and residential style. Monticello and the University
of Virginia are together one of only four man-made World Heritage Sites in the United States
of America.
NOTABLE WORK(S)
 CHECKERBOARD TOWNS - The “grid”—that latticework
that divvies America’s fields, forests, and towns into perfect
square-mile sections—was Thomas Jefferson’s brainchild
for apportioning Western territories acquired after the
Revolutionary War. Yet he never had the pleasure of seeing
his plan from its clearest and most mesmerizing view: from
above.

Allan B. Jacobs 
(born 29 December 1928)

is an urban designer, renowned for his publications and

research on urban design. His well-known paper "Toward an
Urban Design Manifesto", written with Donald Appleyard,
describes how cities should be laid out.
Prior to teaching at Berkeley, Professor Jacobs taught at
the University of Pennsylvania, and worked on planning
projects in the City of Pittsburgh and for the Ford
Foundation in Calcutta, India, and spent eight years as
Director of the San Francisco Department of City Planning. In
1978 Jacobs presented his ‘Making City Planning Work’ that

19
offered reflections on his experiences as the San Francisco planning director from 1967-75
and guided on bureaucratic and political processes navigation that often hamper the
realization of desired
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planning policies and outcomes. Honors include a Guggenheim Fellowship, the Berkeley
Citation, and the Kevin Lynch Award from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Jacobs taught in the Department of City and Regional Planning at the University of California,
Berkeley from 1975 until 2001, teaching courses in city planning and urban design and
serving twice as the department's chair. He is currently a Professor emeritus. He is currently a
consultant in city planning and urban design with projects in California, Oregon, and Brazil,
among others.
NOTABLE WORK(S)
 The Urban Design Element of the San
Francisco General Plan
 Allan Jacobs and Donald
Appleyard, Toward an Urban Design
Manifesto. Working Paper published
1982; republished with a prologue in
the Journal of the American Planning
Association, 1987.
 Making City Planning Work (1980)
 Looking at Cities (1985)
 Great Streets (1995)
 The Boulevard Book (2003) with
Elizabeth MacDonald and Yodan Rofe
 The Good City: Reflections and
Imaginations (2011)

Marcus Vitruvius Pollio 

(c. 80–70 BC – after c. 15 BC)

commonly known as Vitruvius, was

a Roman author, architect, civil engineer, and military
engineer during the 1st century BC, known for his multi-
volume work entitled De architectura. His discussion of
perfect proportion in architecture and the human body led to
the famous Renaissance drawing by Leonardo da Vinci
of Vitruvian Man. He was also the one who, in 40 BCE,
invented the idea that all buildings should have three
attributes: firmitas, utilitas, and venustas, meaning: strength,
utility, and beauty These principles were later adopted by the
Romans.

Little is known about his life, but by his own

description Vitruvius served as an artilleryman, the third
class of arms in the military offices. He probably served as a senior officer of artillery in
charge of doctores ballistarum (artillery experts) and libratores who actually
operated the machines. As an army engineer he specialized in the
construction of ballista and scorpio artillery war machines for sieges. It is
possible that Vitruvius served with Caesar's chief engineer Lucius
Cornelius Balbus.

WORK(S)
 DE ARCHITEKTURA - De architectura is a treatise on architecture
written by the Roman architect and military engineer Marcus
Vitruvius Pollio and dedicated to his patron, the emperor Caesar
Augustus, as a guide for building projects. 

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Dan Burden

is the Director of Innovation and Inspiration at Blue

Zones, as well as cofounder and former Executive
Director of the Walkable and Livable
Communities (WALC) Institute, a nonprofit
organization that works throughout North America
and the world to create healthy, connected
communities that support active living and advance
opportunities for all people through walkable
streets, livable cities, and better built environments.

In his work, Dan brings together many disciplines and issues -- such as street design, public
safety, economic development and land-use planning -- to create a holistic vision for healthy
communities that are pedestrian- and bicycle-friendly. He is considered an international
expert in walkability, bikeability, traffic calming, and road diets.
WORK(S)
 WALKABILITY- is a measure of how friendly an area is to walking. Walkability has
health, environmental, and economic benefits.
 BIKEABILITY- is the Department for Transport's national award provider for cycle
training in England. ... The National Standard sets out the skills and understanding
needed to cycle safely and responsibly and to enable others to cycle.
 TRAFFIC CALMING- uses physical design and other measures to improve safety for
motorists, pedestrians and cyclists. It has become a tool to combat speeding and other
unsafe behaviours of drivers in the neighbourhoods. It aims to encourage safer, more
responsible driving and potentially reduce traffic flow.
 ROAD DIET- also called a lane reduction or road rechannelization, is a technique in
transportation planning whereby the number of travel lanes and/or effective width of
the road is reduced in order to achieve systemic improvements.

Edmund Bacon
Edmund Bacon (1910-2005)

was a noted American urban planner, architect, educator

and author.

During his tenure as the Executive Director of the

Philadelphia City Planning Commission from 1949 to 1970,
his visions shaped today's Philadelphia, the city in which he
was born, to the extent that he is sometimes described as
"The Father of Modern Philadelphia."

In 1949, Bacon succeeded Mitchell as Executive Director of

the Philadelphia City Planning Commission. Serving under
Mayors Samuel, Clark, Dilworth, and Tate, his work brought
him national repute along with his counterparts Edward J.
Logue in Boston and Robert Moses in New York City during the mid-century era of urban
renewal. His face appeared on the cover of TIME magazine in 1964, and in
1965, Life magazine devoted its cover story to his work. That same year, Bacon was
appointed by President Johnson to serve as a member of the White House's Conference on
Recreation and Natural Beauty. In 1967, he wrote Design of Cities, still considered an
important architectural text. It is a seminal work on urban design that illustrates the

21
relationship between historical and modern principles, as well as practices of urban planning,
applied particularly to Philadelphia.

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WORK(S)
 Design of Cities (May 20, 1976) Penguin. ISBN 0-14-004236-9
 Understanding Cities documentary film series (1981)
 Greg Heller, Ed Bacon: Planning, Politics, and the Building of
Modern Philadelphia. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania
Press, 2013)

Mike Davis
Mike Davis is an American social commentator, urban
theorist, historian, and political activist. He is best known
for his investigations of power and social class in his
native Southern California.

He is best known for his books City of Quartz and Planet

of Slums.

He is a self-defined international socialist and "Marxist-

Environmentalist". He writes in the tradition of
socialists/architects/regionalism advocates such
as Lewis Mumford and Garrett Eckbo, whom he cites
in Ecology of Fear. His early book, Prisoners of the
American Dream, was an important contribution to the
Marxist study of U.S. history, political economy, and the state, as well as to the doctrine
of revolutionary integrationism, as Davis, like Trotskyists such as Max Shachtman, Richard S.
Fraser, James Robertson, as well as French anarchist Daniel Guérin, argued that the struggle
of blacks in the U.S. was for equality, that this struggle was an explosive contradiction
fundamental to the U.S. bourgeois republic, that only socialism could bring it about, and that
its momentum would someday be a powerful contribution to a socialist revolution in
the U.S.

WORK(S)

 CITY OF QUARTZ-  is a 1990 book by Mike Davis examining how

contemporary Los Angeles has been shaped by different powerful forces in its
history. The book opens with Davis visiting the ruins of the socialist community
of Llano, organized in 1914 in what is now the Antelope Valley north of Los
Angeles. The community moved in 1918, leaving behind the "ghost" of an
alternative future for LA.
 PLANET OF SLUMS- According to the united nations, more than
one billion people now live in the slums of the cities of the South.
In this brilliant and ambitious book, Mike Davis explores the future
of a radically unequal and explosively unstable urban world. From
the sprawling barricadas of Lima to the garbage hills of Manila,
urbanization has been disconnected from industrialization, and
even from economic growth. Davis portrays a vast humanity
warehoused in shantytowns and exiled from the formal world
economy. He argues that the rise of this informal urban proletariat
is a wholly unforeseen development, and asks whether the great
slums, as a terrified Victorian middle class once imagined, are
volcanoes waiting to erupt.

Hippodamus of Miletus 

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(498 – 408 BC)

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was an ancient Greek architect, urban

planner, physician, mathematician, meteorologist and philosopher,
who is considered to be "the father of European urban
planning", the namesake of the "Hippodamian Plan" (grid plan) of
city layout.

Hippodamus was born in Miletus and lived during the 5th century

BC, on the spring of the Ancient Greece classical epoch. His father
was Euryphon. According to Aristotle, Hippodamus was the first
author who wrote upon the theory of government, without any
knowledge of practical affairs.

His plans of Greek cities were characterised by

order and regularity in contrast to the intricacy and confusion common to
cities of that period, even Athens. He is seen as the originator of the idea
that a town plan might formally embody and clarify a rational social order.

WORK(S)
 Hippodamian Plan - The grid plan, grid street plan, or gridiron plan
is a type of city plan in which streets run at right angles to each
other, forming a grid. The infrastructure cost for regular grid patterns
is generally higher than for patterns with discontinuous streets.

F. Kaid Benfield
F. Kaid Benfield is director of NRDC's smart growth
program, which supports innovative solutions to
sprawling land development and its associated
environmental impacts.

Kaid is a founder and former vice chair of Smart

Growth America, a national coalition working on
smarter land development policy. His numerous
publications include Solving Sprawl (2001) and Once
There Were Greenfields (1999), NRDC's definitive
books about smart growth and sprawl, and Smart
Growth in a Changing World (2007), published by the
American Planning Association. He is also a founder
and leader of LEED for Neighborhood Development, a
national program to evaluate and certify
environmentally superior residential, commercial, and mixed-use development. He is a
graduate of Emory University and Georgetown University Law Center. Kaid writes (almost)
daily about community, development, and the environment on NRDC's
Switchboard.

WORK(S)

 Co-founder of LEED - Leadership in Energy and Environmental

Design is a green building certification program used worldwide.

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Richard Sennett
(born 1 January 1943)

Richard Sennett is a sociologist at New York

University, where he co-founded the New York
Institute for the Humanities, as well as the London
School of Economics.
One of his books, Flesh and Stone, according to
his website, is "a history of the city in Western
civilization, one that tells the story of urban life
through bodily experience." This seems to
complement his other works, which focus on the study of work and life in urban environments
in the context of ever-evolving capitalism. Other books in this vein include The
Craftsman, Respect, in an Age of Inequality, and The Culture of the New Capitalism.
WORK(S)
 FLESH AND STONE - Flesh and Stone is a new history of the city
in Western civilization, one that tells the story of urban life through
bodily experience. It is a story of the deepest parts of life - how
women and men moved in public and private spaces, what they
saw and heard, the smells that assailed their noses, where they
are, how they dressed, the mores of bathing and of making love -
all in the spaces of the city from ancient Athens to modern New
York. Early in Flesh and Stone Richard Sennett probes the ways in
which the ancient Athenians experienced nakedness, and the
relation of nakedness to the shape of the ancient city, its troubled
politics, and the inequalities between men and women.
 THE CULTURE OF NEW CAPITALISM - Based on the author's
Castle Lectures at Yale, the book is a sociological study of the
influence of the New Economy on human relationships. Sennett
describes the transformations that have taken place in
postmodern capitalism as corporations have become more diffuse,
unstable, and decentered. Contrasted with the 'iron
cage' bureaucracy described by Weber – those pyramid-like
corporate structures in which individuals knew their place and
planned their futures – modern corporations provide no long-term
stability, benefits, social capital, or interpersonal trust.

Clarence Samuel Stein

 (June 19, 1882 – February 7, 1975)
was an American urban planner, architect, and writer, a
major proponent of the Garden City movement in the
United States.

Beginning in 1923 Stein and Henry Wright collaborated

on the plan for Sunnyside Gardens, a neighborhood of
the New York City borough of Queens. The 77-acre
(310,000 m2) low-rise pedestrian-oriented development
was constructed between 1924 and 1929. It was funded
by fellow RPAA officer Alexander Bing and took the
garden city ideas of Sir Ebenezer Howard as a model.
This neighborhood has retained its special character and
has been listed on the National Register of Historical Places.

Construction for Sunnyside started April 1, 1924, two months after it was purchased
from Pennsylvania Railroad Company. Because of the high costs of urban land, many

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neighborhoods were congested and run down, making it unhealthy and an unenjoyable place
to live in. Sunnyside was different; the land was not being used by the railroad company so it
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was cheap. Stein had a very important job with Sunnyside. He was responsible not only for
developing a more generally affordable neighborhood, but also making it a healthy and
enjoyable place to live. He designed more natural green space with lots of light, resulting in a
serene living environment. In between all the apartment buildings there was a central public
open space, such as a play ground or mini park. The park was then surrounded by individual
private gardens that went to the ground level of the apartments. Gardens were also placed on
the front of the apartment buildings between the road and the building. This helped break up
the long lines of houses and also created an appealing mood. Stein needed as much space
as possible to incorporate gardens and open areas. Because of this, he had to place the
garages by themselves separate from the apartment buildings. The ending outcome of
Sunnyside was very successful.

WORK(S)

 Radburn, Town for the Motor Age, 1965 - Radburn design housing also
called 
Ra dburn 
ho using, 
Ra dburn 
de sign, 
Ra dburn 
pri nciple,
or  Radbu
rn

concept) is a concept for planned housing estates, based on a design that was

originally used in Radburn, New Jersey, United States.

 Hillside Homes, 1936 - The greenbelt town

program was one of Franklin Roosevelt's
most innovative and radical interventions in
American city building. Its central goal was
not to create better urban communities, but
rather to generate jobs in a declining
national economy. Fortunately, the
Resettlement Administration, headed by
Rexford G. Tugwell, called on
architect/planner Clarence S. Stein to
prepare town design guidelines and to serve as planning consultant. Although
disappointed at not having direct design responsibility for one of the towns, Stein
settled into an advisory role through which he greatly influenced the character and
quality of these communities, especially the best known: Greenbelt, Maryland

References

Newswire, P. (2020). Planetizen. Retrieved from https://www.planetizen.com/top-100-urban-

thinkers
Reference. (Realtime Update). Ranker. Retrieved from Ranker:
https://www.ranker.com/list/list-of-famous-urban-planners/reference
Stanziola, P. (2017, October 9). Planetizen . Retrieved from CNU:
https://www.planetizen.com/features/95189-100-most-influential-urbanists

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