MAT 206-5 Workbook V1.1 CH 3-4-5 F'18

solu
BOROUGH OF MANHATTAN COMMUNITY COLLEGE

City University of New York
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
MAT 206.5
INTERMEDIATE ALGEBRA
AND
PRECALCULUS
Chapters 3-4-5
Parabolic Antenna:
Ka-Band Objects Observation and Monitoring (KaBOOM):
https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/scan/engineering/technology/KaBOOM.html
2018
Version 1.1
CHAPTER 3. RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
Table of Content
Page
Lesson
Lesson 3.1. Rational Expressions
5
Lesson 3.2. Multiplication and Division of Rational
Expressions 10
Lesson 3.3. Addition and Subtraction of Rational

Expressions 15
Lesson 3.4. Complex Fractions

20
Lesson 3.5. Solving Rational Equations
26
Lesson 3.6 Graphs of Reciprocal Function and
Transformations 31
Lesson 3.7. Rational Functions 38

Lesson 3.8. Partial Fractions
44
Lesson 3.9. Variation
47
1
CHAPTER 4. RATIONAL EXPONENTS
Table of Content
Page
Lesson
Lesson 4.1. Properties of Exponents
53
Lesson 4.2. Rational Exponents
59
Lesson 4.3. Simplified Form for Radicals
66
Lesson 4.4. Addition and Subtraction of Radical
Expressions 68
Lesson 4.5. Multiplication of Radical Expressions

71
Lesson 4.6. Division of Radical Expressions
75
Lesson 4.7. Solving Radical Equations
78
2
CHAPTER 5. EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC
FUNCTIONS
Page
Lesson
Lesson 5.1. Algebra of Functions and Functions
Composition 83
Lesson 5.2. Inverse Functions

90
Lesson 5.3. Exponential Functions
97
Lesson 5.4. Logarithmic Functions
105
Lesson 5.5. Properties of Logarithms
113
Lesson 5.6. Exponential and Logarithmic Equations
117
3
CHAPTER 3.
RATIONAL
FUNCTIONS
4
Lesson 3.1. Rational Expressions
Part A. Check Understanding of the Concepts
1. A rational number is any number that can be expressed as a ratio of two integers.
Write a definition of the rational number in a set-builder notation.
Rational Number =
!
2. Reduce the rational number "# to lowest terms.
3. A rational expression is any expression that can be expressed as a ratio of two

polynomials. Write a definition of the rational expression in a set-builder notation.
Rational Expression =
4. Record the properties of rational expressions.
$%&
5. Reduce the rational expression #$%"' to lowest terms.
5
Part B. Apply the Concepts
1. Evaluate each rational expression, if possible.
( 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 4, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑥 = −1
a)
$%!
#3%& "
b) 𝑖𝑓 𝑡 = 0, 𝑡 = 1, 𝑡 = − #, 𝑡 = −3
3 4 %"
2. At what values of a variable rational expressions are undefined?
# ($7"
a) b)
$ $ 4 %#&
#$%" ($%#
c) d)
!%$ $ 4 7&$78
6
3. Reduce the following rational expressions to lowest terms.
9#$ : ; < −6𝑤2 𝑧8

a) b) 27𝑤𝑧8
#9$; =
(;%"# &$7(&
c) d)
#; 4 %(# $ 4 %!D
2𝑡+3 D%F4
e) 2 f)
2𝑡 +7𝑡+6 #F4 7F%"&
𝑘2 +8𝑘−9 FJ %"8
g) h)
𝑘2 −5𝑘+4 F%#
8𝑏2−6𝑏−9 $ 4 %"
i) j)
8𝑏2 −18𝑏+9 $ < %"
7
2𝑥2 −𝑥−21 (; 4 7"';%L
k) 5𝑥2 +16𝑥+3 l)
%(; 4 %9;78
4. One of the useful techniques in reducing rational expressions is to factor −1 out.

Simplify each rational expression, then summarize your observation.
𝑥 − 3 5 − 𝑥
a) 3 − 𝑥 b) 𝑥 − 5
𝑚 + 2 (N % 8
c) 2 + 𝑚 d)
# % N
𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑎2 − 𝑏2
e ) 𝑏 − 𝑎 f)
𝑏2 − 𝑎2
𝑚3 − 𝑛3 𝑎2 − 12𝑎 + 36
g ) 𝑛3 − 𝑚3 h) 18 + 3𝑎 − 𝑎2
8
Extending the Concepts:
5. Reduce each rational expression to lowest terms.
36𝑎2 +12𝑎𝑏−35𝑏2 11𝑐2 −15𝑐+4

a) b) 5−2𝑐−3𝑐2
72𝑎2 −50𝑏2
6. Reduce each rational expression, then subtract.
L$ 4 %8$%(& "L$ 4 %#9$%(& ; J %L" ; J 7L"

a) − b) −
#$7& ($%9 ;%( ;7(
7. Write a rational expression with the given restriction. Answers will vary.
a) 𝑥 ≠ 4 b) 𝑥 ≠ −2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≠ 3
No Part C Applications for this Lesson
9
Lesson 3.2. Multiplication and Division of Rational
Expressions
1. Outline the steps for multiplying two fractions using your own words. Be specific.
2. Outline the steps for dividing two fractions using your own words. Be specific.
3. Compare and contrast procedures in problems #1 and #2.
4. If a rational expression contains polynomials, how would you multiply or divide two rational
expressions? Please describe thoroughly.
10
1. Perform the following operations.
( 9 ! &
c) ∙ d) − ∙
"! D "& L
& " 9 (
e) ÷ f) ÷
"# 8 #! L
"!V4 W 8V< W4 %"&FJ X4 "'FX

g) ∙ h) ÷
#VW< 9VWJ #8FX: (DF4 X
2. Multiply the rational expressions. Reduce your answer to lowest terms.
( #$%! #$%"' $ 4 79$7"'

a) ∙ b) ∙
$ 4 %#$ $ $ 4 %#& $7#
$ 4 %"8 !$ Y 4 7!Y7! Y 4 %D
c) ∙ d) ∙
L$ < $7! #Y%8 &Y7"'
$ 4 %8$7D $ < 7#9 $ 4 %F$7X$%FX $ 4 7#F$7F4

e) ∙ f) ∙
$ 4 %($7D ($%D $ 4 7F$%X$%FX $ 4 7#X$7X4
11
" Y 4 %^ 4 ^%Y
g) ∙ (𝑡3 − 8𝑠3 ) h) ∙
&3 4 7"'3Z7#'Z 4 (Y%^)4 Y < %^ <
; < %" ; 4 7&;78 F4 %"8 "'(F%()4

i) ∙ j) ∙
; 4 %;%8 ; 4 %" &F%"& F4 %9F7"#
3. Divide the following rational expressions. Reduce your answer to lowest terms.
FX F _ _W
a) ÷ b) ÷
FX%(F X%( W _%#
F4 %X4 FX7X4 " "

c) ÷ d) ÷
F7(X #F78X $ 4 %#& $ 4 7#&
" " FX F
e) ÷ f) ÷
; 4 %" ; < %" FX%(F X%(
`7! $` 4 %L`7"8 D78;7!; 4 #9%L; <

g) ÷ h) ÷
`%! ` 4 %"8 #;%" !; 4 %"
#$ 4 %&$%"# $ 4 %"8 $ 4 79$7"# $ 4 7D$7"L

i) ÷ j) ÷
!$ 4 7L$7( #$ 4 79$7( $%& $ 4 %9$7"'
12
3 4 737" 3 4 %!37( L7V< V4 %#V7!
k) ÷ l) ÷
3 < %" "%3 4 "8%V J V4 7!
4. Perform the indicated operations. Reduce your answer to lowest terms.
$ 4 %L$;7"8; 4 $ 4 %8$;7L; 4 $ 4 %D; 4

a) ∙ ($%!;)4 ÷
$ 4 %!; 4 $ 4 %$;%8; 4
(3 4 %93%8 "#3 4 %"D37& D3 4 %!

b) ∙ ÷
#'3 4 %#"3%& &3 4 %"837( #&3 4 %"
13
Extending the Concepts:
5. Prove the identity.
3 3
8−0.5𝑦4 0.5𝑦2−𝑦+2 1 𝑥2−10𝑥+25
a) 4+0.5𝑦3 ∙ 0.5𝑦2+2 ∙ 2−𝑦 =1 b) c 𝑥2−25 d ÷ e𝑥−5
𝑥+5
f =1
6. Divide each rational expression, then simplify as much as possible.
$ < %$ 4 ; $%; # Fg %Xg FJ 7!F4 X4 7(XJ

b) ÷e f b) −
$^%$ ^%" FJ 7&F4 X4 7!X J FJ 79F4 X4 7"#XJ
Part C. Applications
In problems 7 and 8, write an expression for the area of the figure and simplify.
7.
8.
14
Lesson 3.3. Addition and Subtraction of Rational
Expressions
No Part A for This Lesson
1. Add/subtract the following fractions.
& " ! (
i) + j) − −
L # "& &
8 ( ( " 9 #
k) − + l) + −
"! #" 9 & "' "&
2. Add or subtract each rational expression. Reduce your answer to lowest terms.
$ & "& (
k) + l) −
$7& $7& !$ !$
; 9 L; 9;%L
m) − + n) −
;%9 ;%9 ; 4 %8! ; 4 %8!
$4 !$7#" $4 #$%(&
o) + p) −
$%9 9%$ $%& &%$
15
$ 4 %9$ "# ; 4 7#; !;
q) + r) −
$ 4 %#$%( $ 4 %#$%( ; 4 %!;7! ; 4 %!;7!
($7#; $%L; %($ !$7" $4

s) − t) − −
#$%(; (;%#$ $ < %" "%$ < "%$ <
3. Find the least common denominator (LCD).

& ( ! #
a) , b) ,
D "L$ "&F4 (F
# & 9$ "
c) , d) ,
Y%( Y 4 %#Y%( $ 4 %"8 $7!
4. Fill in the blank to make an equivalent fraction with the given denominator.
! `4
a) = b) =
9$ "!$ 4 `%L ` 4 %8`%"8
#_ %(
c) = d) =
_%& _(_7")(_%&) !$%& (!$%&)($7")
16
5. Add or subtract each rational expression. Reduce your answer to lowest terms.
!$7" $7( !_7# _%#

a) − b) −
#$%"' $%& (_7"# _%!
L ! !h "
c) + d) −
F(F7&) F h%( h7"
" #$; " ($;

e) − f) −
$%; $ 4 %; 4 $7; $ < %; <
`7" "%Y ($ 4 %L; 4 ($;%$ 4

g) − h) −
` 4 %`Y Y 4 %`Y $ 4 %#$; $;%#; 4
( #" #$%L $7(

i) + j) +
#3%& L3 4 %"!3%"& ($ 4 7L$7! ($ 4 7&$7#
LX4 L$ 4
k) − 2𝑏 − 1 l) 4𝑎 −
!X%& #F%(
17
Extending the Concept
6. Prove the identity.
(𝑥−3)(𝑥−7) (𝑥−7)(𝑥−1) (𝑥−1)(𝑥−3)

12
− 8
+ 24
=1
7. If 𝑦 ≠ 2, prove that the value of the given expression does not depend on y.
(;7! ;7!
−
&;%"' (;%8
8. Perform the following operations:
#_ 8_%( #F4 %F " F%"

a) e + 1f ∙ b) e − 2f ÷ e − f
#_%" !_4 %_ F4 %F7" F7" F4 %F7"
;%( ;4 $7; $%; $;

c) ∙ e𝑦 + f d) e − f÷
;7( (%; $%; $7; $ 4 %; 4
18
1. Write an expression for the perimeter of the figure and simplify.
a)
b)
19
Lesson 3.4. Complex Fractions
Part A.
1. Choose all that apply. It can be more than one correct answers. A complex fraction of the
i
j
form k can be rewritten as:
l
F h F h F m F h
a) ∙ b) ÷ c) ∙ d) +
X m X m X h X m
F h Fh Fm
e) − f) g)
X m Xm Xh
2. Based on your answer to the problem #1, write a paragraph that explains how to simplify
a complex fraction.
20
1. Simplify each of the following expressions. Reduce your answer to lowest terms.
: o4
n =
a) 4 b) :
: <
o o : 4
%
J :
%
g q
c) o < d) o <
% 7
4 op < J
4 4
& 7 = # % <
e) < f) :
" % : " 7 n
2. Simplify the following expressions. Reduce your answer to lowest terms.
<r4 4JtJ
:s< =tu4
a) gr b) qt<
o4s4 r nu:
r v J r4 v <g
:r4 o4
c) <rvo4 d) rwg
opr g
21
o o
i
% " 7 "
i
e) o f) o
% "
i i4
o o o o
7
r s
%
rw< rv<
g) o o h) o
% rw<
% "
r s
og J
r
% $ # % rw4
i) j) op
! 7 $ & % rw4
Fv4 % Xv4 ` vo 7 Y vo
k) l)
Fvo % Xvo " % Xvo
22
3. Simplify the following expressions. Reduce your answer to lowest terms.
o o xw4 xv4
7 7
rv< rvJ xv4 xw4
a) o o b) xv4 xw4
% 7
rw< rvJ xw4 xv4
< < o o
%
rwy r
%
<rw<y <r
c) d)
z z
o g < op
" % r % 4 " % r % 4
r r
e) J < f) oo on
" % r 7 4 "7 r 7 4
r r
4r rws rvs
" % <rvJ rvs % rws
g) <4 h) rs
$ % <rvJ 4 4
r v s
23
i4 w ni v 4p $%& % rw4
on
4
i) i w gi v og j) g
i4 v gi v Jp $79 7 rw4
4
i v <i v Jp
4. Simplify as much as possible.
s4 ( 7
o
o
(s w <)< r v 4
a) s b) o
(s w <)J ( % o
r v 4
$ F
c) 1− o d) o vo
" % r "%e"%if
24
e) (𝑎%" + 𝑏%" )%" <r v s s
7 " ( %
s r
f) <r w s + <r
% " % "
s s
$o 7$4
1. Find the midpoint 𝑥_ = for a line segments with the given endpoints on the x-
#
axis.
a) 𝑥" = 8, 𝑥# = 3 9 "&
b) 𝑥" = ( , 𝑥# = #
9 # ( 9
c) 𝑥" = − "# , 𝑥# = ( d) 𝑥" = ! , 𝑥# = #
{ ({ { {
e) 𝑥" = "# , 𝑥# = f) 𝑥" = − ! , 𝑥# = 8
!
2. The relationship between the focal length of lens is modeled by the equation
𝑓 %" = 𝑜%" + 𝑖 %"

where f – focal length, o – distance from the center of lens to the object, i – distance from the
center of lens to the image. Find the focal length f.
25
Lesson 3.5. Solving Rational Equations
1. Solve each of the following equations. State the restrictions to the solutions.
$ ( ; ;%"
a) +2= b) =4−
# & 8 "#
# 𝑘−4 𝑘 # " !
c) 9
− 3 − 21 = 1 d) − =
F & &F
($%$ 4 2𝑥2 −𝑥 ($7" 7𝑥−𝑥2 𝑥2 −1

e) #
+ 6
=𝑥 f) !
− 10 = 8
($7" D & (
g) +2= h) =
$%# $%# $7" $%!
#$ 4 7($ $%$ 4 $ 4 %#$ !$%(

i) = j) =
(%$ $%( #$%" "%#$
26
k) 1 − 𝑥 %" = 12𝑥 %# l) 2 + 5𝑥 %" = 3𝑥 %#
; # 8 $ 9#
m) + = n) = +4
;7( ; 4 7(; ; $78 $ 4 %(8
;7# 8 #$%( ($%#

o) − =0 p) + =1
; 4 %; ; 4 %" &$7"' !$7L
! # (%; #;%# "L ;%8

q) − = r) − =
;%# ; ; 4 %#; ;7( ; 4 %D ;%(
" "($%! " D 8

s) − =4 t) + ($7#)4 =
#$%" !$ 4 %!$7" ($%#)4 $ 4 %!
27
2. Solve the following equations.
;%"! & " Lh%( 8 #

a) = − b) + =
; < %L ; 4 7#;7! ;%# !h 4 %#h7" Lh < 7" #h7"
"! " 9 " " !

c) − = d) + − =0
$ < 7$ 4 %D$%D $7( $ 4 %#$%( $ < %!$ $ < 7!$ $ J %"8
3. Find the point of interception of two graphs:
a) 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑦 =
($7")(($%#) 𝑥2 −2𝑥−15
$%! b) 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑦 = 𝑥+3

"!%$ !
c) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1 and 𝑦 = $7#
d) 𝑦 = 5𝑥 and 𝑦 = 6 + $%"
28
4. Solve the following equations:
"&
a) 𝑥 # + 𝑥 + 1 = $ 47$7( (Hint: use a substitution 𝑦 = 𝑥 # + 𝑥 + 1)
#!
b) 𝑥(𝑥 + 1) = ($%")($7#)
"(
1. The sum of the reciprocals of two consecutive numbers is . Find both numbers.
!#
2. The numerator of the fraction is 4 less than its denominator. If 19 is added to the
"
numerator and 28 is added to the denominator of that fraction, then it will increase by &.
Find that fraction.
29
3. A boat travels 18 miles per hour in still water. It takes in total 3 hours for the boat to
travel 50 miles downstream and 8 miles upstream. Find the speed of current.
4. Two employees were supposed to produce 180 items. The first employee were producing
each hour 2 items more than the second employee. Because of that, the first employee
completed the work 3 hours earlier. How many items each employee produced?
30
Lesson 3.6 Graphs of Reciprocal Function and
Transformations
1. Complete the following tables and sketch the graph of the Parent Function:
"
𝑓(𝑥 ) = $ . What is another name of this function?______________________________
x -1 -0.5 -0.1 -0.01 -0.001 𝑥 → 0%
f(x) 𝑓(𝑥) → ____
x 1 0.5 0.1 0.01 0.001 𝑥 → 07
f(x) 𝑓(𝑥) →_____
Use the graph to answer the

following:
a) Domain:
b) Vertical Asymptote:
c) Horizontal Asymptote:
d) Intercepts:
31
1. For the graphs below complete the following:
a) State the parent function.

b) Describe the transformations.
c) Write the function that would produce the given transformations.
d) Name the asymptotes of the graph, if any.
a) ___ b) ___
c) ___ d) _____
e) ____ f)______
32
g) ______ h) ______
2. In this exercise you will make important conclusions based on your observations. Complete
the following:
i) Fill out a table of values for the given functions in (a) and (b) then use them to
graph the functions.
" "
a) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = b) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) =
$4 $<
x x
f(x) f(x)
ii) Compare and contrast graphs (a) and (b) in 2-3 sentences.
33
iii) Use a graphing calculator to observe the graphs
" " "
𝑓(𝑥 ) = , 𝑓(𝑥 ) = , 𝑓(𝑥 ) = . Record a quick sketch of each
$4 $J $g
graph.
Write 1 or 2 sentences to explain your observations.
iv) Use a graphing calculator to observe the graphs
" " "

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = , 𝑓(𝑥 ) = , 𝑓(𝑥 ) = . Record a quick sketch of each graph.
$< $: $=
Write 1 or 2 sentences to explain your observations.
2. For each of the given functions:
i) Name the parent function f(x).

ii) Describe the sequence of transformations from f(x) to g(x).
iii) Sketch the graph of g(x).
34
" "
a) 𝑔(𝑥 ) = #$ − 3 b) 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 5 − $ 4
"
c) 𝑔(𝑥 ) = $7! + 1 d) 𝑔(𝑥 ) = −(𝑥 − 1)( + 2
e) 𝑔(𝑥 ) = −|𝑥 − 2| − 3 f) 𝑔(𝑥 ) = −(𝑥 + 2)# + 7
35
4. Write a function based on the given parent function and transformation in the given order:
"
a) Parent function: 𝑓 (𝑥) = $
i) Shift 4 units down.
ii) Reflect in respect to y-axis.
"
b) Parent function: 𝑓(𝑥 ) = $
"
i) Shrink vertically by a factor of (.
ii) Reflect in respect to y-axis.
iii) Shift 5 units up.
"
c) Parent function: 𝑓 (𝑥) = $
i) Stretch vertically by a factor of 4.
ii) Shift 4 units to the left.
"
d) Parent function: 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = $
i) Reflect in respect to y-axis.
ii) Shift 3 units to the left.
iii) Shift 2 units down.
"
5. Let 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = $. Using a graphing utility, explore transformations
𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(2𝑥), 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (3𝑥 ), 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(4𝑥 ). Sketch and label the graphs.
36
"
6. Let (𝑥 ) = $. Using a graphing utility, explore transformations
" " "
𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑓 e# 𝑥f, 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑓 e( 𝑥f, 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑓 e! 𝑥f. Sketch and label the graphs.
37
Lesson 3.7. Rational Functions
„($)
1. A rational function has a form of: 𝑓(𝑥 ) = …($), define the domain of 𝑓(𝑥).
2. Because of the restriction on the domain, a rational function may have one or more
vertical asymptotes. Describe where and how the vertical asymptotes occur on a rational
function.
3. Match each equation with its graph. If necessary, you may use a scientific calculator.
# #$ #$ 4
a) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = $7( b) 𝑔(𝑥 ) = $7( c) ℎ(𝑥 ) = $7(
4. What are the differences between the three functions from the problem #4? Be
specific.
5. What are the similarities between 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) in the problem #4? Be specific.
38
1. Evaluate each rational function, if possible.
! 𝑓 (0), 𝑓(3), 𝑓 (−1), 𝑓(3.5), 𝑓(5)

a) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) =
(%$
#$7" 𝑘(0), 𝑘 (2), 𝑘(−2), 𝑘(4), 𝑘(−4)

b) 𝑘 (𝑥 ) =
$ 4 %!
2. Write the domain of each function in interval notation. Use the information about the
domain to match the function to its graph.
"%3 $%8
a) 𝑔 (𝑡) = b) 𝑝(𝑥 ) =
3 4 %937"# $ 4 %(8
$ F%8
c) 𝑟(𝑥 ) = d) 𝑓 (𝑎) =
$ 4 7#& (
3. Determine the domain of each function in interval notation.

" "
a) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = b) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) =
$7" $7(
" "
c) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = d) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) =
$%" $ 4 %"
39
i) __ ii) _
iii) _ iv) __
1. Find the horizontal asymptotes for each of the graph. Then summarize all three cases.
3𝑥 # 3𝑥 ( 3𝑥
𝑎) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑏) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑐) 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥# − 4 4𝑥 # + 1 6𝑥 # + 3𝑥 − 1
2. Graph the rational function:

1
𝑔 (𝑥 ) =
6−𝑥
a) State the domain of the function. e) Graph
b) Find any vertical and horizontal

asymptotes.
c) Find the x- and y – intercepts.
d) Describe the behavior of the function to

the left and right of the vertical asymptote.
40
3𝑥 # − 8𝑥 + 4
𝑔 (𝑥 ) =
2𝑥 # − 3𝑥 − 2
a) Simplify and state the domain of the function.
b) Find any vertical and horizontal asymptotes.
d) Describe the behavior of the function to the left and right of the vertical asymptote.
e) Graph
41
𝑥 # − 2𝑥 − 8
𝑔 (𝑥 ) =
𝑥# − 9
a) State the domain of the function.
b) Find any vertical and horizontal asymptotes.
d) Describe the behavior of the function to the left and right of the vertical asymptote.
e) Graph
42
5. NYC Zero waste. The NYC Department of Sanitation is moving New York City
toward zero waste – meaning we are changing the Department's operations and New
Yorkers' habits to send no garbage to landfills by the year 2030. One way we will achieve
this is by making it easy to keep organics from being treated by garbage, and DSNY
provides this citywide through a combination of curbside collection and convenient drop-
off locations, including sharing a bin. It allows others to easily recycle their food waste
now, as NYC Organics continues to expand. This is part of Mayor Bill de
Blasio's OneNYC plan to make New York the most sustainable big city in the world.
6.
The average cost of distributing brown bins for residents in one of the NYC
neighborhoods to p% of the population is given by the formula:
98,'''V
𝐶= , 0 ≤ 𝑝 < 100 .
"''%V
a) Use a graphing calculator to graph the cost function.
b) Find the cost of supplying bins to 25%, 50%, and 80% of the population.
c) According to this model, would it be possible to supply bins to 100% of the residents?
Explain.
43
Lesson 3.8. Partial Fractions
" "
1. Describe, in detail, the steps of adding two fractions #
+ (.
" " 9 9
2. When adding ! + ( the result is "#. How could we separate the answer "# into two different
" "
fractions and go back to the decomposition form of !
+ (?
3. Based on your responses from the problems #1 and #2, generalize the decomposition steps
"
from the rational expression: Œ•.
44
1. Write the partial fraction decomposition of the rational expression. Check your results
algebraically.
" $
a) b)
($7#)(#$%") ($ 4 %$%#
$%& %(; 4 7#;7L

c) d)
$ 4 %($ ; < 7!; 4 7!$
$ 4 7L$%8 ($7&
e) f) ($7()J
($7!)($ 4 7#$7"')
45
$ 4 7&$78 $7&
g) h)
$ < 7$ $ < %!$ 4 %($7"#
$ 4 79 $<
i) j)
($7")($ 4 %$%8) ($7")4
L"$ J (; < 7#; 4 %;%&

k) (($%")<
l)
; 4 7#;7"
46
Lesson 3.9. Variation

1. Circle the correct answer:
#
The functions 𝑦 = 3𝑥, 𝑦 = ( 𝑥, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = −4𝑥 are the examples of
a) Direct variation.
b) Inverse variation.
c) Joint variation.
2. Justify your answer given in problem #1.
3. Circle the correct answer:

# %& "
The functions 𝑦 = $ , 𝑦 = #$
, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = $ are the examples of
a) Direct variation.
b) Inverse variation.
c) Joint variation.
4. Justify your answer given in problem #3.
1. Classify the following as a Direct Variation or an Inverse Variation.
15 - 0.5 S
a) C = 5d b) S = c) G = d) E =
t r 16
47
2. Find a mathematical model representing the statement. Determine the constant of
proportionality.
a) M varies directly as 𝑥 # . M=18, when x=3.
b) G varies inversely as x.
c) E is jointly proportional to m and 𝑣 # . E=24, when m=3 and v=4.
d) Z varies directly as x and inversely as the square of y. Z=6, when 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑦 = 3.
e) P varies directly as the square of 𝑥 and inversely as 𝑦. P=3, when 𝑥 = −1 and y = 4.
f) Q varies jointly t and s and inversely to the square of w. Q=2.5, when t=1.6, s = 4.3, and
w=1.2.
48
1. The following are important laws of physics, modeled by equations. Write a

statement of variation relating the variables of each equation. Name the constant of
variation.
a) Free fall formula: b) Elastic potential energy:
𝒈𝒕𝟐 𝟏
𝒉=− , where h - height, t – 𝑷𝑬 = 𝒌𝒙𝟐 , where PE – elastic
𝟐 𝟐
time, g – acceleration due to gravity potential energy, k- string constant, x-
string stretch/compression distance
c) Ohm’s Law: d) Newton's law of universal gravitation:
𝑽 𝒎𝟏 ×𝒎𝟐
𝑰 = , where I – current in amps, V – voltage 𝑭𝒈 = 𝑭𝟏 = 𝑭𝟐 = 𝑮 𝒓𝟐
, where 𝐹N -
𝑹
in volts, and R –resistance in ohms the force of gravity, 𝑚" - mass of object
#1, 𝑚# - mass of object #2, r- distance
between the objects, G – gravitational
constant 6.674×10−11 m3⋅kg−1⋅s−2
49
2. The volume V of gas varies inversely to the pressure P. The volume of a gas is 300 cm3
under pressure of 34 kg/cm2. What will be its volume under pressure of 42 kg/cm2?
3. The number of kilograms of water in a person’s body varies directly as the person’s mass.
A person with a mass of 180 lb contains 120 lb of water. How many kilograms of water
are in a person with a mass of 112 lb?
4. The time it takes to fly from San Francisco to New York varies inversely as the speed of
the plane. If the trip takes 6 hours at 560 miles/hour, how long would it take at 600
miles/hour?
5. The area of the image projected on the screen varies directly as the square of the distance
from the projector to the screen.
a) If the distance between the projector and the screen is 18 ft, the area of the
projected image is 49 ft # . What is the area of the image, when projector is 22 ft
from the screen?
b) If the area of the image on the screen is 121ft # , what is the distance between the
projector and the screen?
50
6. The amount of simple interest earned in an account varies jointly as the amount of
principal invested and the amount of time the money is invested. How much interest will
be earned on $10,000 in 5 years, if the principal of $7,000 earns $950 in 8 years.
7. In an experiment, Carlos finds that amount of a chemical needed is directly related to the
time of its reaction with a certain catalyst. If he has 16 grams of the chemical and the
1
reaction time was second, what amount of chemical is needed to have a reaction that
2
lasts 4 seconds?
8. The intensity of light I varies inversely with the square of the distance D from the bulb.
3
If a distance of 2 meters creates an intensity of foot-candles, what is the intensity
4
created when the bulb has a distance of 5 meters?
51
CHAPTER 4.
RATIONAL
EXPONENTS
52
Lesson 4.1. Properties of Exponents
1. Assume that 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 are real numbers; 𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠 are integers. Fill in the following
properties of exponents:
a) 𝑎¦ ∙ 𝑎 Z =_________
b) (𝑎¦ )Z = ____________
c) (𝑎𝑏)¦ = ____________
d) 𝑎%¦ = _____________ , (𝑎 ≠ 0)
F
e) (X )¦ = _____________ , (𝑏 ≠ 0)
F§
f) Fu = ______________ , (𝑎 ≠ 0)
g) 𝑎' = _____________
Assume all variables are nonzero for all problems.
1. Evaluate each of the following.
a) 6# b) (−6)# c) −6#
d) −(−6)# e) 6%# f) (−0.4)#
# %" " %" # #

g) e&f h) e9f i) e&f
53
j) e&f
# %# k) −3%# l) (−3)%#
# %" %! ( %(
m) e− 9f n) − e− (!f o) − e− !f
p) (8𝑥)' q) 12𝑥𝑦 '

'
r) e#& 𝑥f
2. Simplify and write the answer with positive exponents only.
a) 𝑥 & ∙ 𝑥 8 b) 𝑦 %8 ∙ 𝑥 L c) (𝑝# 𝑞 %! )(
$q $q $ vJ
d) e) f)
$J $ vJ $ vq
g) 2' + 2%! h) 2%( + 2%! " %# " %"

i) e(f + e&f
( ( # '
j) (4𝑥 # )( (2𝑦 %# )! " " #
k) e# 𝑚%# 𝑛( f l) e− & 𝑥 # f e& 𝑥 %"' f e( 𝑥 ! f
54
3. Simplify and write the answer with positive exponents only.
(#$ v: )< ($ 4 )vJ −3 2 2 −1

(𝑥 ) (−3𝑥 )
a) b) 𝑥−8
$ vo4
(8$ v< ; v: )v4 (%#Fv4 Xv: h)v<

c) d)
(($ vJ ; v< )< (!F: Xv< h p )4
6𝑐9 𝑑4 %9Y v< © g

e) f)
24𝑐6 𝑑−3 (&Y vJ © 4
2
ª3𝑥−3 « 𝑥4
g) 𝑥2
h) (2𝑥 & 𝑦 %( )( (3𝑥 %( 𝑦 # )%"
−3 '
−2𝑥2 𝑦−5 L$ vJ ; <
i) c−3𝑥−3 𝑦2d j) e f
"#&$ < ;%4
55
−1 %#
−11𝑥2 𝑦−3 %&$ v< ; p ^ =
k) c 8𝑥−1 𝑦 d l) e f
#$ J ; 4 ^
4. Write each number in scientific notation:
a) 93,000,000 mi = _______________________ distance to the Sun
b) 300,000,000 m/sec = _____________________ speed of light in a vacuum
c) 6,000,000,000,000 mi=__________________ one light-year
d) 65,000,000,000, = ______________ _______ cost of hurricane Sandy
e) 0.000000001 m = _______________________ width of influenza virus
f) 0.0000002 m = _________________________ the size if smallest visible object in an

optical microscope
g) 1,412,000,000,000 = _____________________ population of China in January 2017
h) 0.00000000000016 g = ______________________ weight of dust particle
5. Write each number in standard notation:
a) 6.02 X 1023 = _____________________________________________Avogadro constant
b) 4.355878 X 10-8 = __________________________________Probability of winning NY

Lottery
c) 2.79 X 109 = __________________________________Avatar's worldwide gross income
d) 1.626 X 106 = _________________________________population of Manhattan in 2013
e) 1.04 X 107 = _____________________________ population of the Dominican Republic

in 2013
f) 19.84 trillion __________________________ US National Debt is as of November 2017
g) 0.6 million __________________________________________population of Wyoming
56
6. Perform the following operations. Write the answer in scientific notation.
a) (8.6 × 10%8 ) × (1.2 × 10( ) (".#×"'vn )

b)
(!×"'v4 )
c) (2.7 × 10%# ) × (6.3 × 10%! ) ((.&×"'J )

d)
(&×"'g )
7. Simplify each of the following expressions.
a) 𝑥 _7" ∙ 𝑥 _%& b) 𝑥 W%( ∙ 𝑥 W7! ∙ 𝑥 %#W
c) 𝑥 _7# ∙ 𝑥 _%# F<xvo

d)
F4xv<
57
(Xrw< )4 (Xrw< )rv<
e) (X4rv: )4
f) (X4rv: )4rv:
58
Lesson 4.2. Rational Exponents
Lesson 4.2 ( old Worksheet A6.1-A6.2.) Rational Exponents
1. If 𝑥 is a real number and 𝑛 is a positive integer greater than 1, then
a) The positive square root of 𝑥 (𝑥 ≥ 0) is _____, (√𝑥)# = ______ .
b) The cube root of 𝑥 is ____, ( <√𝑥 )( = _____ .
c) The positive fourth root of 𝑥 (𝑥 ≥ 0) is ____, ( J√𝑥 )! = ______.
d) The fifth root of 𝑥 is ____, ( :√𝑥 )& = ______.
e) The nth root of 𝑥 is ____, ( ®√𝑥 )W = _____. If 𝑛 is even, 𝑥 is _____ (any real number, 𝑥 >
0, 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ 0)
f) Write the nth root of 𝑥, ®√𝑥 , (𝑥 ≥ 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛) as an expression with an exponent:
________
Assume all variables represent positive real numbers.
1. Evaluate each of the following roots without using a calculator.
a) √81 b) √−81 c) −√81
< < <

d) √8 e) √−8 f) −√−8
J :
g) √16 h) √−32 < #9
i) ±− "#&
59
<
J L" k) −√0.64 l) √−0.064
j) ±− #&8
m) √1,000,000 n) g√1,000,000 o) <√1,000,000
<
p) √0.49 q) √−0.064 r) J√0.0081
2. Simplify the following expressions.

J
a) √𝑥 # b) √𝑥 ! c) √𝑥 !
d) √18𝑎& 𝑏! e) √75𝑎𝑏( f) ²80𝑝"& 𝑘"8
g) √25𝑚#& 𝑛D h) √16𝑥"8 i) −5𝑎√12𝑎( 𝑏! 𝑐
60
8!$ q < Lz l) <²64𝑥 ( 𝑦 8
j) ± k) − ±
!$ < "'''z=
: <
m) J²625𝑝#! 𝑞"# n) √32𝑎"' 𝑏(& o) ²(𝑎 + 𝑏)(
3. Use the definition of the rational exponents to write expressions with radicals. Then,
simplify them.
a) 49"⁄# b) 64"⁄( c) −125"⁄(
d) −144"⁄# e) 81"⁄! f) 32"⁄&
"8D '.& ⁄
"#& " (
⁄
8#& " !
g) e D
f h) e 8! f i) e L" f
⁄
j) (27)%"⁄( k) eLf
" %" ( l) (−243)%"⁄&
61
4. Evaluate each of the following without using a calculator.
a) 49(⁄# b) 64#⁄( c) 16(⁄!
d) 9(⁄# e) 81(⁄# f) 16(⁄!
%#⁄(
g) (−81)(⁄! h) (25)%(⁄# #9
i) e"#&f
j) 25"⁄# + 27#⁄( k)
"#⁄( ""⁄#
+! l) 64%"⁄( + 49%"⁄#
L
5. Use the properties of exponents to simplify each of the following as much as possible.
!⁄(
a) 𝑥 (⁄9 ∙ 𝑥 #⁄9 b) 𝑦 "⁄8 ∙ 𝑦 %9⁄8 c) ª𝑎(⁄# «
%"#
d) ª𝑏&⁄! « $ o⁄J V:⁄g
e) f)
$ <⁄J Z o⁄4
g) (125𝑧 8 )% "⁄( h) (81𝑧 "# )% "⁄! i) (−64𝑎D )% "⁄(
62
#! "L n
Fvo⁄J Xv4⁄< ª_vo⁄4 Wv< «
j) e f k) e f l)
Fo⁄< Xvo⁄q _4 W<⁄4
("8_n Wvo4 )o⁄J n) (81𝑝L𝑞 !)% "⁄! (8𝑝8𝑞 %D) "⁄( "⁄$
F<r Xgr
m) ("#&_< o) e f
Wg )vo⁄< h Jr
6. Simplify each of the following expressions.
<
a) √𝑎#_ b) √𝑎(($7")
J
c) ²16(𝑦 + 𝑧)!(W7") FJ(xvo)
d) ±
F4(xwo)
63
7. Write the expression as a single radical:
:
a) ² J√𝑎 b) ² √𝑏
<
< "⁄#
c) ² J√𝑚 d) ª J√𝑥 «
8. Multiply. 3𝑥 !⁄& 𝑦 "⁄( ª4𝑥 8⁄& 𝑦 %"⁄( − 12𝑥 %!⁄& 𝑦 &⁄( «
9. Multiply. ª𝑥 "⁄# − 𝑦 "⁄# «ª𝑥 "⁄# + 𝑦 "⁄# «
10. Factor the following:
a) 𝑥 #⁄& − 5𝑥 "⁄& + 6 b) 2𝑥 #⁄( − 5𝑥 "⁄( − 3
c) 25𝑥 #⁄"" − 49 d) 4𝑥 #⁄& − 9𝑦
64
1. Find the length of the third side of the right triangle by using the Pythagorean Theorem.
Simplify your answer, in possible.
a) _ b) _
c) 9
2. If the area of the circle known, the radius of the circle can be obtained by the
⁄
Œ " #
formula 𝑟 = e{f .
a) Calculate the radius of the circle with the area of 150 in# . Round your answer to the
nearest tenth.
b) Calculate the radius of the circle with the area of 150 in# . Round your answer to the
nearest tenth.
3𝑉 1⁄3
3. The formula to calculate the radius of a hemisphere is 𝑟 = e2𝜋f .
a) Calculate the radius of the hemisphere with the volume of 96 in( . Round your answer
to the nearest tenth.
b) Calculate the radius of the hemisphere with the volume of 240 in( . Round your
answer to the nearest tenth.
4. Group activity. Verify if (𝑎 + 𝑏)"⁄# = 𝑎"⁄# + 𝑏"⁄# . Hint: assign the values for variables
a and b.
65
Lesson 4.3. Simplified Form for Radicals
1. Assume that 𝑎 and 𝑏 are nonnegative real numbers whenever 𝑛 is an even number. Determine
whether the following statements true or false.
® ®
a) √𝑎𝑏 = ( ®√𝑎)( √𝑏)
® ®
b) √𝑎 + 𝑏 = ®√𝑎 + √𝑏
®
® F √F
c) ±X = ® (𝑏 ≠ 0)
√X
2. What are the radical expressions in simplified form? Describe in details.
Assume all variables represent nonnegative real numbers.
1. Write each expression in simplified radical form.
a) √8 b) √50 c) −√72
< < <

d) √8 e) −√54 f) √−128
J :
g) √16 h) √−32 < #9
i) ±− "#&
66
<
J ( < # l) −2√−162
j) ±!L k) ±#&'
<
m)
√%'.'8! n) <√24𝑎( 𝑏# 𝑐 & o) √24𝑎( 𝑏# 𝑐 &
#
:
p) √32𝑎9 𝑏"' 𝑐 ( q) −√32𝑎9 𝑏"' 𝑐 ( r) 2𝑎 J√32𝑎9 𝑏"' 𝑐 (
67
Lesson 4.4. Addition and Subtraction of Radical
Expressions
1. Describe the definition of similar radicals.
1. Explain the similarities between the pairs of expressions: 3√7 + 5√7

and 3𝑥 + 5𝑥

2. Explain the similarities between the pairs of expressions: −7√5 − 4√10
and −7𝑥 − 4𝑦
3. Add or subtract the radical expressions, if possible.
a) 3√7 − 8√7 b) 5𝑏√𝑎 + 3𝑏√𝑎
< < <

c) 6𝑥√10 − √10𝑥 # d) 6 √4 − 11√32 + 7 √4
68
e) 3𝑎# √80𝑎𝑏( − 5𝑏√45𝑎& 𝑏 f) 7𝑎√72𝑎( − 𝑎√8𝑎 + 4√50𝑎&
: <
h) √3𝑏 + √3𝑏
g) 5²32𝑥 ( 𝑦 ! + 2𝑥𝑦 # √50𝑥
< < J J
i) −15√81 + 3√24 j) 5𝑥 √32 − 2√162
< < < J J

k) 7√375𝑤 ! − 4𝑤 √81𝑤 − 𝑤 √24𝑤 l) 3𝑚𝑛( √405𝑚& 𝑛 − 2√3𝑚D 𝑛"(
4. Find the perimeter in simplified radical form:
a)
69
b)
c)
70
Lesson 4.5. Multiplication of Radical Expressions
1. Determine whether the following statements are true or false. Why?
a) (𝑎 + 𝑏)# = 𝑎# + 𝑏#
b) (𝑎 − 𝑏)# = 𝑎# − 𝑏#
c) (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎# − 𝑏#
d) (√𝑎 + √𝑏)# = 𝑎 + 𝑏 (𝑎 ≥ 0, 𝑏 ≥ 0)
e) (√𝑎 − √𝑏)# = 𝑎 − 𝑏 (𝑎 ≥ 0, 𝑏 ≥ 0)
f) ª√𝑎 + √𝑏«ª√𝑎 − √𝑏« = 𝑎 − 𝑏 (𝑎 ≥ 0, 𝑏 ≥ 0)
1. Multiply.
a) √2 ∙ √10 b) √20 ∙ √54 c) √3(√15 − √3)
< < <

d) ª8√7 − √5«ª√7 + 3√5« e) √5𝑎( 𝑏# ∙ √20𝑎( 𝑏( f) √2(4√20 − 3 √4)
71
< < J J < <
g) (2√3) ∙ (4√9) h) √81 ∙ √32 i) 5 √7(2√49 − 3)
# #
j) ª√𝑤 − 2«ª√𝑤 − 9« k) ª²17𝑦𝑧« l) ª√𝑥 − 4«
#
m) ª√3 − 2√5« n) (√6 − 2√3)# o) (√11 − 3√2)#
#
p) ª√𝑥 − 1 + 5« q) ª√3 − √𝑥«ª√3 + √𝑥« r) ª²𝑦 + 2 − 7«ª²𝑦 + 2 + 7«
Extanding the Concept
2. Multiply.
( <
a) ª√3 + 2« b) ª <√𝑥 − <²𝑦 «ª√𝑥 # + <²𝑥𝑦 + <²𝑦 # «
72
< < < < <
c) <²3𝑝𝑞 ∙ J²6𝑝𝑞 ( d) ª √2 + √3«ª √4 − √6 + √9«
g ( g #
e) ±ª√7 − 2« f) ±ª1 − √3«
1. If the object is dropped from the top of a 300-meter Eiffel Tower, the amount of
time t seconds that it takes for the object to be h meters from the ground is given
by the formula
√(''%z
𝑡= .
!
a) How long does it take before the

object is a half-way from the
ground?
b) How long does it take the object to hit the ground? (Hint: h=0)
73
2. Find the area of the rectangle with the length of (2√6 + 3) and the width of
(√2 − 1). Draw a diagram.
(
3. Find the volume of the cube with the side of ª√5 + 1« . Draw a diagram.
74
Lesson 4.6. Division of Radical Expressions
1. What are conjugates?
2. Explain how you rationalize denominators of radical expressions and the reason for
doing so.
1. Simplify using the division property of radicals.
8!$ g "#"3 oJ ($ :
a) ±
;4
b) ± c) ±
!L; J
(8` n
: J
< #9$ : √8!$ op √"8#$ oq
d) ± e) : f) J
;g ²#; < ^ = ²#$ < ; n
75
2. Rationalize the denominator with one term.
" #
a) b) ±&
" c)
√( √9
8 !√( D
d) e) f)
√"# √&'$ √(F
( 9 &
g) < h) < i) <
√& √D$ √!$ 4
J # J L J "
j) ±(F4 k) ±X< l) ±#9$
3. Rationalize the denominator with two terms.

# √# % √&
a) b) c)
√#%( √#%√( √97√8
%√h √& #
d) e) f)
√h7( #√&%9 √F%√X
g)
√$ √&%# √"97(
√$7√; h) i)
√&7# √"9%(
76
√&%√# √V7√· 2√3−√7
j) k) l)
√&7√# √V%√· 5√3+√7
4. Rationalize the denominator.
√$ √F7#
g) h)
√$;%√$ √F7#%(
²;7#7²;%# "
i) j) <
²;7#%²;%# √`%#
77
Lesson 4.7. Solving Radical Equations
1. When do we need to check the solutions for radical equations?
2. What does an extraneous solution mean?
1. Solve each of the following equations.
a) √3𝑥 + 1 = 5 b) √2𝑥 − 5 = 3 c) √4𝑥 + 1 = −5
d) 3 + √5𝑥 − 4 = 0 e) √3𝑥 + 1 = 5 f) (2𝑥 − 3)"⁄# = 6
78
g) (3𝑥 + 1)"⁄# − 1 = 4 h) ²5𝑦 − 6 − 4 = 5 i) 3√2𝑥 − 3 + 2 = 29
< <
j) √2𝑥 + 7 = 3 k) <²5𝑦 − 3 = −2 l) √3𝑥 − 1 + 11 = 7
a) ²𝑝 − 3 = 𝑝 − 3 b) ²𝑝 + 3 = 𝑝 − 3
c) ²𝑞 + 2 = 𝑞 + 2 d) 𝑡 + 5 = √2𝑡 + 9
e) √3𝑥 − 20 = 𝑥 − 6 f) ²𝑦 + 9 = 𝑦 + 7
g) √3𝑥 + 6 = 𝑥 − 4 h) ²𝑦 + 7 = 𝑦 + 5
79
i) √7𝑤 − 1 = √2𝑤 + 4 j) √2𝑡 + 4 = √1 − 𝑡
k) ²3𝑦 + 4 = −²2𝑦 + 3 l) √4𝑎 + 3 = −√𝑎 + 8
< < < <

m) √2𝑥 + 3 = √5𝑥 − 12 n) √−3𝑥 − 32 = √8𝑥 + 1
o) √3𝑐 − 5 = √3𝑐 − 1 p) √𝑚 − 9 − √𝑚 = 3
q) √𝑤 + 8 − √𝑤 − 4 = 2 r) √3𝑤 + 1 = √𝑤 + 4 + 1

; " " 3 $ "
a) − = b) − =
#²&;%# ²&;%# # &√#37"' √#37"' &
80
4. An object is dropped from an initial height H. Its velocity at impact with the
ground is calculated by the formula:
𝑣 = ²2𝑔𝐻
#
where the constant 𝑔 = 32 𝑓𝑡⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐 is the acceleration due to gravity and H – the
initial height. What was the initial height in feet of the object, if it hits the ground
with the velocity of 52 𝑓𝑡⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐 ? Round your answer to the nearest tenth.
5. It takes a pendulum the time T in seconds to swing back and forth:
𝐿
𝑇 = 2𝜋º
𝑔
where the constant 𝑔 = 32 𝑓𝑡⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐 # is the acceleration due to

gravity and L – is the length of pendulum in feet.
What should be the length of the pendulum that requires 1.38 sec to
complete full swing back and forth? Round to the nearest tenth.
81
CHAPTER 5.
EXPONENTIAL
AND
LOGARITHMIC
FUNCTIONS
82
Lesson 5.1. Algebra of Functions and Functions
Composition
1. Determine whether the following statements are true:

a) For any two functions f and g, the sum, difference, product, and quotient of f and
g are defined as arithmetic combinations of functions f and g.
b) When f and g are two functions with overlapping domains, for all x common to
both domains, the sum, difference, and product of f and g are defined as arithmetic
combinations of functions of f and g.
c) When f and g are two functions with overlapping domains, for all x common to
¼ ¼($)
both domains and g(x) ≠ 0, the quotient of f and g are defined as eNf (𝑥) = N($).
2. Describe the difference between the composition of the function f with the function g and
the composition of the function g with the function f.
83
1. Examine the functions graphed in the figure and answer the following questions.
a) Write equations of the graphs:
Parabola: 𝑓 (𝑥 ) =__________________
Line: 𝑔(𝑥 ) =_____________________
b) Find the sum: 𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑔(𝑥 ) algebraically.
c) Graph 𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑔(𝑥 ) in the figure provided.
d) Verify the formula

(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) + 𝑔(𝑥 ). Justify your
answer by using specific points from the
figure.
e) Find the difference (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) − 𝑔(𝑥 ) algebraically.
f) Find the product (𝑓𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ∙ 𝑔(𝑥 ) algebraically.
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
g) Find the quotient e𝑔f (𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥), 𝑔(𝑥 ) ≠ 0 algebraically.
84
2. For the given functions find:
i) (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) and its domain;

ii) (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) and its domain;
iii) (𝑓𝑔)(𝑥) and its domain;
¼
iv) e f (𝑥 ) and its domain;
N
N
v) e f (𝑥 ) and its domain.
¼
a) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 − 7, 𝑔(𝑥) = 3 − 𝑥
b) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 # − 5𝑥 + 6, 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 − 1
c) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 # + 8, 𝑔(𝑥 ) = √2 − 𝑥
$4
d) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = $ 47" , 𝑔(𝑥 ) = √𝑥 # − 9
85
3. Let 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 # + 2𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 1. Evaluate the following:
a) (𝑓 + 𝑔)(2)
b) (𝑓 − 𝑔)(−1)
¼
c) e f (1) − 𝑔(4)
N
4. For the given functions find:

i) The domain of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) and 𝑔(𝑥 );
ii) (𝑓°𝑔)(𝑥 ) and its domain;
iii) (𝑔°𝑓)(𝑥 ) and its domain;
iv) (𝑓°𝑓)(𝑥 ) and its domain;
v) (𝑔°𝑔)(𝑥 ) and its domain.
a) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 4𝑥 − 7, 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1
b) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 # , 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 6 − 𝑥
86
c) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 # , 𝑔(𝑥 ) = √𝑥 − 3
" "
d) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = $%& , 𝑔(𝑥 ) = $ + 5
In financial analysis companies use the formula 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒇𝒊𝒕 = 𝑹𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒆 – 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕.

Let 𝑃(𝑥 ) = 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡, 𝑅(𝑥 ) = 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶(𝑥) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡, then the formula is
𝑷(𝒙) = 𝑹(𝒙) − 𝑪(𝒙).
1. A local courier service estimates its monthly operating costs to be $1500 plus $0.85
per delivery. The service generates revenue of $6 for each delivery. Let x - the number
of deliveries in a given month.
a) Write a function, C(x), to represent the monthly costs for making x deliveries per
month.
b) Write a function, R(x), to represent the revenue for making x deliveries per month.
c) Write a function, P(x), that represents the monthly profits for making x deliveries per
month.
87
d) Determine algebraically the break-even point for the function P(x) by solving the
equation P(x) = 0, and how many deliveries the courier must make each month to begin
making money. Show complete work. Write your final answer as a complete sentence.
e) Determine the break-even point graphically. Explain your work and show the graph with
appropriate labels. Write your final answer as a complete sentence.
2. Melisa makes $16 per hour at her part-time job.

a) Write a function I, to represent Melisa’s income for the week if she works h hours.
Complete the table below.
I(h) = ________________________________
h, hours 5 10 15 20
I(h), $
88
b) Melissa saves 15% of her salary in the bank account for the next year vocation in her
favorite Punta Cana and $10 into her piggy bank every week. Write a function S, to
represent the total amount of money she saves each week if her income is I dollars.
Complete the table below.
S(I) = ________________________________
I, $ 80 160 240 320

S(I), $
c) Using the information above, write a formula for S(I(h)). Complete the table below.
S(I(h)) = ________________________________
h, $ 5 10 15 20
S(I(h)), $
d) What does the function S(I(h)) represent in the context of this problem situation?
Justify your answer. What are input and output of the function?
89
Lesson 5.2. Inverse Functions
1. If a function g is the inverse function of a function f, then is it true that the function f
is the inverse function of the function g?
2. Functions f and g are inverse functions of each other. What are the relationship
between the domains and ranges of the two functions?
3. Do all functions have inverse functions? Please justify your answer with examples.
4. How do you verify inverse functions graphically and algebraically?
5. How do you find an inverse function of a given function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)?
90
1. The graph of a function f is given. Use the horizontal-line test to determine whether f
is one-to-one. Does the function have an inverse?
_________ ___________ __________
2. For each function f complete the following:

(i) Find the inverse function of f;
(ii) Verify that 𝑓ª𝑓 %" (𝑥 )« = 𝑥 and 𝑓 %" ª𝑓(𝑥)« = 𝑥.
(iii) Graph both functions 𝑓 and 𝑓 %" , and line of symmetry in the same coordinate plane.
a) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 − 4 b) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 (
91
3. The graph of a one-to-one function 𝑓 is given. Draw the graph of the inverse function
𝑓−1 .
4. Verify that f and g are inverse functions.
& #$78 $%&

a) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = − # 𝑥 − 3 , 𝑔(𝑥 ) = − &
b) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = #
, 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 + 5
< #
c) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 ( − 4 , 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 4 d) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 + 2 , 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 − &
92
5. Restrict the domain of the function f in such a way that f becomes a one-to-one
function. Find the inverse of f with the restricted domain.
s) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 # t) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 + 3)# + 2
u) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = |𝑥| v) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = |𝑥 − 8| − 4
" &
w) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = $ 4 x) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = − ($7")4
6. For the given functions:
i) Find the inverse of f,

ii) Graph both functions on the same coordinate plane,
iii) Describe the relationship between the graphs of 𝑓 and 𝑓 %" ,
iv) State the domain and range 𝑓 and 𝑓 %" .
a) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 − 5
93
b) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √9 − 𝑥 # , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3
#$7"
c) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) =
$%"
94
1. Roberto is a part-time student majoring in art. Recently he was hired as a full-time

salesperson in a store that sells pictures and other decorative wall art. Roberto will work
in the department that sells large wall art. All items in this department range from $100 to
$1000 in price. The manager of the store offers Roberto a commissions on sales payment
option, which is a combination of a base salary of $250 per week plus 3% commission on
each sale.
a) Write a function representing Roberto’s weekly salary S(x) in dollars, where x is a
total amount of weekly sales in dollars,
b) Write an equation for 𝑆 %" (𝑥),
c) What does the inverse function represent in the context of this problem situation?
d) Evaluate 𝑆 %" (16,500) and interpret its meaning in the context.
2. The formula to convert temperatures from degrees Fahrenheit to degrees

&
Celsius is: 𝐶 = D (℉ − 32).
a) Write the inverse of the function C, which converts temperatures from degrees
Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit.
b) Find the Fahrenheit temperatures that are equal to 29°C, 10°C, and 0°C.
95
3. The weight W (in kilograms) of a hake, a type of fish, is related to its length l
(in centimeters) by this function: 𝑊 = (9.37 × 10%8 )𝑙 ( .
a) Find the inverse of the function.
b) Determine the approximate length of a hake that weighs 0.679 kilogram.
4. The weight W (in pounds) that can be supported by a shelf made from half-
9L.8
inch plywood can be modeled by 𝑊 = $ < , where x is the distance (in inches)
between the supports for the shelf.
a) Find the inverse of the function.
b) Find the distance between the supports of a shelf that can hold a set of books
weighing 52 pounds.
96
Lesson 5.3. Exponential Functions
1. Fill out the following table.
𝑦 = 𝑎 $ (𝑎 > 1) 𝑦 = 𝑎 %$ (𝑎 > 1)
Domain
Range
y-intercept
Horizontal asymptote
Graph
1. Evaluate the function at the indicated value of x. Round to three decimal places if
necessary.
a) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 5$ b) 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 0.8$
i. 𝑓 (−2) i. 𝑔(−3)
ii. 𝑓 (3.7) ii. 𝑔ª√0.4«
iii. 𝑓ª√3« iii. 𝑔(1.7)
iv. 𝑓 (2𝑥 ) iv. 𝑔(3𝑥 )
97
2. Match the exponential function with its graph.
Functions:
i) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 3$ ii) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 3%$ iii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3$%# iv) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 3$ − 3
Graph_____ Graph_____ Graph_____ Graph_____
a) b)
c) d)
98
3. Find the domain, 𝑥 − and 𝑦 − intercepts, horizontal asymptotes of the exponential
functions and sketch their graphs:
a) 𝑓 (𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙7𝟓 + 𝟑
i) Domain: ii) Horizontal Asymptote:
iii) X-intercept: iv) Y-intercept:
v) Graph:
99
b) 𝑓 (𝒙) = −𝟒𝒙%𝟏
v) Graph:
100
𝟏 𝒙7𝟒
c) 𝑓(𝒙) = e𝟐f −𝟑
v) Graph:
101
4. Evaluate the function at the indicated value of x. Round the result to three decimal
places.
(
a) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 $ , 𝑥 = & b) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑒 $ , 𝑥 = √7
c) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 %$ , 𝑥 = 5 d) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑒 %$ , 𝑥 = −3.02
e) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 8000𝑒 '.'!$ , 𝑥 = 6 f) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 1.2𝑒 #$ , 𝑥 = 120
5. Determine the balance A for P dollars invested at the rate r for t years.
$8,000 is invested at 3% interest for 10 years.
a) Write all formulas and their descriptions to calculate the balance A:
b) Complete the table.

Compounding Annually Semi- Quarterly Monthly Daily Continuously
Option annually
n 1 2 4 12 365 -
Amount, A($)
c) Which option will result in a higher interest earned?
102
6. Determine the balance A for P dollars invested at the rate r for t years.
$25,000 is invested at 2.5% interest for 15 years.
Complete the table.
Compounding Annually Semi- Quarterly Monthly Daily Continuously
Option annually
n 1 2 4 12 365 -
Amount, A($)
7. The Indian Point nuclear power plant north of New York City has been supplying
low-cost electricity to the metropolitan area for more than 50 years. New York Governor
Andrew Cuomo announced in January 2017 that the state had reached an agreement
with the plant’s operator, Entergy, to shut it down by April 2021. In his State of the State
address in Lower Manhattan, Mr. Cuomo characterized the deal as a hard bargain he
had driven to rid the region of a “ticking time bomb” less than 30 miles from
Midtown. (Source: The New York Times):
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/09/nyregion/cuomo-indian-point-nuclear-
plant.html?mcubz=1)
Radioactive elements, if they leak, may severely affect humans’ health and with a long
expose even death.
One of the radioactive elements is plutonium (Pu-239), whose half-life is 24,100 years.
Plutonium is made from uranium U-238. Pu-239 is normally created in nuclear reactors
by transmutation of individual atoms of one of the isotopes of uranium present in the fuel
rods.
Ó
" 4J,opp
The number of grams N of plutonium present after t years is: 𝑁(𝑡) = 16 e#f .
a) What is the initial amount of plutonium?
103
b) Calculate the amount of plutonium remaining after 70,000 years.
c) Use the online graphing calculator (https://www.desmos.com/calculator) to graph the

function N(t). Use an appropriate window and copy the graph in your workbook.
d) What is the domain of the graph in the context of the problem?
104
Lesson 5.4. Logarithmic Functions
1. What is the inverse function of = 3$ ?
2. Fill in the following blanks.

a) log F 1 = ________;
b) log F 𝑎 = ________;
c) log F 𝑎 $ = _______;
d) 𝑎ØÙÚi $ = _______ ;
e) If logF 𝑥 = log F 𝑦, then 𝑥 = ____.
3. Fill out the following table.
𝑦 = log F 𝑥 (𝑎 > 1)
Domain
Range
x-intercept
Vertical asymptote
Graph
105
1. Write each of the following equations in logarithmic form:

"
a) 5( = 125 b) 10%# = 0.01 c) (# = 2%&
" %#
d) 3! = 81 e) 10( = 1000 f) e(f =9
"
g) 4( = 64 h) 10%( = 0.001 i) L" = 3%!
" %(
j) 5! = 625 k) 10& = 10000 l) e#f =8
2. Write each of the following equations in exponential form:
a) log"' 100 = 2 b) log # 64 = 6 c) log L 1 = 0
"
d) log"' 0.001 = −3 e) log 8 (8 = −2 f) log & 5 = 1
g) log & 125 = 3 h) log( 27 = 3 i) log # 1 = 0
"
j) log"' 0.01 = −2 k) logL 8! = −2 l) log8 6 = 1
3. Solve each of the following basic equations for x:
a) log ( 𝑥 = 2 b) log & 𝑥 = −3
"
c) log $ 8 = −3 d) log$ #& = 2
106
4. Evaluate the function at the indicated value of x without using a calculator.
d) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔# 𝑥 e) 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔D 𝑥
v. 𝑓 (128) v. 𝑔(81)
" "
vi. 𝑓 eLf vi. 𝑔 eD f
vii. 𝑓 (1) vii. 𝑔 (0)
viii. 𝑓 (2) viii. 𝑔 (3)
5. Match the exponential function with its graph.

Functions:
i) 𝑓 (𝑥) = ii) 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔# (𝑥 − 1) iii) 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑙𝑜𝑔# (𝑥 + 3) iv) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔# (𝑥 − 3) + 2
𝑙𝑜𝑔# 𝑥
Graph_____ Graph_____ Graph_____ Graph_____
a) b)
c) d)
107
6. Find the domain, 𝑥 − and 𝑦 − intercepts, vertical asymptotes of the exponential
functions and sketch their graphs:
a) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 (𝒙 − 𝟏)
i) Domain: ii) Vertical Asymptote:
iii) X-intercept: vi) Y-intercept:
vii) Graph:
108
b) 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟓 𝒙 − 𝟑
vii) Graph:
109
f) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝟏) − 𝟑
vii) Graph:
110
7. Write the logarithmic function in exponential form.
"
a) ln ( = −1.099 … b) ln 8 = 2.079 … c) ln 1 = 0
8. Write the exponential equation in logarithmic form.
a) 𝑒 & = 148.413 … b) 𝑒 "⁄! = 1.284 … c) 𝑒 %'.'L = 0.923 …
9. Evaluate the function at the indicated value of x. Round the result to three decimal
places.
h) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = ln 𝑥 , 𝑥 = √3
g) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = ln 𝑥 , 𝑥 = 14.82
"
i) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = −3 ln 𝑥 , 𝑥 = # j) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2 ln 𝑥 , 𝑥 = 0.01
10. A principal P invested at 4.5% and compounded continuously, increases to the amount N
times the initial investment after t years, where
ln 𝑁
𝑡=
0.045
a) Complete the table and interpret your results:

N 1 2 4 6 8 10 12
t
111
b) Sketch the graph of the function t(K).
112
Lesson 5.5. Properties of Logarithms
Let a be a positive number such that 𝑎 ≠ 1, and let n be a real number. If u and v are positive
real numbers, then determine whether the following statements are true.
1. log F (𝑢𝑣) = (logF 𝑢)( logF 𝑣)
2. log F (𝑢𝑣) = log F 𝑢 + log F 𝑣
Ý ØÙÚi Ý
3. log F ( © ) = ØÙÚi ©
Ý
4. log F ( ) = log F 𝑢 − log F 𝑣
©
5. log F 𝑢W = 𝑛log F 𝑢
6. log F (𝑢 + 𝑣) = log F 𝑢 + log F 𝑣
7. log F 𝑢 + logF 𝑣 = (log F 𝑢)(logF 𝑣)
In the following problems, assume that all variable expressions represent positive real numbers.
1. Evaluate the logarithm using the change-of-base formula. Round your result to three
decimal places.
(
a) 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 231 b) 𝑙𝑜𝑔D !
c) 𝑙𝑜𝑔o 7 d) 𝑙𝑜𝑔'.! 0.015

<
113
2. Use the properties of logarithms to rewrite and simplify the logarithmic expressions. If it
is not possible, explain the reasoning.
a) 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 32 b) 𝑙𝑜𝑔& (5! ∙ 2& )
d) 𝑙𝑛(3𝑒 & )
"&
c) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 &''
e) 𝑙𝑜𝑔& 250 f) 𝑙𝑜𝑔8 72
3. Find the exact value of the logarithmic function without using a calculator.
"
a) 𝑙𝑜𝑔( 81 b) 𝑙𝑜𝑔L 8!
c) 𝑙𝑜𝑔# √16
:
d) 𝑙𝑜𝑔& 125%"
e) 𝑙𝑜𝑔# 1 f) 𝑙𝑜𝑔9 (−49)
g) 𝑙𝑛 𝑒 &.( h) 3 𝑙𝑛 √𝑒
"
i) 𝑙𝑛 < j) 𝑙𝑛 𝑒 %(.& − 2 𝑙𝑛 𝑒 ".&
√Þ 4
#
k) 𝑙𝑜𝑔! e8!f
" l) 𝑙𝑛√𝑒 9 + 𝑙𝑛 𝑒 ".&
4. Use the properties of logarithms to expend expressions as much as possible.
a) 𝑙𝑜𝑔( 27𝑥 8#&

b) 𝑙𝑜𝑔& ;
c) 𝑙𝑜𝑔9 18𝑧𝑦 d) 𝑙𝑜𝑔( [(𝑚 + 𝑛) ∙ 𝑝]
114
e) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 200𝑤 $ 4 7"
f) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 "''
#√; (#%;)4
g) 𝑙𝑛 Þ
h) 𝑙𝑛 Þ
$; $ <√;
i) log X j) log F J
^ ^
$ 4;J $ < <√;

k) log ( ±
<
l) 𝑙𝑛
^g · √^
<
; : ²$($%")< ²$ J ($%()
m) 𝑙𝑛 n) 𝑙𝑛
^g ; < ^g
5. Condense the expression to the logarithm of a single form
a) 𝑙𝑜𝑔& 2 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔& 𝑥 b) 3 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛 𝑦
c) 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛 𝑦 + 𝑙𝑛 𝑧 d) 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛 𝑦 − 𝑙𝑛 𝑧
" "
e) #
𝑙𝑛 𝑥 ( − 3 𝑙𝑛(𝑦 + 1) f) (
𝑙𝑜𝑔( 2𝑝 + 5𝑙𝑜𝑔( ²𝑞 − 4𝑙𝑜𝑔& 𝑚
115
g) 𝑙𝑜𝑔( (𝑥 # − 16) − 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔( (𝑥 + 4) h) 𝑙𝑜𝑔( (𝑥 # − 𝑥 − 6) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔( (𝑥 # − 9)

" "
i) [𝑙𝑜𝑔L 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔L 11] − 5𝑙𝑜𝑔L 𝑦 j) 𝑙𝑜𝑔9 𝑦 − # [𝑙𝑜𝑔9 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔9 6]
(
6. Sound pressure level (SPL) is a pressure disturbance in the atmosphere whose intensity
is influenced by the strength of the source. It is what our ears hear. Because of the wide
range, sound pressure measurements are made on a logarithmic scale (decibel scale).
Sound pressure in Decibel (Db) is calculated by the formula:
V #
𝑆𝑃𝐿 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔 eV f ,
p
where 𝑝' = 2 × 10%& 𝑁/𝑚# is an atmospheric pressure that is referred as “threshold of
audibility”, p - root mean square pressure (N/m2) . (Source: USMotors.
http://www.usmotors.com/TechDocs/ProFacts/Sound-Power-Pressure).
Use the properties of logarithms to rewrite the sound pressure level formula.
116
Lesson 5.6 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations
No Part A for this Lesson
Part B. Applying Concepts

1. Apply basic strategies for solving exponential equations.
a) One-to-One Property b) Inverse Property
𝒂𝒙 = 𝒂𝒚 , 𝒊𝒇 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒚 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒂𝒙 = 𝒙
Solve: Solve:
$ " $ " $
i) 2 = 8 ii) 3 ∙ e#f = 48 i) 2$ = 7 ii) 3 ∙ e#f = 51
c) Are there any restrictions on the values of x? Explain your answer.
d) Comparing the equations solved above, when would you apply the one-to-one property and
when - the inverse property?
2. Solve the following exponential equations.
a) 33 = 243 b) 𝑒 $ = 5
" $
c) e!f = 64 "
d) (2)$ = (#
<
e) (7)^ = √7 f) √𝑒 = 𝑒 W
117
3. Solve the following exponential equations.
$%"
a) 3#$7" = 81 "
b) 5!$%" = e"#&f
c) 4(5$ ) = 64 d) 8$ + 15 = 42
e) 6%!3 = 0.21 f) 9%&%#$ = 431
g) 1000𝑒 %!$ = 125 h) 8(48%#$ ) + 13 = 41
4
i) 𝑒 %$ = 𝑒 $
4%!$
j) 𝑒 #$ − 7𝑒 $ + 12 = 0
118
4. Apply basic strategies for solving logarithmic equations.
a) One-to-One Property: b) Inverse Property
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒚 , 𝒊𝒇 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒚 𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙 = 𝒙

Solve: Solve:
i) 𝑙𝑜𝑔( 𝑥 = −1 ii) 2𝑙𝑜𝑔& 𝑥 = 6 i) 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑥 = 3 ii) 𝑙𝑜𝑔8 2𝑥 = 3
c) Are there any restrictions on the values of x? Explain your answer.
d) Comparing the equations solved above, when would you apply the one-to-one property and
when - the inverse property?
5. Solve the following logarithmic equations.

" b) 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛 7 = 0
a) 𝑙𝑜𝑔( 𝑥 = #
c) 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + 1 = 0 d) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 3𝑧 = 2
6. Solve logarithmic equations algebraically. Then, approximate the result to three

decimal places.
a) log 5𝑑 = 3 b) 𝑙𝑛√𝑏 − 12 = 7
119
c) 𝑙𝑜𝑔( (𝑎# − 2) = 0 d) 𝑙𝑜𝑔! (6𝑤 − 24) = 1
e) 𝑙𝑜𝑔(3𝑦 + 4) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑦 − 12) f) ln 𝑐 − ln(𝑐 + 1) = 2
g) 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑧 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (𝑧 − 8) = 2 h) 𝑙𝑜𝑔& 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔& (𝑥 − 3) = 1
i) 𝑙𝑛 𝑦 ( = 21 j) 𝑙𝑜𝑔# (6 − 𝑥 ) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔# (𝑥 + 1) = 1
120
1. If $14,000 is invested at 4.5% interest compounded continuously for 20 years. How

long will it take to double the investment? Express your answer in years and months.
2. A $10,000 investment grows to $11,330 in 5 years compounded monthly. Find the

interest rate. Round the answer to the nearest tenth of the percent.
GROUP PROJECT:
3. The following is the graph of Ebola outbreak in West Africa in 2014:
Use the values from the graph to estimate the

following:
a) Find the model of total cases of
the form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 ¦m , where d- the
number of days, a is an initial
number of cases, r-rate.
b) Use the model from (a) to predict
the number of total cases after
365 days.
c) Find the model of total deaths of
the form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 ¦m , where d- the
number of days, a is an initial
number of deaths, r-rate.
d) Use the model from (a) to predict
the number of total deaths after
365 days.
121

MAT 206-5 Workbook V1.1 CH 3-4-5 F'18

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solu

BOROUGH OF MANHATTAN COMMUNITY COLLEGE

Lesson 3.3. Addition and Subtraction of Rational

Lesson 3.4. Complex Fractions

Lesson 3.7. Rational Functions 38

Lesson 4.5. Multiplication of Radical Expressions

Lesson 5.2. Inverse Functions

Part A. Check Understanding of the Concepts

3. A rational expression is any expression that can be expressed as a ratio of two

4. Record the properties of rational expressions.

1. Evaluate each rational expression, if possible.

2. At what values of a variable rational expressions are undefined?

9#$ : ; < −6𝑤2 𝑧8

4. One of the useful techniques in reducing rational expressions is to factor −1 out.

5. Reduce each rational expression to lowest terms.

36𝑎2 +12𝑎𝑏−35𝑏2 11𝑐2 −15𝑐+4

6. Reduce each rational expression, then subtract.

L$ 4 %8$%(& "L$ 4 %#9$%(& ; J %L" ; J 7L"

No Part C Applications for this Lesson

Part A. Check Understanding of the Concepts

3. Compare and contrast procedures in problems #1 and #2.

1. Perform the following operations.

"!V4 W 8V< W4 %"&FJ X4 "'FX

2. Multiply the rational expressions. Reduce your answer to lowest terms.

( #$%! #$%"' $ 4 79$7"'

$ 4 %8$7D $ < 7#9 $ 4 %F$7X$%FX $ 4 7#F$7F4

; < %" ; 4 7&;78 F4 %"8 "'(F%()4

F4 %X4 FX7X4 " "

`7! $` 4 %L`7"8 D78;7!; 4 #9%L; <

#$ 4 %&$%"# $ 4 %"8 $ 4 79$7"# $ 4 7D$7"L

4. Perform the indicated operations. Reduce your answer to lowest terms.

$ 4 %L$;7"8; 4 $ 4 %8$;7L; 4 $ 4 %D; 4

(3 4 %93%8 "#3 4 %"D37& D3 4 %!

5. Prove the identity.

6. Divide each rational expression, then simplify as much as possible.

$ < %$ 4 ; $%; # Fg %Xg FJ 7!F4 X4 7(XJ

No Part A for This Lesson

Part B. Apply the Concepts

1. Add/subtract the following fractions.

($7#; $%L; %($ !$7" $4

3. Find the least common denominator (LCD).

!$7" $7( !_7# _%#

" #$; " ($;

`7" "%Y ($ 4 %L; 4 ($;%$ 4

( #" #$%L $7(

6. Prove the identity.

(𝑥−3)(𝑥−7) (𝑥−7)(𝑥−1) (𝑥−1)(𝑥−3)

8. Perform the following operations:

#_ 8_%( #F4 %F " F%"

;%( ;4 $7; $%; $;

1. Write an expression for the perimeter of the figure and simplify.

2. Simplify the following expressions. Reduce your answer to lowest terms.

Extending the Concept

4. Simplify as much as possible.

𝑓 %" = 𝑜%" + 𝑖 %"

Part A. Check Understanding of the Concepts

Part B. Apply the Concepts

($%$ 4 2𝑥2 −𝑥 ($7" 7𝑥−𝑥2 𝑥2 −1

#$ 4 7($ $%$ 4 $ 4 %#$ !$%(

d) 65,000,000,000, = ________ _ cost of hurricane Sandy