TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF

AMBATO
LANGUAGE CENTER

SECOND
PARTIAL

LEVEL B1

CREATE BY EDGAR MARTÍNEZ

GRAMMAR 7-12
LEVEL A1-B1

EDGAR MARTÍNEZ
LEVEL: B1

TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF AMBATO

MARTINEZ EDGAR
 Modal verb “Should” – CLASSWORK N°01

Read the following letter and answer the questions.

Becky has lots of problems at home.

Dear Doctor Anne.

I have a problem I´m 15 years old. My mother works from Monday to Friday. My
father works from Monday to Saturday. I have two little brothers too. I always
go directly home after school. I´m a good student and always do my homework.
I can´t go out with my friends on school days because I take care of my
brothers.
On Saturdays and Sundays, I usually help my mother with the housework. I
prepare dinner during the week too. I set the table before dinner and then I
wash the dishes. I fight with my brothers because they don´t help me. They
don´t make their beds or clean their rooms.
I can´t stand this! I want to leave home
What should I do?
Becky

1. How old is Becky?

She has 15 years’ old

2. Where does Becky go after school?

She goes directly home after school
3. Does she always do her homework?
Yes, she always do her homework
4. What does she do on weekends?
She usually helps her mother with the housework and she also prepares dinner during the week
5. Why does she fight with her brothers?
Because they don’t help her
6. Do Becky´s brothers help her?
No they don’t help her
Now imagine you are Doctor Anne.
Becky needs some advice

Write her a letter; give her some concrete ideas on how she solves her problems using
“Should” or “Shouldn´t”

Dear Becky
Thank you for your letter. Here are some recommendations first, I think you should
Do the things that you like?
You should have a good conversation with your parents to be more relaxed.
You should help your family every day and stablish rules
You should talk with your parents about responsibilities each family member must
have.
She shouldn’t help too much
You should meet with her friends at weekends
You should to go family therapy
You shouldn’t worry about doing more housework than your siblings. God always
rewards the child who helps his parents
You should plan a great meal for your friends
you should plan a schedule with the activities you are going to do and the free time
to go out with your friends.

Sincerely

Dr. Anne.
 CLASSWORK N°02 2TH PARTIAL
A. Fill in the blanks with the correct word “Health problems and treatments”

Fever / colic / backache / earache / cold / headache / sore throat /

stomach-ache / cough /
Toothache.

1. Cold a respiratory disorder characterized by sneezing, sore throat,

cough, etc.
2. Cough an illness characterized by frequent coughing.
3. Sore thorat scratchiness in the throat, painful and sensitive condition.
4. Headache a pain located in the head as over the eyes, at the temples
or at the base of the skull.
5. Stomach-ache severe abdominal pain caused by spasm.
6. Fever abnormally high body temperature.
7. Earache pain in the ear.
8. Backache a pain or discomfort in the region of the back or spine.
9. Toothache pain in or about a tooth.
10. Stomach ache pain in the stomach or abdomen.

B. Choose the correct option or remedy.

1. I have a headache.
a. You should listen to the radio.
b. You should take an aspirin and rest.

2. I have a stomachache.
a. You should eat junk food.
b. You should drink some Pepto-Bismol.

3. I have a sore throat.

a. You should drink cold beverages.
b. You should drink some chamomile tea and with honey and lemon.

4. I have a toothache.
a. You should eat a lot of candies
b. You should go to the dentist

5. I have a cold.
a. You should go to the doctor, drink a lot of fluids, stay home and rest.
b. You shouldn’t see a doctor; you must go to work.

6. I have diarrhea.
 a. You should eat healthier and wash your hands frequently.
b. You shouldn’t eat healthier, and don’t worry about washing your hands
constantly.

7. I have a backache.
a. You should go to the chiropractic.
b. You should carry heavy things.

C. Write the correct thing to do in case of….

Electric shock / broken bone / drowning / poisoning / burns.

1. Burns Put the affected area under cold water.

2. Electric shock Separate the person from the appliance or wire.
3. Broken bone Immobilize the area.
4. Drowning Press the chess hard and give breath directly mouth to mouth.
5. Poisoning Take the person to the hospital with the container.
CLASSWORK N°03
 CLASSWORK N°04

COMPARATIVES
REWRITE THE SENTENCES WITH A COMPARATIVE
1- WINTER IS colder than SPRING (COLD)
AND NOT AS...... AS
2- GIRLS ARE quieter than BOYS (QUIET)
3- MY GARDEN IS smaller than A PARK (SMALL)
EXAMPLE: SALLY IS 1.70 METRES. I AM
4- RUGBY IS more dangerous than FOOTBALL (
1.80METRES. (TALL)
DANGEROUS)
I’M TALLER THAN SALLY. SALLY ISN’T AS TALL AS
5- A SOFA IS more confortable than A CHAIR
ME
(CONFORTABLE)
1-THE GOLD RING IS $ 70. THE SILVER RING IS $
6- MY FATHER IS stronger than MY BROTHER
65.(EXPENSIVE)
(STRONG)
The silver ring is not as expensive as the gold ring
7- ENGLISH IS easier than MATHS (EASY)
2-THE BUS LEAVES AT 12.00 O’CLOCK.THE TRAINS
8- A MONTH IS longer than A WEEK (LONG)
LEAVES AT 1.00 O’CLOCK. (EARLY)
9- A PLANE IS faster than A CAR (FAST)
The bus is not as early as the trains
10- A CAR IS more expensive than A BIKE ( EXPENSIVE
3- MATHS IS DIFFICULT TO ME. LANGUAGE IS
NOT VERY DIFFICULT TO ME (DIFFICULT.)
Language is not as difficult as math’s for me
SUPERLATIVES 4- I’M 43 YEARS OLD. MY HUSBAND IS 50 YEARS
OLD. (YOUNG)
1-FEBRUARY IS the shortest MONTH INTHE YEAR My husband is not as young as me
(SHORT 5- YESTERDAY I ARRIVED HOME AT 11.00. MY
2- CLIMBING IS the most dangerous SPORT ( BROTHER ARRIVED HOME AT 11.30 (LATE)
DANGEROUS) I didn’t arrive as late as my brother
3-PIGS ARE the dirtiest ANIMALS IN THE WORLD
(DIRTY)
4-DOLPHINS the most intelligent ANIMALS IN THE
SEA
(INTELLIGENT)
5- MY GRANDFATHER IS the oldest PERSON IN MY
FAMILY ( OLD)
6-SHARKS ARE the most dangerous ANIMALS IN THE
SEA.
(DANGEROUS)
7-SUMMER IS _________ SEASON OF ALL ( HOT) AS ..........AS - NOT AS........AS

CIRCLE THE CORRECT OTION 1- BASKETBALL IS _not as popular_ FOOTBALL

(POPULAR)
1- SPRING IS WINDIER THAN / THE WINDIEST 2- SHE IS as tall as YOU (TALL)
SUMMER 3- YOUR SISTER IS as intelligent as YOUR
2- CARS ARE THE QUICKEST / QUICKER THAN A BIKE COUSIN
3- MY SISTER IS THE SHORTEST / SHORTER THAN (INTELLIGENT)
PERSON IN MY FAMILY 4- MY DRESS IS not as pretty as YOUR DRESS
4- A RADIO IS CHEAPER THAN / THE CHEAPEST A T.V. (PRETTY)
5- MY BEDROOM IS TIDIER THAN / THE TIDIEST 5- THIS EXERCISE IS as difficult as THE
ROOM IN MY HOUSE. PREVIOUS ONE
6- HISTORY IS THE MOST INTERESTING/ MORE ( DIFFICULT)
INTERESTING THAN SUBJECT OF ALL. 6- A TOWN IS not as polluted as A CITY (
7- A GORILLA IS THE STRONGEST/ STRONGER THAN POLLUTED)
A SNAKE. 7- A VILLAGE IS not as noisy as A CITY
8- COCRODILES ARE MORE DANGEROUS THAN/ THE (NOISY)
MOST DANGEROUS SNAKES.
 CLASSWORK N°05
FIRST CONDITIONAL
(exercises)
1) Match the sentence halves.
1. I’ll be disappointed if you don’t come to the party.
If you eat too much, I’ll be disappointed
2. You’ll feel unwell if you eat too much
if it doesn’t rain tomorrow I’ll be happy
3. We’ll go to the park if it doesn’t rain tomorrow
if I pass my final exam you’ll feel unwell 4. I’ll be happy if I pass my final exam.

I’ll phone you If you pay for dinner, 5. I’ll phone you if I need your help
We’ll go to the park If I need your help,
6. I’ll pay for lunch if you don’t come to the party
I’ll pay for lunch if you don’t come to the party

2) Choose the best answer, a or b.

1. If I find the book you want, I’ll send you a text message.
a) I’ll definitely find the book b) I might find the book
2. If the tickets are too expensive, Sam won’t buy them.
a) Sam might buy the tickets b) Sam will definitely buy the tickets
3. I’ll tell Jane the news if she comes to the party.
a) Jane might come to the party b) Jane’s definitely coming to the party
4. John’s parents will give him a car if he passes the exam.
a) He might have a car b) He’ll definitely have a car

3) Complete these superstitions

1. If a cat washes (wash) behind its ears, it might rain. (rain).

2. If the bride makes (make) her own dress, it will bring (bring) bad luck.
3. You’ll catch (catch) a cold if a cat sneezes (sneeze) three times.
4. If you open (open) an umbrella indoors, it might bring (bring) bad luck.
5. Something bad will happen (happen) to you if you walk (walk) under the ladder.
6. If you take (take) the last piece of bread on the plate, you will be (be) unlucky.
7. If you have (have) an itchy nose, you will have (have) an argument with someone soon.

4) Complete the first conditional sentences with your own ideas.

1. I’ll be happy If I pass the final exam of English

2. If it rains all weekend, I won't be able to leave my house
3. If I forget my best friend’s birthday, she will be mad at me.
4. I’ll pass all my exams if I study hard.
5. If I don’t feel well tomorrow morning, I won't go to college
6. I’ll go to bed early if finish all my homework.
7. I’ll be disappointed if you don't pass this exam.
 CLASSWORK N°06
FILL THE SPACES WITH THE CORRECT VERB FOLLOWED BY TO+ INFINTIVE / VERB +
ING

1) I refused to be an instrument of our social destruction.

2) They missed studying in the same high school.

3) You forgot to mention another important aspect in our company.

4) Your doctor may have regretted taking some medicine.

5) You arranged to put money into my account every week.

6) I can’t have imagined living in another city.

7) None of you managed to finish the job.

8) We agreed to meet for a drink.

9) He seemed to be enjoying working with the trainers.

10) I avoid smoking every day.

FILL THE SPACES WITH THE CORRECT VERB PATTERN

1) I finish working (to work) at 8 pm.

2) Mary learns to play (to play) volleyball.

3) I prefer to sleep (to sleep) late on weekends.

4) She loves cooking (to cook) at home.

5) He hates going (to go) to the dentist.

6) She needs to leave (to leave) at 6 AM.

7) We hope to finish (to finish) the job by lunchtime.

8) She keeps studying (to study) hard to finish the semester.

9) I want to buy (to buy) a new car next year.

 10) We stop playing (to play) the computer every weekend.

VERBS PATTERNS

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH THE CORRECT FORMS OF THE VERBS IN THE BOX

MEET GET GO TAKE SNOW BUY READ

PLAY

1. He promised to buy her a tablet if she got Good grades in her exam.

2. We decided to take the bus because the train was a lot more expensive.

3. I really enjoy going to the theatre when I´m in London.

4. She expected to get Good result, but she didn´t.

5. My children used to love playing games on the beach when they were
Little.

6. She´s arranged meeting him at the check-in desk at the airport.

7. He finished reading his book and then went to bed.

8. It started snowing heavily last night and now they´ve close the airport.
We use the second CLASSWORK N°07
conditional to
describe an imaginary Second Conditional
situation or event, and
(exercises)
its result.
1) Look at the pictures. Use the words below to complete the second conditional sentences.

1
2 3 4 5
1. If I were the browns, I would let sit the dog at the table.
( the Browns / I / let / the dog / sit / at the table )
2. If it were sunny, John wouldn’t stay at home.
( sunny / John / stay / at home )
3. Sarah would buy that dress if she was thinner.
( that dress / if / she / be / thinner )
4. Kate could go to the cinema if Sam invited her.
( go / to the cinema / if / Sam / invite / her )
5. If Jake had more courage, he would go to the dentist.
( more courage / he / go / to the dentist )

2) 2)
Complete the second conditional questions with the verbs in brackets.

1. What age would you be (you / be) if you could (can) be any age right now?
2. If you were (be) an animal, what animal would you be (you / be)?
3. Which year would you go (you / go) to if you could (can) travel backwards in time?
4. If you found (find) a purse full of money in the street, what would do you (you / do)?
5. How much money would give you (you /give) to charity if you won (win) 1 million pounds?
6. If you stopped (stop) studying English, would you change your life (change)?
7. Would you cheat (you / cheat) if you didn’t know (not know) the answer in an exam and nobody was
looking?

3) Underline the mistakes in the second conditional sentences and write the correct words on the right.

1. What would you do if you would see a big hairy spider in your bed? ______ saw ______
2. If I spilled orange juice on my English homework, I will be upset. Would be
3. Did you explore a desert island if you were alone on it? Would you explore
4. What did you do if I forgot your birthday? Would you do
5. Would Adam come to the party if we would send him an invitation? Sent
6. If I lived not far from you, we can walk to school together. Didn’t live- could
7. If you could be anyone in the world, who will you choose to be? Were- did you choose
8. Which one item would you rescue if your house is on fire? Was
9. If you have a special power, what would you be able to do? Had
 CLASSWORK N°08
If your dog ate your homework, what would If the Internet broke down, what would you
you do? do?

If my dog ate my homework, I might kill him. If the internet broke down I would reload the
modem.

If your parents didn't like your If you could live anywhere in the world,
boyfriend/girlfriend, what would you do? where would it be?

If my parents didn’t like my boyfriend, I If I could live anywhere in the world I could
would break up with him. live in Greece.

If you won the lottery, what would you do? If you were the president of Ecuador, what
would you change?
If I won the lotto, I might travel around the
world. If I were the presidetn of Ecuador I would
change the education.

If you saw a homeless person stealing If you had a time machine, where would
something in a supermarket, what would you go?
you do?

If I was a homeless person stealing If I had a time machine , I would return to

something in a supermarket, I would call the my life when I was a little girl.
policeman.

If you were Chinese/US- If you could be an animal, what animal

American/European, what would be would you be, and why?
different?

If I were Chinese, I would had a different If I were a animal, I would be a butterlfy

laguage. because I like to fly.

If you could be another person for a day, If your parents/partner wanted to move to
who would you choose, and why? Alaska with you, what would you do?

If I were another person for a day, I would If my parents wanted to move to Alaska with
choose to be Jesse Joy becuase she is my me, I would go to see to the polar bears.
singer favorite.

If you won a million pesos, what would you If it started to snow, what would you do?
do?

If I won a million pesos, I would buy a new If It started to snow, I would make snowman.
house.
If an alien landed in your yard, what would If someone's underwear was showing, would
you do? you tell him/her?

If an alien landed in your yard, I would be If someone's underwear was showing, I

afraid. would tell her to be more careful.

If you only had one month to live, what If you were invisible for a day, what would
would you do? you do and why?

If I had one month to live, I wold live for 100 If you were invisible tor a day, I would travel
years for all the world.

If you could change one thing in the world, If you discovered a new island, what would
what would it be? you name it?

If you could change one thing in the world, I If you discovered a new island, I would call
would be the corruption that existe in this Happiness Island.
world.

If you could only listen to one song for the If you had to choose, would you give up
rest of your life, what song would you your sight or your hearing?
choose?

If you could only listen to one song for the If I had to choose between the sight or
rest of my life, I would choose the song Live hearing, I would choose the sight because is
of life by Marc Antoni. is snese important.

If you were a candy, what candy would you If you woke up suddenly because your
be? house was on fire, which three things would
you save as you ran outside?
If I were a candy, I would be a nuttela
If I woke up suddenly because my house
was on fire, I would save my family.

If you were a colour, what colour would you If you could have any one supernatural
be and why? power (flying, being invisible), which would
you choose and why?
If I were a colour, I would be the purple
color because it is my favorite color. If I had any one supernatural power, I would
choose flying because I like to fly as birds.

If you were given a choice to live as long as If you could stop time, what would you do
you want, how long would you like to live? and why?

If I were given a choice to live as long as If you could stop time I would change my
want, I would like to live for 100 years because I made bad something
 If you could relive any moment in your life If you could be a character from a movie,
which moment would it be and why? who would you be and why?

If I could relive any moment in my life, I If I was a character form movie, I would be
would remember when I was a little buy and Angeline Boyer because she is a great
I played with my parents because I like to actor.
pass time with them.

If you could know every language in the If you woke up in bed and saw a huge
world, but you would never be able to use spider walking over you, what would you
your native language again, would you? do?

If I knew every language in the world, I If I woke up in my bed and saw a huge
would like to speak Korean spider walking over me, I would wake up
quickly.

If you were a country, what country would If you could do any job, what would you like
you be, and why? to do?

If I were in other country, I would be Korea If I could do any job, I would like to work as
because I like to see to actors Korean architect.
famous.

If you had one wish, what would you wish If you had to choose, would you prefer to
for? be a lion or an iguana?

I had one wish, I would ask that my family If I had to choose, I would prefer to iguana.
always live with me.
 CLASSWORK N°09

1. There are some students in the dining room.

2. Would you like some tea?
3. There aren’t any interesting people at the meeting.
4. Are there some tomatoes left?
5. Have you got any bread?
6. Could I have any bread, please?
7. There is some sugar on the table.
8. Are there any pretty girls in the class?
9. I don’t think I have _any_ milk left; would you prefer some fruit juice?
10. Julie can speak some French but she can’t speak any Spanish.
11. I can lend you some money if you want.
12. We haven’t got any eggs.

1. How many
__________________ friends do you have?
2. __________________
How much sugar does Mum need for the cake?
3. _________________
How much money have you spent?
4. _________________
How many lumps of sugar do you put in your coffee?
5. _________________
How many people were on strike?
6. _________________
How much does it cost?
7. _________________
How much petrol can you put in the tank?
8. _________________
How many exercises did the teacher give us?
9. _________________
How many children are there in your son’s class?
10. _________________ sandwiches shall I prepare?
How many
11. _________________
How much television does he watch every day?
12. _________________
How much water do you drink every day?

1. Our art teacher is disappointed: very ____________ few parents came to see our exhibition.
2. a little
I have ______________________ money, at least enough to buy you an ice cream.
3. You have worked too _________________
little and have completed very _____________
few exercises; I would like you to
do some more.
4. Although I am a new student, I have got ____________ a few friends whom I can rely on.
5. Hurry up! We have very ________________
little time left.
6. a few
Betty knows _____________ French ; it is not enough to get around Paris.
7. I managed to get ________________
a litttle information on him; now I know a bit more.
8. few
She is always on her own; she has very _____________ friends.
9. few
I usually have __________________ wine with my lunch, the doctor told me it’s good for my health!
10. I don’t like Mrs. Spencer, our new math teacher; she has very ______________
little patience.
11. a few
They have watched that film ________________ times; they said it’s good.
12. Are you sure you can drive?
Yes, I have had ______________
a few drinks but don’t worry I am not drunk!
 CLASSWORK N°10

UNIT 10-LESSON B

NOUN FORMATION

A. Complete the sentences with the corresponding verb or noun.

1. The description of the product was not clear. (DESCRIBE/ DESCRIPTION)

2. We’ve complained a couple of times this year. (COMPLAINED/ COMPLAINT)
3. My friend didn’t make a good choice in her life. (CHOOSE / CHOICE)
4. Doing extreme sports have brought him a lot of enjoyment. (ENJOY/ ENJOYMENT)
5. The postmen delivery a lot of boxes today because it was raining. (DELIVERS/
DELIVERY)

B. Match the sentences halves.

1. Andres didn’t make a good decision 4 queue to go into the supermarket.

2. My mother complaint 1 to buy the more expensive product.
3. The boy chose 3 when he bought the old car.
4. We had to 5 understandable. I got confused.
5. The explanation was not 2 when she received a broken object she
bought.
 CLASSWORK N°11

UNIT 10- LESSON B

QUANTIFIERS

A. Read the sentence; complete with the corresponding quantifier.

1. We didn’t have --- food in the fridge.

a. a few b. too much c. any d. no
2. My friend had --- money to buy her mobile. She could afford it.
a. enough b. some c. too much d. a bit of
3. The place was ---. No one could enter.
a. a lot of crowded b. too crowded c. too many people d.
some people
4. The test had --- questions. We couldn’t answer some.
a. enough b. too much c. a few d. too many
5. The boy walks ---. I spent a lot of time to arrive to the place.
a. too fast b. too slowly c. too quickly d. not slowly
enough

B. Correct the mistake in the following sentences.

1. The children ate too many junk food. _The children ate too much
junk food

2. The room was clean enough. There was food everywhere. The room wasn’t
enough clean. There was food everywhere

3. Children need many help to do their project. Children need very much
help to do their project

4. My mom doesn’t have many energy. My mom doesn’t have

/much any energy

5. There were students in class. It was empty. There were many students
in class. It was empty
 CLASSWORK N°12

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

1. Fill in the blanks with: who, whom, which, 2. Join the sentences to make defining relative
whose, where or when. clauses. Make the necessary changes.

1. Can you give me back the money WHICH 1. Pass me the dictionary. I put it on the shelf.
I lent you last month? Pass me the dictionary which I put it on the shelf.
2. This is the restaurant WHERE we used to 2. Will you help me to do the exercises? I don’t
eat when we lived in Boston. understand the exercises.
Will you help me to do the exercise which I don’t
3. Mark has sent me an e-mail WHICH I understand the exercises
haven’t replied yet. 3. We haven’t met Mr Smith yet. His daughter studies
4. Who’s the person WHO is sitting next to with Paul.
Nancy? We haven’t met Mr Smith yet whose his daughter
5. They complained about the wrong goods studies with Paul.
WHICH were sent to them. 4. We won’t forget the day. We went to Justin Beaber’s
6. This is Susan WHOSE husband works in concert that day.
the sales department. We won’t forget the day when we went to Justin
7. Candy is wearing a new dress WHICH she Beaber’s concert that day.
bought in the summer sales. 5. Peter has read the book. I recommended the book to
8. Monday is the day WHEN bills have to be him.
Peter has read the book which I recommend the book
paid. him.
9. The secretary showed me the filing 6. They sent me a postcard of the hotel. They stayed
cabinet WHERE important documents are there on holiday.
filed. They sent me a postcard of the hotel where they stayed
10. Do you like the boy WHOM (A QUIEN) there on holiday.
Mary is talking to? 7. This is my best friend. I met her at school ten years
11. We enjoyed the party WHICH Peter and ago.
Pam had to celebrate Christmas. This is my best friend whom I met her at school ten
12. Are you the person WHO applied for a years ago.
job as a receptionist? 8. Is this the man? This man accused you of stealing his
13. Is this the pub WHERE you meet your wallet.
Is this the man who accused you of stealing his wallet?
friends? 9. Peter made a lemon cake. It is his speciality.
14. You have to delete the sheet WHICH is Peter made a lemon cake which it is his specialty.
repeated. 10. I want you to introduce you to Mrs Black. Her
15. April is the month WHEN we have Easter husband is an engineer.
holiday in Spain. I want you to introduce you to Mrs Black whose
16. The advice WHICH Sam gave me was husband is an engineer.
quite senseless. 11. Can you show me the room? Meetings are held in
17. Have you bought the food WHICH I that room.
asked you? Can you show me the room where meetings are held in
18. Phone Mrs Smith WHOM you will have to that room.
talk to tomorrow. 12. I don’t know the man. Sue is dancing with him.
I don’t know the man who Sue is dancing with him.
19. Let’s visit the park WHERE we played 13. We last saw Mary on Christmas Day. She came to
after school. our party then.
20. Celebrities receive lots of invitations We last you saw Mary on Christmas Day when she
WHICH they don’t accept. came our party then.
21. Did you refuse the offer WHICH the 14. You have to correct the mistakes. You’ve made
company made you? mistakes in the letter.
You have to correct the mistakes which you’ve made
mistakes in the letter.
15. I like Mrs White. She is in charge of the Marketing
Department.
I like Mrs White who is in charge of the Marketing
Department.
 CLASSWORK N°13

1. The couple was sitting on the bench. The man was reading a book while woman was
knitting.
2. The cheetah is a fastest land animal.
3. What a nice view!
4. We went to the cinema and saw a very funny movie. We really had a good time!
5. You should take an umbrella; it’s going to rain.
6. My father is a vet and my mum is a teacher.
7. I need a new pair of shoes.
8. What lovely shoes you have!
9. I am against vivisection.
10. She dislikes bananas.
11. The banana I ate this morning was ripe.
12. The dog is a pet she prefers; she thinks it is a faithful animal. Personally, I prefer cats.
13. How much luggage do they have?
14. He went to school by bike.
15. Put oil in the pan.
16. Go past the school and then it’s on your right. You can’t miss it!
17. Prices have gone up lately.
18. Would you like a cup of tea?
19. They play tennis twice a week.
20. She has a shower every morning.
21. Ann and Rob met by chance on the train.
22. The boy who is sitting in the last row is my brother.
23. Will you pass me the salt, please?
24. The French are said to be presumptuous people.
25. They live in Belgium but they were born in the USA.
26. The mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
27. We had a romantic dinner cruise on the Seine.
28. The Himalayas form the border between India and the rest of the Indian continent.
29. He is afraid of death.
30. I want to know the truth.
31. Paul plays soccer better than he plays the guitar.
32. The most boys are interested in cars.
33. I heard on the radio that there had been the terrible earthquake in California last
night.
34. Make love, not war!
35. Lynn goes to the university by car; it takes her an hour to get there.
 CLASSWORK N°14
CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION

1.- When Anne opened/had opened the door, she realized that somebody broke/had broken
into.
2.- Elisa was very upset because her computer disappeared/had disappeared yesterday.
3.- My cousin promised/had promised me to bring me a souvenir from France last month.
5.- By the time Julia left/had left the shop, she spent/had spent all her money on clothes.
6.- I didn’t want to see that film because I saw/had seen it twice.
7.- Philip tidied/had tidied his bedroom before he left/had left for work.
8.- My husband did/had done the shopping after I called/had called him.
9.-Alfred had worked/worked in a bank for five years before he was sent to Rome.
10.-The judge said that she was guilty because she took/had taken the money for herself.

WRITE PAST SIMPLE OR PAST PERFECT?

1.- Barbara had lived (live) in Greece for three years before she moved (move) to Italy.
2.-My team didn’t win (not win) the football match because they had played (play) badly.
3.-The teacher punished (punish) the student because he had been (be) very naughty.
4.-By winter, the new soap opera had become (become) the most popular show on TV.
5.-He mugged (mug) three passengers by the time the police had arrived (arrive)
6.-The pirates had hijacked (hijack) an enormous ship two months ago in Somalia.
7.-The captain of the ship surrendered (surrender) because he had hated (hate) violence.
8.-The journalist had interviewed (interview) the famous actress before the TV came (come)
9.-Everyone had left (leave) the train before the bomb exploded (explode)
10.- By the time my mum prepared (prepare) lunch, we had laid (lay) the table.

Complete the text with verbs in brackets. Use Past Simple or Past Perfect:

In March 1999, thieves had stolen (steal) diamonds jewellery from Woolworth, a famous
jewellery shop in Boston. The thieves were very smart. Before the robbery, they had hidden
(hide) in the building next door and cut (cut) a hole through the wall.

They used it to get into the shop. By the time the guard at the entrance saw (see) them, they
had already taken. (already/take) the very expensive jewellery from the safe.

A man from the neighbourhood had heard (hear) some noises in the shop and he called (call) the
police but when they arrived (arrive) to the shop, the thieves had escaped (escape)
 HOMEWORK N°15
A. Say or Tell? Choose the correct one: C. Finish the senten-
ces using reported
1. Julie said that she would join us after
speech.
work.
1. “He works in a bank”.
2. She told me that she was going She said that he worked in a bank.
running this evening. 2. “I went out last night”.
She told me she had gone out previous night.
3. John told us that he couldn’t come.
3. “I can help you tomorrow”.
4. I said that I hated mushrooms. He said that he could help me the next day.
5. Jack told my brother he would arrive 4. “He hasn’t eaten breakfast”.
He said that he hadn’t eaten breakfast.
in Spain next week. 5. “I visited my parents at the weekend”.
6. They said they were meeting Luke He told me he had visited his parents at the last
weekend.
today. 6. “I won’t see you tomorrow”.
7. He said he wouldn’t start without us. She said me she wouldn’t see me the next day.
7. “Lucy will come later”.
8. I told them I’d bring pudding.
Tom said that Lucy would come later.
9. He told me to shut up and play. 8. “I will have finished this paper by tomorrow”
10. My brother told them he was good at He said that he would have finished this paper the
next day.
playing chess. 9. “It is very quiet here”.
11. She said that it was a great idea. She said that this was very quiet there
10. “We were in London last week”.
12. He said that it had snowed the He said that they had been in London the previous
previous week. week.
11. “She has been living here since 2006”.
She said that she had been living there since 2006

B. Rewrite the sentences using reported D. Write these questions in Reported Speech.
speech.
1. “What’s the time?” he asked.
1. John: “Mandy is at home”.
John said that Mandy was at home He asked me “What was the time.
2. Max: “Frank often reads a book”. 2. “When will we meet again?” she asked me.
Max told me that Franks often read a book. She asked me “When would we meet again.
3. Simon: “David was ill”. 3. “Are you crazy?” she asked him.
Simon said that David had been ill.
She asked him If he was crazy.
4. Jean: “My mother will be 50”.
Jean said that her mother would be 50. 4. “Did you see that car?” mother asked me.
5. Peggy: “I am watching a film”. Mother asked me if I had seen that car.
Peggy said that she was watching a film. 5. “What are you doing?” Paul asked her.
6. Charles: “I didn’t have time to do my Paul asked her “What was she doing.
homework”. Charles said that he hadn’t have
time to do his homework.
6. “How do you know that?” she aked me.
7. Sarah: “I have cleaned my bedroom” She asked me how did I know that.
Sarah told me that she had cleaned her 7. “Where were my glasses?” father asked me.
bedroom Father asked me where had been his glasses.
8. Paul and Mark: “We went out last night”. 8. “Will it rain tomorrow?” Dan asked me.
They said that they had gone out previous
night. Dan asked me If it would rain the next day.
9. Philip: “ I didn’t say that”. 9. “Can you give me an example?” the teacher
Philip told his father that he hadn’t said that. asked me.
The teacher asked me If I could give her an
example?
L

LEVEL: B1

TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF AMBATO

MARTINEZ EDGAR
 HOMEWROK N°01

1. They grow coffee in Brazil 1. He found the child in the park.

Coffee is grown by them in Brazil The child was found by him in the park.
2. He examines patients on the second floor 2. They broke the glasses with a stone.
The patients are examined by him on the second The glasses were broken by them with a stone.
floor 3. She saw the mouse in the kitchen.
3. She feeds the animal twice a day. The mouse was seen by her in the kitchen.
The animal is fed by her twice a day 4. I polished the furniture in the afternoon.
4. They deliver the newspaper in the morning. The furniture was polished by me in the
The newspaper is delivered by them in the afternoon.
morning 5. He made the dress.
5. We lend books only to students. The dress was made by him.
The books are lent by us only to students 6. Somebody pushed Mary into the water.
6. They serve lunch at 12.00 Mary was pushed by somebody into the water.
Lunch is served by them at 12.00 7. People from all over the world visited the
7. England makes the best computers. museum.
The best computers made by England The museum was visited by people from all over
the world
__________________________________
1. He doesn’t spend money on magazines. 1. He didn’t grow tomatoes in his garden.
Money isn’t spent by him on magazines. Tomatoes weren’t grown by him in his garden.
2. I don’t make lunch on Sundays. 2. They didn’t fly the planes in the morning.
Lunch isn’t made by me on Sundays. The planes weren’t flown by them in the morning.
3. They don’t pay salaries during the weekend. 3. She didn’t sing the song after the ceremony.
Salaries aren’t paid by them during the weekend. The song wasn’t by her after the ceremony
4. She doesn’t teach French in all schools. 4. Some readers didn’t like the book.
French isn’t taught by her in all schools. The book wasn’t liked by some readers
5. We don’t keep coins in the cash. 5. We didn’t translate the book into English.
Coins aren’t kept by us in the cash. The book wasn’t translated by us into English.
6. They don’t make watches in South Africa. 6. The guards didn’t lock the back door.
Watches aren’t made by them in South Africa. The back door wasn’t locked by the guards.
7. People don’t speak Spanish in Italy
7. I didn’t take the photographs at the beach.
Spanish isn’t spoken by people in Italy. The photographs weren’t taken by me at the
beach.

1. Who was the car driven by?

The car was driven by Mark
2. Where was the plane flown?
The plane was flown over the airfield
3. How many bottles of coke are drunk by him every day?
Two bottles of coke are drunk by him every day
4. Are flowers picked by secretaries?
No, flowers aren’t picked by secretaries.
5. Was “Material Girl” sung by Madonna?
Yes, “Material Girl” was sung by Madonna
HOMEWORK
N°02
Grammar Examples

For is used  a year

for general
periods of
FOR 

3 hours
a long time
time  some days

Grammar Examples

Since is used  my
for a specific
time
Since 
birthday
Monday
 2 o’clock
 I was 10

Task
For or since?
1) Since lunchtime 6) For hours 11) Since half a year
2) Since July 7) Since last week 12) Since 1998
3) For two days 8) For ages 13) Since I left school
4) Since 20th century 9) Since 8 am 14) For three weeks
5) For ten minutes 10) For centuries 15) Since midnight

Task For or since?

Task Write sentences according to the
example.
1) They haven’t eaten tuna for a long time. e.g.: It’s a week since I saw you.  I haven’t seen you
2) Sam hasn’t drunk any alcohol since his accident. for a week.
3) We have lived here for five years. 1) It’s ten minutes since he called me.
4) Teo has studied Maths for an hour. He hasn’t called me for ten minutes.
5) She has baked cakes since she came home. 2) It’s a fortnight since we visited our grandparents.
6) The boy hasn’t broken any vases for two weeks. We haven’t visited our grandparents for a fortnight.
7) Dave has eaten two sandwiches since half past two. 3) It’s two semesters since she took a language
8) The children haven’t swum since last summer. course.
9) The Lees have had a dog for only two days. She hasn’t taken a language course for two semesters
10) I haven’t been to England since 2003. 4) It’s ages since dad travelled by bus.
11) The police arrested two criminals since 1 pm. Dad hasn’t travelled by bus for ages
12) My leg has hurt for the last three days. 5) It’s a year now since I taught the adjectives.
13) They have planted ten trees since dusk. I haven’t taught the adjectives since a year now.
14) I haven’t seen you for generations. 6) It’s six hours since I listened to the radio.
15) Josh has tidied his room for more than an hour. I haven’t listened to the radio for six hours,
16) I have grown 10 cm since I was 14. 7) It’s a week now since the wind blew.
17) Mike has only known Tina since the beginning of last The wind hasn’t blown for a week now.
month.
18) He hasn’t smoked for the past two weeks.
19) Emma hasn’t sold anything since 10.30.
20) He has washed his hand for a few minutes.
 GRAMMAR N°09
HOMEWORK N°03

With the verbs of this table. We must make 40 sentences,

Verbs followed by Verbs followed by Verbs+preposition Both

to+ infinitive verb + -ing + ING
Decide to Love Thinking Begin
about(think
about)
Want to Enjoy Worry about Start
Choose to start Thinking off(think Continue
of)
Promise to Describe Depending Prefer*(ING
on(depend on) or TO)
Expect to Discuss Concentrating on Like*(ING or
(Concentrate on) TO)
Would like to Enjoy Love*(ING or
TO)
Need to finish Hate*(ING or
TO)
Plan to Not mind
Learn to Stop
Offer to Keep
Hope to Think of
Refuse to Forget
Arrange to Recommend
Seem to Imagine
Agree to Miss
Manage to Dislike
Regret
avoid

SENTENCES
Verb followed by to +infinitive
1.- I decided to study architecture because I like to design new things.

2.- Andrea want to be a famous singer. She has a good voice.

3.- He chose to be singer because he loves the music.

4.- I promise to be with you forever because I love you.

5.- Mary expects to become an excellent scientist because she likes discovering
new things.

6.- Peter would like to have new shoes because he leaves to work every day.

7.- If she wants to graduate, she will need to have good marks.

8.- We might plan to watch the new film at the cinema.

9.- They learnt to play the guitar when they were in music classes.

10.- He has offered to buy a new bicycle that he saw in the shop to give his
sister.

12.- My family will hope to see their children grow up.

13.- The students refused to do a strike against the government.

14.- These people have arranged to hire a new DJ for the party today.

16.- She seemed to be the new artist of the moment, in music pop.

17.- You agreed to change table because your partner bothers you.

18.- My best friend manages to do her homework on time.

Verb followed by verb +-ing

19.- If she wants to be a writer, she will love reading books all the time.

20. The people enjoy doing surfing on the beach. They say that it is very funny.

21.- You should start writing short sentences for your essay.

22.- She describes being someone important in life because her experiences
have changed her life.

23.- My sister going to finish seeing her film favorite in two days.

24.- If he not minds studying, he will have low marks.

25.- If she stops running, she might drink water and rests a bit.

26.- He keeps looking at her because he likes her.

27.- The teacher thinks doing three activities to class today.

28.- The student thinks of finishing the math homework soon.

29.- Melanie forgot doing the housework because she was concentrating on
watching TV.

30.- I recommend walk once a day so that you recover soon from your injury.
31.- You must imagine being a great player in soccer so that you have more
opportunities.

32.- Erik will miss seeing you because he is in love with you.

33.- Selena disliked staying in classes of History because they were boring.

34.- Evelyn will regret lying to her mom.

35.- Johnny avoids being found by a police officer because he committed a

serious crime.

Verb + preposition +-ing

36.- I thinking about making some scenes for the new film.

37.- You shouldn’t worry about passing this level, you should better worry about
learning.

38.- Grace thinks of singing when she finishes her homework because singing is
her favorite hobby.

39.- I am thinking of buying a new washing machine.

40.- It will depend on acting very well when you are on stage.

41.- We should concentrate on studying when we are in classes online.

Both
42.- My cousin will begin to study at university when he graduates from college

43.- He will begin studying the psychology degree when he finished the college.

43.- I start to drive a car when I am of legal age.

44.- I started riding a bike when I was 7 years old.

45.- My daddy will continue existing while I can take care of him.

46.- I prefer to play video games very evenings with my cousins.

47.- She prefer making up early very mornings to go work.

48.- We didn’t like to have classes in the afternoons.

49.- Jessy and Joe like singing romantics song.

50.- Ren kai love to sing in two languages such us: Spanish and Chinese.

51.- The fans of Maluma love seeing to sing in the stage.

52.- She hates to do exercises in the mornings at 6 a.m.

53.- David hates seeing bad comments in the social networking.

 HOMEWORK N°04

When we use two verbs together, the first one often Complete the sentences about
determines the form of the second one. See the chart The Merchant of Venice
below.
with the correct verb pattern:
The verbs in red have different meanings according to the
form of the verb that follows them. The verbs in blue can
1. Sadness made ( make) Antonio to feel
only accept the pattern indicated in the 3rd column. The
verbs in black have two patterns with no difference in (feel) stupid in the first Act.
meaning. The verbs in green have objects. The verb help 2. He avoid (avoid) thinking (think) about his
has two patterns. The purple verbs are modals or behave
ships in the ocean.
like modals.
3. Salerio tried (try) to cheer (cheer) him up.
4. Bassanio decided (decide) to tell (tell)
1 avoid, regret, * try, stop, remember, +
end up, keep, enjoy, miss, don’t mind, Antonio that he owes a lot of money.
VERB – ING
begin,start, continue, prefer, like, 5. Antonio would prefer to waste (waste) all his
hate, love
‘ money than deny (deny) his friend some hope.
Why don’t try telling stories to improve 6. Bassanio hope (hope) to get (get) some money
your fluency?
to impress Portia.
refuse, need, hope, expect, pretend, + 7. Nerrissa persuade the (persuade) Portia to
2 seem, plan, decide, forget, stop,try, INFINITIVE be (be) more optimistic about her future.
remember, begin, help, continue, WITH TO
prefer, like, hate, love 8. She would rather have (have) less money and
to be (be) happier.
She stopped to make a phone call.
9. Portia had better tell (tell) her admirers
make, help, let + OBJECT + that she as in love with Bassanio.
3 INFINITIVE
She made him apologise for his 10. Portia’s father forced her to ask (ask) her
behaviour. admirers to choose the correct box before
they could marry her.
4 allow, force, encourage, expect, + OBJECT +
persuade, ask,teach, pay, help
11. Antonio ends up accepting (accept) a
INFINITIVE
WITH TO dangerous agreement with Shylock.
She paid the gardener to mow the lawn.
12. Shylock will refuse to receive (receive) more
5 might, can, will, could, must, would + money from Bassanio. He needs to take (take)
rather, should,had better INFINITIVE revenge against the man who despised him.
‘I’d rather waste all my money than 13. Antonio encourages Bassanio not worry
offend me with your doubts’, he said. (not worry) about his debts and propose to
Portia.
* TRY – STOP - REMEMBER :
14. Shylock enjoys having (have) the chance to
a)Try to do something = make en effort to do something
Try doing something = experiment/test an idea to see get a pound of Antonio’s flesh as payment for
if it works his loan.
b) Stop to do something = stop something in order to do
something else
Stop doing something = stop something you were doing
c) Remember to do something = remember before you
do it.
Remember doing something = remember after you do
it (something about the
past).
15. Portia says that her destiny doesn’t allow her to
follow (follow) her heart’s desire.
16. Jessica regrets having (have) to leave her home
but she can’t stand the way he treats her.
17. Portia will try convincing (convince) Shylock that
he should accept more money as payment for the
agreement but he’ll keep saying (say) that he
prefer to have (have) a pound of Antonio’s flesh.
18. Antonio can’t remember to spit (spit)
on Shylock’s face.
19. Shylock never stops to complain (complain) about
his daughter running away and taking jewels and
money with her.
20. Shylock seems to be (be) a cold and
greedy character,
21. Why don’t you try being (be) more
sensible and show (show) more
kindness?”, asked the young lawyer.
22. Portia made Shylock believe (believe)
she respected him.
23. The rich heiress teaches Shylock to be (be)
wiser next time.
24. Antonio and his friends expected the Jew to
accept (accept) their offers.
25. The Christian merchant avoided offending
(offend) Shylock when he asked for a loan.
 Grammar A
SUPERLATIVES AND COMPARATIVES

We use comparative adjectives and afverbs to compare two things or

actions, usually with than

We use superlatives adjectives and afverbs to tal about extremes, usually

with the

ADJECTIVES
One silabes rich → richer, the richest
big → bigger, the biggest
Ending in –y easy →easier, the easiest
frendly → friendlier, the friendliest
Two or more careful→ more careful, the most carefui
sylables interesting→ more interesting, the most interesting

Irregular good → better, the best

adjectives bad →worse, the worst
far →further, the furthest
clever → cleverer / the cleverest
quiet → quieter /the quietest
bored / tired /ill →more / the most bored i/tired / ill

ADVERBS
One silabes Hard→ Harder, the hardest

Two or more offer→ more often, the most often

sylables carefully→ more carefully, the most carefully
Irregular well → better, the best
adjectives badly →worse, the worst
far →further, the furthest
early→ earlier, the earliest
 SUPERLATIVES AND COMPARATIVES

Grammar A

less / least is the ooposite cf more I most. We can use it with all adjectives and
adverbs:

 I'm less happy than i was.

 She drives less slowly than me.

 It was the least interesting meeting ever!

We can use as .. as to show that two things are equal:

 He's as tall as me.

 She drives as carefully as me.

We can use not as as to mean less than:

 He isn't as clever as me. (= He is less clever than me. I am cleverer than him.)

 She doesn't drive as carefully as me. (= She drives less carefully than me. I drive
more carefully than her.)

EXAMPLES

We often use comparatives or as ... as to compare past with present:

 He's much better than he was.

 He's not as bad as he last time.

We often use superlatives with ever and the present perfect:

 This is the best meal I've ever eaten

 it was the least interesting book I've ever read.
 SUPERLATIVES AND COMPARATIVES

Grammar A SUPERLATIVES AND COMPARATIVES

EXAMPLES
 Grammar B
USED TO

USED TO

 Use to the things that happened in the past.

 To describe something we did in the past but don’t do now.

I/You/We/They/He/She/It

+ I use to hate tomatoes.

- She didn’t use to wear high heles.

Y/N Did you use to be good at sport ?

Yes, I did /No, I didn’t
 Grammar A
THE PASSIVE: PRESENT AND SIMPLE

Active: Most verbs in English are active - the doer of the verb comes before
the verb.

Example:
Francis Ford Coppola made The Godfather in 1972

Passive: In passive verb forms the object comes before the verb.

Example:
The Goodfather was made in 1972 by Francis Ford Coppola.

We use passive verb forms when the main thing we are talking about is the
object of the verb.
Some common uses of the passive are:
• When the doer isn’t important
• When we don’t know did something.

We from the passive with be+past participle, be shows the tense of the verb, eg,
present simple

Present Simple Past simple

+ I am chosen for the Three Godfather

school football films were made
team every year. altogether
- This car isn’t sold in Harry Potter wasn’t
the US or Canada written for adults.
Y/N? Am I invited to your Was The Hobbit
party? written for children?
Yes, you are. Yes, It was.
No, you’re not. No, It wasn’t
 Grammar A
THE PASSIVE: PRESENT AND SIMPLE

Passive: In passive verb forms the object comes before the verb.
 Grammar A
THE PASSIVE: PRESENT AND SIMPLE
 Grammar A
PRESENT PERFECT WITH FOR AND SINCE
PRESENT PERFECT WITH FOR AND SINCE

We can use the present with for and since to describe a situation that started
in the past and continues now.

In positive statements, we use the present perfect with for and since with particular
verbs wich describe things that are often true for a long time: live, work, know, have,
like, love, hate, enjoy, own, etc.

Have T-shirt

Past 2007 Now

We can since to stay when something started.

 I have had this T-shirt snce 2007

We often use a verb in the past simple after since

 I have loved tennis since I was a child.(I was a child when I started liking tennis,
and I still like it now)

Know him

Past A few days Now

We use for to describe the lenght of time.

 I have known him for a few days.

We often use How long,,? Questions with the present perfect to ask about a period
of time.

 How long have you lived here? Since I was a child.

 Grammar B
PRESENT PERFECT WITH FOR AND SINCE
PRESENT PERFECT WITH FOR AND SINCE
 Grammar A
FIRST CONDITIONAL

We use the first conditional to talk about a posible future situation and the
result of that situation

Example:
(Possible future situation)If the weather is good at the weekend, (result) wel
will got to the park.

1. There are two clauses in a conditional sentence, the is clause and the
main clause.
2. The if clause can go before of after the main clause.
Example:

 If I pass my exams. I will get into university

If clause main clause
 I will get into university If I pass my exams.
main clause if clause

1. To talk about a posible future situation, use the present simple in the if
clause
2. To talk about the result of the situation, use the present simple in the if
clause
Grammar A
FIRST CONDITIONAL
 Grammar B
Some verbs are often followed by another verb. The two most common
patterns are:

• Verb + to +infinitive • Verb + verb +-ing

I hope to see you son. I dont mind reading about
famous people.

1. Sometimes btoh forms are posible with no change of meaning

Example:

 He started talking./He started to talk.

 I prefer talking to my Friends./ I prefer to talk to my Friends

2.- To make a negative or the second verb in both verb patterns, not goes
before the verb.

Example:

 I decided not to go to the party.

 I hate not going to work.

Verbs followed by Verbs followed by Verbs preposition Both

to+infinitive verb +ing +ING
I chose to study an She describes She is thinking I begin to
architect because I singing in public. about making films. study English in
like making plans 2020.
There are two Mary didn’t stop You don’t worry I begin
possibilities eating about writing again studying in my
I chose not to study carbohydrates. this exercises faculty two
Medicine for the real years ago
practices.
I didn’t choose to
study Medicine.
Gerardo doesn’t want
to listen to the
teacher.
Verbs past Verbs followed by Verbs+preposition Both
followed by verb +ing +ING
to+infinitive
Decide to Love Thinking Begin
about(think about)
Want to Enjoy Worry about Start
Choose to start Thinking off(think Continue
off)
Promise to Describe Depending Prefer*(ING or
on(depend on) TO)
Expect to Discuss Concentrating on Like*(ING or
(Concentrate on) TO)
Would like to Enjoy Love*(ING or
TO)
Need to finish Hate*(ING or
TO)
Plan to Not mind
Learn Stop
Offer Keep
hope Think of
Refuse Recommend
arrage Imagine
Seem Miss
Agree Dislike
Manage Regret
forgot avoids
Example:

 Do you like learning English? Why?

Yes, I like learning English because this language permitted open up new
job oportunities.

 Would you like to learn other foreign language? Which one? Why?
Yes, I would like to learn korean language because I like seeing k-dramas.

 What are you thinking of doing on Saturday morning?

I am thinking of doing exercises at home.

 What do you enjoy doing the evenings?

I enjoy watching k-dramas,
 Grammar A
SECOND CONDITIONAL

We use the second conditional when we imagine a situation in the present

or future. The situation is unreal, unlikely, or impossible.

We describe the unreal present situation in the if clause. We talk about the
result of that situation in the main clause.

Example:

 (unlikely future situation) If I stole from work,

 (result) I'd take a holiday from work
 (imposible present situation) If I had more money.

1. Use the past simple(and/or past continuos) in the if clause.

2. We can use would + infinitive or could+infinitive to talk about the result.

Example:

 If it was raining and I saw ahitchhiker. I'd stop.

 I could go on more holidays if I had more money.
 Grammar A
QUANTIFIERS: TOO/ NOT ENOUGH

We use quantifiers before countable and uncountable nouns to describe the

amount of something.

Countable nouns are things that we can count: one book, five books

Uncountable nouns are things that we don usually count: water NOT one
wáter, live waters

Countable Uncountable

Large quantify There are lot of books There’s a lot of water

No particular quantify There are some books There’s some water

Small quantify There are a few books There’s a bit of water

There aren’t many books There isn’t much water
Zero quantify There are no books There’s no water
There aren’t any books There isn’t any water
Question Are there any books? Is there any wáter?
How many books are How much wáter is there?
there?

Too / not enoguh

We use too to say something is more than the right amount.
• There are too many people.
• There’s too much nose.

We use not enough to say something is Kiss man the right amount.
• The isn’t enough food for everyone
 Grammar A
QUANTIFIERS: TOO/ NOT ENOUGH

Very
We use very before adjectives and adverbs.

• It’s too small/ He’s driving too slowly. (I’m complaining about problems)
• It ‘s very small/ He’s driving very slowly. (I’m describing situations not
complaining)
 Grammar A
DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

We use defining relative clauses to define a noun. A relative clause explains

what kind of thing, or which particular thing, we are talking about.

Example:

 The film that is on TV tonight is about an Android.

 A vet is a doctor that looks after animals.

To add a defining relative clause after a noun, we use a relative pronoun

• Who, which, that
• where

Example:

Use who or that when the noun is a person

 It’s about a man who/that travels through time

Use which or that when the noun is a thing

 There’s an art gallery which/that stays open 24 hours a day.

Use where when the noun is a place.

 The Matrix is about a world where computers control.
 Grammar A
DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

We use defining relative clauses to define a noun. A relative clause explains

what kind of thing, or which particular thing, we are talking about.
Grammar A
DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
 Grammar B
ARTICLES

When we talk about things in general we usually use no article:

Example:

 ØTourists sometimes have Øaccidents when they are climbing

Ømountains.

When we talk about specific things for plural and uncontable nouns. We
usually use a/an for singular nouns.

Example:

 I met a scientist.
 She was wearing a while coat.
 We found an underground cave.

We don’t use an article for plural and uncontable nouns. We often use
words like some, any, much, many, etc, or a number.

Example:

 He put some popcorn in a bowl.

 They found 8000 soldiers.

When we talk about specific things that we have already mentioned, we

usually use the

Example:

 The popcorn popped

 The soldiers were all different.
We didn’t use articles for the names of most places including countries (e.g. Vietman,
China, Austria) or cities (e.g. Vienna, Xian, New Orleands) and other places (e.g. Mount
Everest, Lake Winninpeg)
But there are exptions: the USA, the UK, the Alps, the Nile, the Golden Bridge
Grammar B
ARTICLES
 Grammar A
THE PAST PERFECT

The past perfect shows that something happened befores a particular point
in the past.

• In 2008, I had left London and i had moved to Cambridge.

(This before 2008)

We form the past perfect with had + past participle.

It is the same for all persons.

The past particple is often used with the past simple. The two clauses are
often joined with when, because or so

Example:
 When + past simple, past participle
When I got home, my goldish had disappeared

 Past simple, because + past participle.

I was late because my car had broken down.

 Pas perfect, so +past simple

We had never been to the concert before, so we were very excited.
Grammar A
THE PAST PERFECT
Grammar A
THE PAST PERFECT
 Grammar B
REPORTED SPEECH

When we talk about what someone said in the past we often use reported
speech.

Example:
 She said she didn’t know had happened.

 We usually use the verbssay and fell in the past simple

 We can also include that before the reported words – however istn’t
necessary.
 We change the verb forms in the reported words by shifting them back
one tense.
Grammar B
REPORTED SPEECH
L

LEVEL: B1

TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF AMBATO

MARTINEZ EDGAR
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