Coca-Cola: Coca-Cola, or Coke, Is A Carbonated Soft Drink Manufactured by The
Coca-Cola: Coca-Cola, or Coke, Is A Carbonated Soft Drink Manufactured by The
Coca-Cola: Coca-Cola, or Coke, Is A Carbonated Soft Drink Manufactured by The
Contents Caffeine-Free
Coca-Cola
History
Coca-Cola Zero
19th century historical origins
Sugar
Company
Coca-Cola Cherry
Origins of bottling
20th century Coca-Cola Vanilla
New Coke Coca-Cola Citra
21st century Coca-Cola Life
Production Coca-Cola Lime
Ingredients Coca-Cola Mango
Formula of natural flavorings
Related Pepsi
Use of stimulants in formula
products RC Cola
Coca leaf
Afri-Cola
Kola nuts for caffeine
Postobón
Franchised production model
Inca Kola
Geographic spread Kola Real
Brand portfolio Cavan Cola
Logo design Website coca-cola.com (htt
Contour bottle design p://coca-cola.com/)
Types
Designer bottles
Competitors
Advertising
5 cents
Holiday campaigns
Sports sponsorship
In mass media
Use as political and corporate symbol
Medicinal application
Criticism
Colombian death-squad allegations
See also
References
Further reading
Primary sources
External links
History
Confederate Colonel John Pemberton, wounded in the American Civil War and addicted to morphine, also
had a medical degree and began a quest to find a substitute for the problematic drug.[6] In 1885 at Pemberton's
Eagle Drug and Chemical House, his drugstore in Columbus, Georgia, he registered Pemberton's French Wine
Coca nerve tonic.[7][8][9][10] Pemberton's tonic may have been inspired by the formidable success of Vin
Mariani, a French-Corsican coca wine,[11] but his recipe additionally included the African kola nut, the
beverage's source of caffeine.[12]
It is also worth noting that a Spanish
drink called "Kola Coca" was
presented at a contest in Philadelphia
in 1885, a year before the official
birth of Coca-Cola. The rights for this
Spanish drink were bought by Coca-
Cola in 1953.[13]
Believed to be the first coupon ever,
this ticket for a free glass of Coca-
In 1886, when Atlanta and Fulton
Cola was first distributed in 1888 to
County passed prohibition legislation,
help promote the drink. By 1913, the
Pemberton responded by developing company had redeemed 8.5 million
Coca-Cola, a nonalcoholic version of tickets.[5]
John Pemberton, the original Pemberton's French Wine Coca.[14] It
creator of Coca-Cola was marketed as "Coca-Cola: The
temperance drink", which appealed
to many people as the temperance
movement enjoyed wide support during this time.[1] The first sales
were at Jacob's Pharmacy in Atlanta, Georgia, on May 8, 1886,[15]
where it initially sold for five cents a glass.[16] Drugstore soda
fountains were popular in the United States at the time due to the
belief that carbonated water was good for the health,[17] and
Pemberton's new drink was marketed and sold as a patent medicine,
Pemberton claiming it a cure for many diseases, including morphine
addiction, indigestion, nerve disorders, headaches, and impotence.
Pemberton ran the first advertisement for the beverage on May 29 of
the same year in the Atlanta Journal.[18]
Company
In 1892, Candler set out to incorporate a second company; "The Coca-Cola Company" (the current
corporation). When Candler had the earliest records of the "Coca-Cola Company" destroyed in 1910, the
action was claimed to have been made during a move to new corporation offices around this time.[24]
After Candler had gained a better foothold on Coca-Cola in April 1888, he nevertheless was forced to sell the
beverage he produced with the recipe he had under the names "Yum Yum" and "Koke". This was while
Charley Pemberton was selling the elixir, although a cruder mixture, under the name "Coca-Cola", all with his
father's blessing. After both names failed to catch on for Candler, by the middle of 1888, the Atlanta
pharmacist was quite anxious to establish a firmer legal claim to Coca-Cola, and hoped he could force his two
competitors, Walker and Dozier, completely out of the business, as well.[23]
John Pemberton died suddenly on August 16, 1888. Asa Candler then decided to move swiftly forward to
attain full control of the entire Coca-Cola operation.
Charley Pemberton, an alcoholic and opium addict, unnerved Asa Candler more than anyone else. Candler is
said to have quickly maneuvered to purchase the exclusive rights to the name "Coca-Cola" from Pemberton's
son Charley immediately after he learned of Dr. Pemberton's death. One of several stories states that Candler
approached Charley's mother at John Pemberton's funeral and offered her $300 in cash for the title to the
name. Charley Pemberton was found on June 23, 1894, unconscious, with a stick of opium by his side. Ten
days later, Charley died at Atlanta's Grady Hospital at the age of 40.[25]
In Charles Howard Candler's 1950 book about his father, he stated: "On August 30 [1888], he Asa Candler
became the sole proprietor of Coca-Cola, a fact which was stated on letterheads, invoice blanks and
advertising copy."[26]
With this action on August 30, 1888, Candler's sole control became technically all true. Candler had negotiated
with Margaret Dozier and her brother Woolfolk Walker a full payment amounting to $1,000, which all agreed
Candler could pay off with a series of notes over a specified time span. By May 1, 1889, Candler was now
claiming full ownership of the Coca-Cola beverage, with a total investment outlay by Candler for the drink
enterprise over the years amounting to $2,300.[27]
In 1914, Margaret Dozier, as co-owner of the original Coca-Cola Company in 1888, came forward to claim
that her signature on the 1888 Coca-Cola Company bill of sale had been forged. Subsequent analysis of other
similar transfer documents had also indicated John Pemberton's signature had most likely been forged as well,
which some accounts claim was precipitated by his son Charley.[20]
On September 12, 1919, Coca-Cola Co. was purchased by a group of investors for $25 million and
reincorporated in Delaware. The company publicly offered 500,000 shares of the company for $40 a
share.[28][29]
In 1986, The Coca-Cola Company merged with two of their bottling operators (owned by JTL Corporation
and BCI Holding Corporation) to form Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. (CCE).[30]
In December 1991, Coca-Cola Enterprises merged with the Johnston Coca-Cola Bottling Group, Inc.[30]
Origins of bottling
20th century
The first outdoor wall advertisement that promoted the Coca-Cola drink was painted in 1894 in Cartersville,
Georgia.[36] Cola syrup was sold as an over-the-counter dietary supplement for upset stomach.[37][38] By the
time of its 50th anniversary, the soft drink had reached the status of a national icon in the US. In 1935, it was
certified kosher by Atlanta Rabbi Tobias Geffen with the help of Harold Hirsch, Geffen was the first person to
see the top-secret ingredients list after facing scrutiny from the American Jewish population regarding the
drink's kosher status,[39] consequently the company made minor changes in the sourcing of some ingredients
so it could continue to be consumed by Americas Jewish population and during Passover.[40]
The longest running commercial Coca-Cola soda fountain anywhere was Atlanta's Fleeman's Pharmacy,
which first opened its doors in 1914.[41] Jack Fleeman took over the pharmacy from his father and ran it until
1995; closing it after 81 years.[42] On July 12, 1944, the one-billionth gallon of Coca-Cola syrup was
manufactured by The Coca-Cola Company. Cans of Coke first appeared in 1955.[43]
New Coke
On April 23, 1985, Coca-Cola, amid much publicity, attempted to change the formula of the drink with "New
Coke". Follow-up taste tests revealed most consumers preferred the taste of New Coke to both Coke and
Pepsi[44] but Coca-Cola management was unprepared for the public's nostalgia for the old drink, leading to a
backlash. The company gave in to protests and returned to the old formula under the name Coca-Cola
Classic, on July 10, 1985. "New Coke" remained available and was renamed Coke II in 1992; it was
discontinued in 2002.
21st century
On July 5, 2005, it was revealed that Coca-Cola would resume operations in Iraq for the first time since the
Arab League boycotted the company in 1968.[45]
In April 2007, in Canada, the name "Coca-Cola Classic" was
changed back to "Coca-Cola". The word "Classic" was removed
because "New Coke" was no longer in production, eliminating the
need to differentiate between the two.[46] The formula remained
unchanged. In January 2009, Coca-Cola stopped printing the word
"Classic" on the labels of 16-US-fluid-ounce (470 ml) bottles sold in
parts of the southeastern United States.[47] The change is part of a
larger strategy to rejuvenate the product's image.[47] The word
"Classic" was removed from all Coca-Cola products by 2011.
In December 2020, the company announced that as a restructuring plan, it's planning to cut 2200 jobs
worldwide which will result in annual savings of between $350 million and $550 million.[58]
On January 25, 2021, the company announced it would be launching Coca-Cola with Coffee and Coca-Cola
with Coffee Zero Sugar nationwide in the United States.[59] The product would be available in three flavors –
Dark Blend, Vanilla and Caramel – while the zero-sugar, zero-calorie version comes in Dark Blend and
Vanilla.
In February 2021, as a plan to combat the plastic waste, Coca-Cola
said that it will start selling its sodas in bottles made from 100%
recycled plastic material in the United States and is planning to
recycle by 2030 one bottle or can for each one it sells.[60] Coca-Cola
is starting by selling 2000 paper bottles to see if they hold up due to
the risk of safety and of changing the taste of the drink.[61]
Production
Ingredients
Carbonated water
Sugar (sucrose or high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)
depending on country of origin)
Caffeine
The Las Vegas Strip World of Coca-
Phosphoric acid
Cola museum in 2003
Caramel color (E150d)
Natural flavorings[62]
A typical can of Coca-Cola (12 fl ounces/355 ml) contains 38 grams of sugar (usually in the form of
HFCS),[63] 50 mg of sodium, 0 grams fat, 0 grams potassium, and 140 calories.[64] On May 5, 2014, Coca-
Cola said it is working to remove a controversial ingredient, brominated vegetable oil, from all of its drinks.[65]
The exact formula of Coca-Cola's natural flavorings (but not its other ingredients, which are listed on the side
of the bottle or can) is a trade secret. The original copy of the formula was held in SunTrust Bank's main vault
in Atlanta for 86 years. Its predecessor, the Trust Company, was the underwriter for the Coca-Cola Company's
initial public offering in 1919. On December 8, 2011, the original secret formula was moved from the vault at
SunTrust Banks to a new vault containing the formula which will be on display for visitors to its World of
Coca-Cola museum in downtown Atlanta.[66]
On February 11, 2011, Ira Glass said on his PRI radio show, This
American Life, that TAL staffers had found a recipe in "Everett Beal's
Recipe Book", reproduced in the February 28, 1979, issue of The
Coca-Cola Museum in Atlanta,
Atlanta Journal-Constitution, that they believed was either
Georgia
Pemberton's original formula for Coca-Cola, or a version that he made
either before or after the product hit the market in 1886. The formula
basically matched the one found in Pemberton's diary.[69][70][71] Coca-Cola archivist Phil Mooney
acknowledged that the recipe "could be a precursor" to the formula used in the original 1886 product, but
emphasized that Pemberton's original formula is not the same as the one used in the current product.[72]
Use of stimulants in formula
Coca leaf
Pemberton called for five ounces of coca leaf per gallon of syrup
(approximately 37 g/L), a significant dose; in 1891, Candler claimed
his formula (altered extensively from Pemberton's original) contained
only a tenth of this amount. Coca-Cola once contained an estimated
nine milligrams of cocaine per glass. (For comparison, a typical dose
or "line" of cocaine is 50–75 mg.[75]) In 1903, it was removed.[76]
Long after the syrup had ceased to contain any significant amount of cocaine, in the southeastern U.S., "dope"
remained a common colloquialism for Coca-Cola, and "dope-wagons" were trucks that transported it.[80]
Kola nuts act as a flavoring and the original source of caffeine in Coca-Cola. Kola nuts contain about 2.0 to
3.5% caffeine, and has a bitter flavor.
In 1911, the U.S. government sued in United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola, hoping
to force the Coca-Cola Company to remove caffeine from its formula. The court found that the syrup, when
diluted as directed, would result in a beverage containing 1.21 grains (or 78.4 mg) of caffeine per 8 US fluid
ounces (240 ml) serving.[81] The case was decided in favor of the Coca-Cola Company at the district court,
but subsequently in 1912, the U.S. Pure Food and Drug Act was amended, adding caffeine to the list of
"habit-forming" and "deleterious" substances which must be listed on a product's label. In 1913 the case was
appealed to the Sixth Circuit in Cincinnati, where the ruling was affirmed, but then appealed again in 1916 to
the Supreme Court, where the government effectively won as a new trial was ordered. The company then
voluntarily reduced the amount of caffeine in its product, and offered to pay the government's legal costs to
settle and avoid further litigation.
Coca-Cola contains 34 mg of caffeine per 12 fluid ounces (9.8 mg per 100 ml).[82]
The Coca-Cola Company owns minority shares in some of its largest franchises, such as Coca-Cola
Enterprises, Coca-Cola Amatil, Coca-Cola Hellenic Bottling Company, and Coca-Cola FEMSA, as well as
some smaller ones, such as Coca-Cola Bottlers Uzbekistan, but fully independent bottlers produce almost half
of the volume sold in the world. Independent bottlers are allowed to sweeten the drink according to local
tastes.[84]
The bottling plant in Skopje, Macedonia, received the 2009 award for "Best Bottling Company".[85]
Geographic spread
Since it announced its intention to begin distribution in Myanmar in June 2012, Coca-Cola has been officially
available in every country in the world except Cuba and North Korea.[86] However, it is reported to be
available in both countries as a grey import.[87][88]
Coca-Cola has been a point of legal discussion in the Middle East. In the early 20th century, a fatwa was
created in Egypt to discuss the question of "whether Muslims were permitted to drink Coca-Cola and Pepsi
cola."[89] The fatwa states: "According to the Muslim Hanefite, Shafi'ite, etc., the rule in Islamic law of
forbidding or allowing foods and beverages is based on the presumption that such things are permitted unless it
can be shown that they are forbidden on the basis of the Qur'an."[89] The Muslim jurists stated that, unless the
Qu'ran specifically prohibits the consumption of a particular product, it is permissible to consume. Another
clause was discussed, whereby the same rules apply if a person is unaware of the condition or ingredients of
the item in question.
Brand portfolio
This is a list of variants of Coca-Cola introduced around the world. In addition to the caffeine-free version of
the original, additional fruit flavors have been included over the years. Not included here are versions of Diet
Coke and Coca-Cola Zero Sugar; variant versions of those no-calorie colas can be found at their respective
articles.
Coca-Cola Cherry Vanilla (2020–present) – Coca-Cola with cherry vanilla flavor. Released in
the United States on February 10, 2020.
Coca-Cola with Coffee (2019–present) – Coca-Cola, with coffee. Introduced in 2019 in
various European markets, and released in the United States and Canada in January 2021.
Available in dark blend, vanilla and caramel versions, and also in zero-sugar dark blend and
vanilla variants.
Logo design
The Coca-Cola logo was created by John Pemberton's bookkeeper, Frank Mason Robinson, in 1885.[95]
Robinson came up with the name and chose the logo's distinctive cursive script. The writing style used, known
as Spencerian Script, was developed in the mid-19th century and was the dominant form of formal
handwriting in the United States during that period.[96]
Robinson also played a significant role in early Coca-Cola advertising. His promotional suggestions to
Pemberton included giving away thousands of free drink coupons and plastering the city of Atlanta with
publicity banners and streetcar signs.[97]
Coca-Cola came under scrutiny in Egypt in 1951 because of a conspiracy theory that the Coca-Cola logo,
when reflected in a mirror, spells out "No Mohammed no Mecca" in Arabic.[98]
The Coca-Cola bottle, called the "contour bottle" within the company,
was created by bottle designer Earl R. Dean and Coca-Cola's general
counsel, Harold Hirsch. In 1915, The Coca-Cola Company was
represented by their general counsel to launch a competition among its
bottle suppliers as well as any competition entrants to create a new
bottle for their beverage that would distinguish it from other beverage
bottles, "a bottle which a person could recognize even if they felt it in
the dark, and so shaped that, even if broken, a person could tell at a
glance what it was."[100][101][102][103]
Others have attributed inspiration for the design not to the cocoa pod, but to a Victorian hooped dress.[106]
In 1944, Associate Justice Roger J. Traynor of the Supreme Court of California took advantage of a case
involving a waitress injured by an exploding Coca-Cola bottle to articulate the doctrine of strict liability for
defective products. Traynor's concurring opinion in Escola v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co. is widely recognized as
a landmark case in U.S. law today.[107]
Types
Numerous historical
bottles.
Designer bottles
Karl Lagerfeld is the latest designer to have created a collection of aluminum bottles for Coca-Cola. Lagerfeld
is not the first fashion designer to create a special version of the famous Coca-Cola Contour bottle. A number
of other limited edition bottles by fashion designers for Coca-Cola Light soda have been created in the last few
years, including Jean Paul Gaultier.[99]
In 2009, in Italy, Coca-Cola Light had a Tribute to Fashion to celebrate 100 years of the recognizable contour
bottle. Well known Italian designers Alberta Ferretti, Blumarine, Etro, Fendi, Marni, Missoni, Moschino, and
Versace each designed limited edition bottles.[108]
In 2019, Coca-Cola shared the first beverage bottle made with ocean plastic.[109]
Competitors
Pepsi, the flagship product of PepsiCo, The Coca-Cola Company's main rival in the soft drink industry, is
usually second to Coke in sales, and outsells Coca-Cola in some markets. RC Cola, now owned by the Dr
Pepper Snapple Group, the third-largest soft drink manufacturer, is also widely available.[110]
Around the world, many local brands compete with Coke. In South and Central America Kola Real, also
known as Big Cola, is a growing competitor to Coca-Cola.[111] On the French island of Corsica, Corsica
Cola, made by brewers of the local Pietra beer, is a growing competitor to Coca-Cola. In the French region of
Brittany, Breizh Cola is available. In Peru, Inca Kola outsells Coca-Cola, which led The Coca-Cola Company
to purchase the brand in 1999. In Sweden, Julmust outsells Coca-Cola during the Christmas season.[112] In
Scotland, the locally produced Irn-Bru was more popular than Coca-Cola until 2005, when Coca-Cola and
Diet Coke began to outpace its sales.[113] In the former East Germany, Vita Cola, invented during Communist
rule, is gaining popularity.
In India, Coca-Cola ranked third behind the leader, Pepsi-Cola, and local drink Thums Up. The Coca-Cola
Company purchased Thums Up in 1993.[114] As of 2004, Coca-Cola held a 60.9% market-share in India.[115]
Tropicola, a domestic drink, is served in Cuba instead of Coca-Cola, due to a United States embargo. French
brand Mecca Cola and British brand Qibla Cola are competitors to Coca-Cola in the Middle East.
In Turkey, Cola Turka, in Iran and the Middle East, Zamzam Cola and Parsi Cola, in some parts of China,
China Cola, in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, Kofola, in Slovenia, Cockta, and the inexpensive Mercator
Cola, sold only in the country's biggest supermarket chain, Mercator, are some of the brand's competitors.
Classiko Cola, made by Tiko Group, the largest manufacturing company in Madagascar, is a competitor to
Coca-Cola in many regions.
Advertising
Coca-Cola's advertising has significantly affected American culture, and it is frequently credited with inventing
the modern image of Santa Claus as an old man in a red-and-white suit. Although the company did start using
the red-and-white Santa image in the 1930s, with its winter advertising campaigns illustrated by Haddon
Sundblom, the motif was already common.[116][117] Coca-Cola was not even the first soft drink company to
use the modern image of Santa Claus in its advertising: White Rock Beverages used Santa in advertisements
for its ginger ale in 1923, after first using him to sell mineral water in 1915.[118][119] Before Santa Claus,
Coca-Cola relied on images of smartly dressed young women to sell its beverages. Coca-Cola's first such
advertisement appeared in 1895, featuring the young Bostonian actress Hilda Clark as its spokeswoman.
1941 saw the first use of the nickname "Coke" as an official trademark for the
product, with a series of advertisements informing consumers that "Coke
means Coca-Cola".[120] In 1971, a song from a Coca-Cola commercial called
"I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing", produced by Billy Davis, became a hit
single. During the 1950s the term "cola wars" emerged, describing the on-
going battle between Coca-Cola and Pepsi for supremacy in the soft drink
industry. Coca cola and Pepsi were competing with new products, global
expansion, US marketing initiatives and sport sponsorships.[121]
Selena was a spokesperson for Coca-Cola from 1989 until the time of
her death. She filmed three commercials for the company. During
1994, to commemorate her five years with the company, Coca-Cola
issued special Selena coke bottles.[122]
5 cents
From 1886 to 1959, the price of Coca-Cola was fixed at five cents, in part due
to an advertising campaign.
Holiday campaigns
Throughout the years, Coca-Cola has released limited-time collector bottles Coke advertisement in
for Christmas. Budapest, 2013
In 2001, singer Melanie Thornton recorded the campaign's advertising jingle as a single, "Wonderful Dream
(Holidays are Coming)", which entered the pop-music charts in Germany at no. 9.[136][137] In 2005, Coca-
Cola expanded the advertising campaign to radio, employing several variations of the jingle.[138]
In 2011, Coca-Cola launched a campaign for the Indian holiday Diwali. The campaign included commercials,
a song, and an integration with Shah Rukh Khan's film Ra.One.[139][140][141]
Sports sponsorship
Coca-Cola was the first commercial sponsor of the Olympic Games, at the 1928 games in Amsterdam, and has
been an Olympics sponsor ever since.[142] This corporate sponsorship included the 1996 Summer Olympics
hosted in Atlanta, which allowed Coca-Cola to spotlight its hometown. Most recently, Coca-Cola has released
localized commercials for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver; one Canadian commercial referred to
Canada's hockey heritage and was modified after Canada won the gold medal game on February 28, 2010 by
changing the ending line of the commercial to say "Now they know whose game they're playing".[143]
Since 1978, Coca-Cola has sponsored the FIFA World Cup, and other competitions organized by FIFA.[144]
One FIFA tournament trophy, the FIFA World Youth Championship from Tunisia in 1977 to Malaysia in
1997, was called "FIFA – Coca-Cola Cup". In addition, Coca-Cola sponsors NASCAR's annual Coca-Cola
600 and Coke Zero Sugar 400 at Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord, North Carolina and Daytona
International Speedway in Daytona, Florida; since 2020, Coca-Cola has served as a premier partner of the
NASCAR Cup Series, which includes holding the naming rights to the series' regular season championship
trophy.[145]
Coca-Cola has a long history of sports marketing relationships, which over the years have included Major
League Baseball, the National Football League, the National Basketball Association, and the National Hockey
League, as well as with many teams within those leagues. Coca-Cola has had a longtime relationship with the
NFL's Pittsburgh Steelers, due in part to the now-famous 1979 television commercial featuring "Mean Joe"
Greene, leading to the two opening the Coca-Cola Great Hall at Heinz Field in 2001 and a more recent Coca-
Cola Zero commercial featuring Troy Polamalu.
Coca-Cola is the official soft drink of many collegiate football teams throughout the nation, partly due to Coca-
Cola providing those schools with upgraded athletic facilities in exchange for Coca-Cola's sponsorship. This is
especially prevalent at the high school level, which is more dependent on such contracts due to tighter budgets.
Coca-Cola was one of the official sponsors of the 1996 Cricket World Cup held on the Indian subcontinent.
Coca-Cola is also one of the associate sponsors of Delhi Daredevils in the Indian Premier League.
In England, Coca-Cola was the main sponsor of The Football League between 2004 and 2010, a name given
to the three professional divisions below the Premier League in soccer (football). In 2005, Coca-Cola launched
a competition for the 72 clubs of The Football League – it was called "Win a Player". This allowed fans to
place one vote per day for their favorite club, with one entry being chosen at random earning £250,000 for the
club; this was repeated in 2006. The "Win A Player" competition was very controversial, as at the end of the 2
competitions, Leeds United A.F.C. had the most votes by more than double, yet they did not win any money
to spend on a new player for the club. In 2007, the competition changed to "Buy a Player". This competition
allowed fans to buy a bottle of Coca-Cola or Coca-Cola Zero and submit the code on the wrapper on the
Coca-Cola website. This code could then earn anything from 50p to £100,000 for a club of their choice. This
competition was favored over the old "Win a Player" competition, as it allowed all clubs to win some money.
Between 1992 and 1998, Coca-Cola was the title sponsor of the Football League Cup (Coca-Cola Cup), the
secondary cup tournament of England. Starting in 2019-20 season, Drinks giant Coca-Cola has agreed its
biggest UK sponsorship deal by becoming Premier League football's seventh and final commercial
partner[146] for the UK and Ireland, China, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Egyptian and the West African
markets.
Between 1994 and 1997, Coca-Cola was also the title sponsor of the Scottish League Cup, renaming it to the
Coca-Cola Cup like its English counterpart. From 1998 to 2001, the company was the title sponsor of the Irish
League Cup in Northern Ireland, where it was named the Coca-Cola League Cup.
Coca-Cola is the presenting sponsor of the Tour Championship, the final event of the PGA Tour held each
year at East Lake Golf Club in Atlanta, GA.[147]
Introduced March 1, 2010, in Canada, to celebrate the 2010 Winter Olympics, Coca-Cola sold gold colored
cans in packs of 12 355 mL (12 imp fl oz; 12 US fl oz) each, in select stores.[148]
In mass media
Other artists that promoted Coca-Cola include David Bowie,[154] George Michael,[155] Elton John,[156] and
Whitney Houston,[157] who appeared in the Diet Coke commercial, among many others.
Not all musical references to Coca-Cola went well. A line in "Lola" by the Kinks was originally recorded as
"You drink champagne and it tastes just like Coca-Cola." When the British Broadcasting Corporation refused
to play the song because of the commercial reference, lead singer Ray Davies re-recorded the lyric as "it tastes
just like cherry cola" to get airplay for the song.[158][159]
Political cartoonist Michel Kichka satirized a famous Coca-Cola billboard in his 1982 poster "And I Love
New York." On the billboard, the Coca-Cola wave is accompanied by the words "Enjoy Coke." In Kichka's
poster, the lettering and script above the Coca-Cola wave instead read "Enjoy Cocaine."[160]
Coca-Cola was introduced to China in 1927, and was very popular until 1949. After the Chinese Civil War
ended in 1949, the beverage was no longer imported into China, as it was perceived to be a symbol of
decadent Western culture and the capitalist lifestyle. Importation and sales of the beverage resumed in 1979,
after diplomatic relations between the United States
and China were restored.[162]
Medicinal application
Coca-Cola is sometimes used for the treatment of gastric phytobezoars. In about 50% of cases studied, Coca-
Cola alone was found to be effective in gastric phytobezoar dissolution. Unfortunately, this treatment can result
in the potential of developing small bowel obstruction in a minority of cases, necessitating surgical
intervention.[167][168]
Criticism
Criticism of Coca-Cola has arisen from various groups around the world, concerning a variety of issues,
including health effects, environmental issues, and business practices. The drink's coca flavoring, and the
nickname "Coke", remain a common theme of criticism due to the relationship with the illegal drug cocaine. In
1911, the US government seized 40 barrels and 20 kegs of Coca-Cola syrup in Chattanooga, Tennessee,
alleging the caffeine in its drink was "injurious to health", leading to amended food safety legislation.[169]
Beginning in the 1940s, Pepsi started marketing their drinks to African Americans, a niche market that was
largely ignored by white-owned manufacturers in the US, and was able to use its anti-racism stance as a selling
point, attacking Coke's reluctance to hire blacks and support by the chairman of The Coca-Cola Company for
segregationist Governor of Georgia Herman Talmadge.[170] As a result of this campaign, Pepsi's market share
as compared to Coca-Cola's shot up dramatically in the 1950s with African American soft-drink consumers
three times more likely to purchase Pepsi over Coke.[171]
The Coca-Cola Company, its subsidiaries and products have been subject to sustained criticism by consumer
groups, environmentalists, and watchdogs, particularly since the early 2000s.[172] In 2019,
BreakFreeFromPlastic named Coca-Cola the single biggest plastic polluter in the world. After 72,541
volunteers collected 476,423 pieces of plastic waste from around where they lived, a total of 11,732 pieces
were found to be labeled with a Coca-Cola brand (including the Dasani, Sprite, and Fanta brands) in 37
countries across four continents.[173] At the 2020 World Economic Forum in Davos, Coca-Cola's Head of
Sustainability, Bea Perez, said customers like them because they reseal and are lightweight, and "business
won't be in business if we don't accommodate consumers."[174]
Coca-Cola Classic is rich in sugars, especially sucrose, which causes dental caries when consumed regularly.
Besides this, the high caloric value of the sugars themselves can contribute to obesity. Both are major health
issues in the developed world.[175]
In February 2021, Coca-Cola received criticism after a video of a training session, which told employees to
"try to be less white", was leaked by an employee. The session also said in order to be "less white" employees
had to be less "arrogant" and "defensive".[176][177]
Speaking from the Coca-Cola company's headquarters in Atlanta, company spokesperson Rafael Fernandez
Quiros said "Coca-Cola denies any connection to any human-rights violation of this type" and added "We do
not own or operate the plants".[180]
See also
Coca-Cola HBC AG Mexican Coke
Coca-Cola treatment of phytobezoars Neiman Marcus
Colalife OpenCola (drink)
Fanta Premix and postmix
List of Coca-Cola brands
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Further reading
Allen, Frederick. Secret Formula: How Brilliant Marketing and Relentless Salesmanship Made
Coca-Cola the Best-Known Product in the World. New York: Harper Business, 1994.
Blanding, Michael. The Coke Machine: The Dirty Truth Behind the World's Favorite Soft Drink.
New York: Avery, 2010.
Elmore, Bartow J. "Citizen Coke: An Environmental and Political History of the Coca-Cola
Company," Enterprise & Society (2013) 14#4 pp 717–731 online (http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/e
nterprise_and_society/v014/14.4.elmore.html)
Foster, Robert (2008). Coca-Globalization: Following Soft Drinks from New York to New
Guinea. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hamblin, James (January 31, 2013). "Why We Took Cocaine Out of Soda" (https://www.theatla
ntic.com/health/archive/2013/01/why-we-took-cocaine-out-of-soda/272694/). The Atlantic.
"When cocaine and alcohol meet inside a person, they create a third unique drug called
cocaethylene."
Hays, Constance L. The Real Thing: Truth and Power at the Coca-Cola Company. New York:
Random House, 2004.
Kahn, Ely J., Jr. The Big Drink: The Story of Coca-Cola. New York: Random House, 1960.
Louis, Jill Chen and Harvey Z. Yazijian. The Cola Wars. New York: Everest House Publishers,
1980.
Oliver, Thomas. The Real Coke, The Real Story. New York: Random House, 1986.
Pendergrast, Mark. For God, Country, and Coca-Cola: The Unauthorized History of the Great
American Soft Drink And the Company That Makes It. New York: Basic Books, 2000.
Primary sources
Isdell, Neville. Inside Coca-Cola: A CEO's Life Story of Building the World's Most Popular
Brand. With the assistance of David Beasley. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2011
External links
Media related to Coca-Cola at Wikimedia Commons
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