Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region III

Schools Division Of Nueva Ecija

BONGABON SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Sininpit, Bongabon, Nueva Ecija

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Quarter 3, Week 4

Random Sampling, Parameter and Statistic, and Sampling Distribution of Statistics

I. LEARNING COMPETENCIES

1. illustrate random sampling; (M11/12SP-IIId-2)

2. distinguish between parameter and statistic; (M11/12SP-IIId-3) and
3. identify sampling distribution of statistics (sample mean).(M11/12SP-IIId-4)

II. OBJECTIVES
a. Illustrate random sampling
b. Distinguish between parameter and statistic
c. identify sampling distribution of statistics (sample mean)

III. KEY CONCEPT

Lesson 1: Random Sampling

If a researcher wants to observe, examine or test a theory or hypothesis, he will consider the
problem by selecting a section of the population of the study using a method called random
sampling. In random sampling, all subjects in the population listed in the study have the same
chances of being chosen for the survey. This means that, ultimately, each member of the sample
retains characteristics, or impartial characteristics, of the population. With random sampling, the
conclusions of the post-hypothesis tests applied to the sample selection will apply to the entire
population as well. This is due to the fact that the selection of the sample essentially represents
the characteristics of the population from which it is obtained, since each member of the sample
was drawn unbiased from the population data. When bias in sample selection is avoided, the
results of a particular study are considered more conclusive and the error is minimized.
The population refers to the whole group under study or investigation. In research, the
population does not always refer to people. It may mean a group containing elements of
anything you want to study, such as objects, events, organizations, countries, species,
organisms, etc.

A sample is a subset taken from a population, either by random sampling or by non-random

sampling. A sample is a representation of the population where it is hoped that valid conclusions
will be drawn from the population.

1
 Random sampling is a selection of n elements derived from the N population, which is
the subject of an investigation or experiment, where each point of the sample has an equal
chance of being selected using the appropriate sampling technique.
Types of Random Sampling Techniques

1. Lottery sampling is a sampling technique in which each member of the population has
an equal chance of being selected. An instance of this is when members of the
population have their names represented by small pieces of paper that are then
randomly mixed together and picked out. In the sample, the members selected will be
included.

2. Systematic sampling is a sampling technique in which members of the population are

listed and samples are selected at intervals called sample intervals. In this technique,
every nth item in the list will be selected from a randomly selected starting point. For
example, if we want to draw a 200 sample from a population of 6,000, we can select
every 3rd person in the list. In practice, the numbers between 1 and 30 will be chosen
randomly to act as the starting point.

3. Stratified random sampling is a sampling procedure in which members of the population

are grouped on the basis of their homogeneity. This technique is used when there are a
number of distinct subgroups in the population within which full representation is required.
The sample is constructed by classifying the population into subpopulations or strata on
the basis of certain characteristics of the population, such as age, gender or socio-
economic status. The selection of elements is then done separately from within each
stratum, usually by random or systematic sampling methods.

Example:
Using stratified random sampling, select a sample of 400 students from the
population which are grouped according to the cities they come from. The table shows
the number of students per city.

City Population (N)

12,000
A
10,000
B
4,000
C
2,000
D

Solution:
To determine the number of students to be taken as sample from each city, we divide the
number of students per city by total population (N= 28,000) multiply the result by the total
sample size (n= 400).

City Population (N) Sample (n)

A 12,000 12 ,000
28 ,000
x (400)= 171
B 10,000 10 ,000
28 ,000
x (400)= 143
C 4,000 4,000

2
 x (400)= 57
28,000
D 2,000 2,000
x (400)= 29
28,000

4. Cluster sampling is sometimes referred to as area sampling and applied on a

geographical basis. Generally, first sampling is performed at higher levels before going
down to lower levels. For example, samples are taken randomly from the provinces first,
followed by cities, municipalities or barangays, and then from households.
5. Multi-stage sampling uses a combination of different sampling techniques. For example,
when selecting respondents for a national election survey, we can use the lottery method
first for regions and cities. We can then use stratified sampling to determine the number
of respondents from selected areas and clusters.

Lesson 2: Random Sampling

The parameters and statistics are closely related terms that are important for the determination of
the sample size. Many have trouble understanding the difference between the parameter and the
statistic, but it's important to know exactly what these measures mean and how to distinguish them.

Study the cases below. Identify which of the cases involves measures from a population and a sample.

1. A researcher randomly selected a sample of 1000 people in Barangay, 143 and asked if they
used a certain coffee product and 40% of them said yes.

2. A researcher interviewed all the students in a certain school to identify their insights about their
favorite shoe brand.

Analysis: In the first case the researcher measures for a sample. Only 40% out of 100 said yes.
While in the second case the researcher measures the population because the researcher interviewed
all the students of that school.

A parameter is a descriptive population measure. It is a measure of the characteristics of the entire

population (a mass of all the units under consideration that share common characteristics) based on all
the elements within that population.

Example:

1. All people living in one city, all-male teenagers worldwide, all elements in a shopping cart, and
all students in a classroom.

2. The researcher interviewed all the students of a school for their favorite apparel brand. Statistic
is the number that describes the sample. It can be calculated and observed directly. The
statistic is a characteristic of a population or sample group. You will get the sample statistic
when you collect the sample and calculate the standard deviation and the mean. You can use
sample statistic to draw certain conclusions about the entire population

Example

1. Fifty percent of people living in the U.S. agree with the latest health care proposal.
Researchers can’t ask hundreds of millions of people if they agree, so they take samples or part
of the population and calculate the rest.

2. Researcher interviewed the 70% of covid-19 survivors.

3
 Lesson 3: Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means

In the previous lesson, you have learned the concept about the parameter and statistic. In this lesson
we will study a form of probability distribution which is known as the sampling distribution

A population consists of the five numbers 2, 3, 6, 10, and 12. Consider samples of size 2 that can be
drawn from this population.
sample mean
2,3 2.5

A population consists of the five numbers 2, 3, 6, 10 and 12. Consider samples of size 2 that
can be drawn from this population.

A. How many possible samples can be drawn?

To answer this, use the formula NCn (the number of N objects taken n at a time), where N is the
total population and n is the sample to be taken out of the population,

In this case N= 5 and n= 2

5C2 = 10
So, there are 10 possible samples to be drawn.

B. Construct the sampling distribution of sample means.

List all the possible outcome and get the mean of every sample.
sample Sample mean
2, 3 2.5
2, 4 3
2, 6 4
2, 10 6
2, 12 7
3, 10 6.5
3, 6 4.5
3, 12 7.5
6, 10 8
6, 12 9

Observe that the means vary from sample to sample. Thus, any mean based on the sample
drawn from a population is expected to assume different values for samples.

C. This time, let us make a probability distribution of the sample means. This probability distribution is
called the sampling distribution of the sample means.
Sample mean Probability
2.5
or 0.1
3
or 0.1
4
or 0.1

4
 4.5
or 0.1
6
or 0.1
6.5
or 0.1
7
or 0.1
7.5
or 0.1
8
or 0.1
9
or 0.1

1
Observe that all sample means appeared only one; thus, their probability is P(x)= 10 or 0.1

A sampling distribution of sample mean is a frequency distribution using the means computed
from all possible random samples of a specific size taken from a population.

Construct a sampling distribution of sample mean for the set of data below.

86 88 90 95 98
Consider a sample size of 3 that can be drawn from a population.

A. How many possible samples can be drawn?

To answer this, use the formula NCn, where N is the total population and n is the sample to be
taken out of the population,
In this case N= 5 and n= 3
5C3 = 10
So, there are 10 possible samples to be drawn.
B. Construct the sampling distribution of sample means.

List all the possible outcome and get the mean of every sample.
sample Sample mean
86, 88, 90 88
86, 90, 95 90
86, 90, 98 91
86, 90, 95 90
86, 90, 98 91
86, 95, 98 93
88, 90, 95 91
88, 90, 98 92
88, 95, 98 94
90, 95, 98 94

5
C. This time, let us make a probability distribution of the sample means. This probability distribution is
called, the sampling distribution of the sample means.
Sample mean Probability
88
or 0.1
90
or 0.2
91
or 0.3
92
or 0.1
93
or 0.1
94
or 0.2

Observe that 88, 92 and 93 appeared only once; thus their probability is P(x)= 1/10 or 0.1. Since 90 and
94 appeared twice, their probability is P(x)= 2/10 or 0.2. While 91 appeared thrice, their probability is
P(x)=3/10 or 0.3 10

Observe that the total probability of all sample means must be equal to 1.

IV. ACTIVITIES

Part 1: On your answer sheet, give one situation where each of the sampling methods is being
applied.

Lottery Sampling:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Systematic Sampling:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Stratified Random Sampling

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Cluster Sampling
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Multi-stage sampling
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

6
PART 2: Identify the terms being described and write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. It refers to the entire group that is under study or investigation.

2. It is a subset taken from a population, either by random or non-random sampling technique. A
sample is a representation of the population where one hopes to draw valid conclusions from
about population.
3. This is a selection of n elements derived from a population N, which is the subject of the
investigation or experiment, where each sample point has an equal chance of being selected
using the appropriate sampling technique.
4. A sampling technique where every member of the population has an equal chance of being
selected.
5. It refers to a sampling technique in which members of the population are listed and samples are
selected in intervals called sample intervals.

Part 3: Give 5 examples of parameter and 5 examples of statistic. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

Part IV: A population consists of the numbers 2, 4, 8, 10 and 5. Let us list all the possible samples
of size 3 from this population and construct the sampling distribution of the sample mean.

V. ASSESSMENT

1. Construct a sampling distribution of sample mean and answer the questions on your
answer sheet.

Samples of 3 cards are drawn from a population of five cards numbered from 1-5.
1. How many are the possible outcomes?
2. What are the possible means?
3. What is the probability of getting 4 as a mean?
4. What is the probability of getting 2 as a mean?
5. What is the probability of getting 3.33 as a mean?

2. If you were a researcher and wanted to conduct a research within your Barangay, what
would it be? What sampling technique are you going to use?

3. Construct a sampling distribution of sample mean and answer the questions on your
answer sheet.

Samples of 3 cards are drawn from a population of five cards numbered from 1-5.

1. How many are the possible outcomes?

2. What are the possible means?
3. What is the probability of getting 4 as a mean?
4. What is the probability of getting 2 as a mean?
5. What is the probability of getting 3.33 as a mean?

7
REFERENCE:

Book:

Balecina, Baccay, Mateo (2016) Statistics and Probability

De Guzman, Danilo, (2017) Statistics and Probability

Website:

Wendy, “ Parameter vs Statistic –What are the

differences?”https://whatagraph.com/blog/articles/parameter-vs-statistic, November 5, 2020.

https://www.google.com/search?q=example+of+parameter&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=PvALHg
WvaWVYJM%252CV8BFuzfwEpA2GM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_kRVWzZINkmAhF2m6xZ1TGpa1dP
3g&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwia78nhybnuAhV5yosBHfLCAccQ_h16BAgTEAE#imgrc=PvALHgWvaWVYJM

https://www.displayr.com/what-is-random-sampling/

Prepared by:

IVAN JOHNSON M. MORENO

Teacher II

Checked by:

CONCORDIA I. VILLASIS
Master Teacher II- Academic Group Head

PATRIA P. ROBLES, PhD

Assistant School Principal II

Approved:

MELBA JOY B. TALENS

School Principal II