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    Topic 2 Water Quality-2021

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    Bilal Ahmed
    abc

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    Topic 2 Water Quality-2021

    Uploaded by

    Bilal Ahmed
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    abc

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    17 views13 pages

    Topic 2 Water Quality-2021

    Uploaded by

    Bilal Ahmed
    abc

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 13

    TOPIC 2: WATER QUALITIES

    WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO) GUIDELINES


    FOR DRINKING WATER QUALITY 1998

    1. INORGANIC
    PARAMETER UNITS MAX. LIMIT

    Color (pt-Co Scale) TCU* 15

    Turbidity NTU** 5
    +
    Sodium (Na ) mg/L 200
    Calcium (Ca2+) mg/L 75-200
    Magnesium (Mg2+) mg/L 30-150
    Total Iron (Fe) mg/L 0.3
    Zinc (Zn2+) mg/L 5
    Manganese (Mn2+) mg/L 0.5
    Boron (B3+) mg/L <0.5
    Chloride (Cl-) mg/L 250
    2-
    Sulfate (SO4 ) mg/L 400
    2-
    Nitrate (NO3 ) mg/L 44
    Nitrite (NO22-) mg/L 3
    Fluoride (F-) mg/L 1.5

    Total dissolved
    Solids (TDS) mg/L 500
    pH (pH) - 6.5 – 8.5
    Residual (Cl2) (Cl2) mg/L <1

    * TCU = True Color Unit on Pt-Co Scale


    ** NTU = Nephelometric Turbidity Unit

    1. ORGANIC
    Parameter Units Max. limit
    Benzene (C6H6) mg/L 0.010
    Toluene (C6H5.CH3) mg/L 0.700
    Xylene (C6H4(CH3)2) mg/L 0.500
    Styrene (C6HsCH=CH2) mg/L 0.020
    Carbon (CCI4) mg/L 0.002
    Tetrachloride
    What are the guidelines for TDS?

    In Canada, substances that are considered to be dangerous in


    high amounts are listed as Maximum Acceptable
    Concentrations (MACs) in the Canadian Guidelines for
    Drinking Water Quality. However, substances that are not
    considered dangerous at their MAC, such as TDS, are given an
    aesthetic objective in the Guidelines. The Canadian guideline
    for TDS is less than 500 milligrams per liter (which is the same
    as 500 parts per million).

    However, given as the Canadian guidelines are not


    enforceable, each province is free to choose whether or not
    they will follow the guidelines.

    Saskatchewan has water that naturally contains high


    concentrations of TDS, so the province has chosen to not
    follow the Canadian guideline of 500 parts per million, and to
    implement its own guideline of 1,500 parts per million.

    In the United States, substances that are health-based have


    Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs), and are enforceable
    by law. However, TDS, and other substances that are
    considered aesthetic, are given Secondary Maximum
    Contaminant Levels (SMCLs), but are not enforced, because
    they do not pose as great a health risk as the primary
    contaminants do.

    The United States guideline for TDS is also 500 parts per million.

    2
    3. TOXIC METALS

    TOXIC METAL UNITS MAX.LIMIT

    Arsenic (As) mg/L 0.010

    Cyanide (CN) mg/L 0.070


    Chromium (Cr) mg/L 0.050
    Mercury (Hg) mg/L 0.001
    Lead (Pb) mg/L 0.010
    Selenium (Se) mg/L 0.010
    Uranium (U) mg/L 0.002

    4. BACTERIOLOGICAL LIMITS

    ORGANISM UNITS MAX. LIMIT

    Fecal Coliforms counts/100 mL 0


    Fecal Streptococci counts/100 mL 0
    Total Coliforms counts/100 mL 0
    Sulfate-reducing bacteria counts/20 mL 0

    3
    SAUDI ARABIAN STANDARD FOR DRINKING WATER
    SAUDI ARABIAN STANDARD ORGANIZATION (SASO)
    1984

    Physical Characteristics

    Physical Optimum limit Maximum permissible


    characteristics limit
    Colour 5 units 50 units on Pt-Co Scale
    Turbidity 5 units 25 units JCA
    Taste Unobjectionable Unobjectionable
    Odour Unobjectionable Unobjectionable
    JCA: Jackson Candle Apparatus

    Limits of toxic metallic elements in unbottled drinking water


    Substance Maximum limit (p.p.m.)
    Arsenic 0.05
    Cadmium 0.01
    Cyanide 0.05
    Total mercury 0.001
    Selenium 0.01
    Lead 0.1
    Chromium (hexavalent) 0.05
    Barium 1.0
    Silver 0.05

    4
    The chemical substances that should not exceed the following
    limits

    Substance Maximum permissible limit


    (p.p.m.)
    Polynuclear aromatic 0.0002
    hydrocarbons
    Which include:
    Fluoranthene
    3,4 Benz fluoranthene
    11,12 Benz fluoranthene
    3,4 Benz pyrene
    1,12 Benz perylene
    Indeno (1,2.3 – cd-pyrene)

    5
    Limits of chemical substances affecting the potability of
    unbottled drinking water
    (SASO, 1984)

    Substance Optimum limit (p.p.m.) Maximum


    permissible
    limit (p.p.m.)
    Total dissolved solids (TDS) 500 1500
    Copper 0.05 1.5
    Total iron 0.1 1.0
    Magnesium Not more than 30 p.p.m. if 150
    there are 250 p.p.m. sulphate,
    magnesium up to 150 p.p.m.
    may be allowed
    Manganese 0.05 0.5
    Sulphate 200 400
    Zinc 5 15
    Calcium 75 200
    Chloride 200 600
    Electrical conductivity 800 mhos/cm 2300 mhos/cm
    Total hardness (calculated as 100 500
    calcium carbonate
    Phenolic compounds 0.001 0.002
    (calculated as phenol)
    Mineral oils 0.01 0.3
    Carbon chloroform extract 0.2 0.5
    Detergents (Alky-Benzene 0.2 1.0
    Sulphonate)
    Fluroride Not < 0.6 Not to exceed
    0.05 in
    summer
    pH 7.0 – 8.5 6.5 < pH9.2
    Chloride (Residual) 0.2 – 0.5 -
    Nitrate (as NO3-) - 45
    (as N2) - 10
    Nirate + Nitrite + Ammonia - 10

    6
    Chemical Analysis of Tap and Zam Zam water
    [Soutce: Nour Al Zuhair and Rita Khounganian, 2006]

    7
    HEALTH EFFECTS OF
    SODIUM (Na ), CALCIUM (Ca2+) & MAGNESIUM
    +

    (Mg2+), NITRATE (NO3-) & NITRITE (NO2-) , FLUORIDE


    (F-), pH

    SODIUM (Na+)

     High levels of sodium (Na+) lead to high blood pressure.


     Average daily consumption of drinking water = 1.5 liters
     Max. admissible conc.(MAC) of Na+ from drinking water
    = (200 mg/lit)*(1.5 l/d) = 300 mg/d = 0.300 gm/d
     MAC of Na+ from food, water, & all other sources = 6 gm/day

     Therefore, no more than (0.300/6.000) = 5% per day of Na+ should


    come from drinking water.

     The salts consumed end up in the blood. Due to osmotic phenomenon,


    the salts in the blood suck water from the body, thereby increasing
    volume of fluids in the blood. With diameter(s) and length of blood-
    carrying arteries being constant, the heart has to pump at a greater
    velocity. We know that the pressure drop through a pipe/tube is
    proportional to the square of velocity (ΔP  V2). Therefore, the blood
    pressure rises which if persists can lead to heart attack.

    CALCIUM (Ca2+) & MAGNESIUM (Mg2+)

     It is important to maintain minimum conc. of calcium which is


    essential for healthy bones.

     Deficiency of magnesium can increase the risk of heart diseases.

    A decade-long study that reviewed cardiovascular disease research


    extending over more than 70 years found low magnesium levels
    contributed more to heart disease than did cholesterol or even

    8
    saturated fat. “Getting adequate magnesium either through diet,
    supplements, or both can prevent heart disease in most people and
    reverse heart disease risk factors that are so often treated with
    medications that have unwanted side effects for many,” Rosanoff says.
     Foods cooked in very soft waters (very low in Ca2+ & Mg2+) result in
    extraction of Ca2+ & Mg2 from the foods. So in societies in which
    +

    water is drained from the cooked food, using very soft water for
    cooking is not good for health.

    Selected Food Sources of Magnesium


    ZAM ZAM
    Wheat Bran, crude, 1/4 cup: 89 mg (22% DV)
    Almonds, dry roasted, 1 oz: 80 (20%)
    Spinach, frozen, cooked, 1/2 cup: 78 (20%)
    Raisin bran cereal, 1 cup: 77 (19%)
    Cashews, dry roasted, 1 oz: 74 (19%)
    Soybeans, mature, cooked, 1/2 cup: 74 (19%)
    Wheat germ, crude, 1/4 cup: 69 (17%)

    9
    Nuts, mixed, dry roasted, 1 oz: 64 (16%)
    Bran flakes cereal, 3/4 cup: 64 (16%)
    Shredded wheat cereal, 2 rectangular biscuits: 61 (15%)
    Oatmeal, instant, fortified, prepared with water, 1 cup: 61 (15%)
    Peanuts, dry roasted, 1 oz: 50 (13%)
    Peanut butter, smooth, 2 T: 49 (12%)
    Potato, baked with skin, 1 medium: 48 (12%)
    Blackeyed peas, cooked, 1/2 cup: 46 (12%)
    Pinto beans, cooked, 1/2 cup: 43 (11%)
    Rice, brown, long grained, cooked, 1/2 cup: 42 (11%)
    Lentils, mature seeds, cooked, 1/2 cup: 36 (9%)
    Vegetarian baked beans, 1/2 cup: 35 (9%)
    Kidney beans, canned, 1/2 cup: 35 (9%)
    Chocolate milk, low fat, 1 cup: 33 (8%)
    Banana, raw, 1 medium: 32 (8%)
    Yogurt, fruit, low fat, 8 fl oz: 32 (8%)

    10
    NITRATE (NO3-) & NITRITE (NO2-)

     Nitrate (NO3-) above the MAC level (44 mg/l) is harmful. In the saliva
    and the stomach, NO3- is reduced to nitrite (NO2-) which oxidizes the
    hemoglobin of the blood which in turn is no longer able to act as
    oxygen-carrier. This can result in anoxia and even death. Nitrite (NO2-)
    ions react with secondary amine or amides, which are found in many
    foods, to form nitrosamines which are carcinogens.

     For infants (babies) & pregnant women, Nitrate (NO3-) above the MAC
    level is particularly harmful. In AI-Ghaza area of Palestine, the Nitrate
    level in the drinking water far exceeds the MAC level. As a result, the
    death rate of infants in Ghaza is among the highest in the world.

     The fluoride (F-) requirement is 0.25 mg/d for infants and 1 mg/d for
    children and adults. It prevents tooth decay. But over-dose can be
    damaging & should be avoided.

    pH
     The ideal pH for the drinking water is the neutral pH of 7 and the
    acceptable range is 6.5 - 8.5. If, however, it is below 6.5 on continuous
    basis, it can contribute to acidity of stomach which is already highly
    acidic. This can ultimately lead to stomach ulcer. Most of cold drinks
    are having pH below 6.5; therefore, recommended to avoid cold drinks.

    Above 8.5, water will increase the stomach pH (by the neutralization

    process) which can lead to indigestion.

    11
    IRRIGATION WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
    PARAMETER SYMBOL CONC. (mg/l)
    SODIUM Na+ 900
    CALCIUM Ca2+ 400
    MAGNESIUM Mg2+ 60
    CHLORIDE Cl- 1100
    SULFATE SO42- 1000
    BICARBONATE HCO3- 600
    CARBONATE CO32- 3
    TOTAL DISSOLVED
    SOLIDS TDS 2000
    BORON B3+ 0-2
    PH (no unit) pH 6.5 - 8.5

    EFFECTS OF TRACE ELEMENTS, & THEIR MAXIMUM CONC.


    IN IRRIGATION WATERS

    Element Max. Conc. Mg/L Effect


    Arsenic 0.10 Toxic to most plants, especially to rice
    Cadmium 0.01 Toxic to beans, beets & turnips. If cadmium
    is allowed to accumulate in these crops, it
    can be harmful to humans
    Cobalt 0.05 Toxic to tomato plants
    Copper 0.20 Toxic to most plants
    Lithium 2.50 Toxic to citrus plants
    Manganese 0.20 Toxic to most crops
    Molybdenum 0.01 Non toxic to plants. But highly toxic to
    livestock. So the plants that animals are fed
    should have <0.01 mg/L conc. of
    Molybdenum.
    Nickel 0.20 Toxic to many plants
    Lead 5.0 In high conc. can inhibit growth of plant
    cells
    Selenium 0.02 Toxic to both plants and livestock

    12
    SALTS AND TRACE ELEMENTS IN THE
    IRRIGATION WATERS

     AS LONG AS THE SALINITY, ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY, TDS, pH,


    AND VARIOUS IONS DO NOT EXCEED THEIR LIMITS, THEY ARE NOT
    TOXIC TO PLANTS AND CROPS.

     HOWEVER, IF THE METHOD OF IRRIGATION IS SUCH THAT THESE


    SALTS ACCUMULATE (DEPOSIT) IN THE SOIL OVER TIME, THEN
    THEIR CONC. WILL FAR EXCEED THE SAFE LEVELS AND THEY MAY
    BE HARMFUL TO CROPS.

     THEREFORE, THE SALT-IN MUST BE EQUAL TO SALT-OUT FROM


    THE SOIL. TO ACHIEVE THIS, PERIODIC FLUSHING OF SOIL WITH
    FRESH WATER MAY BE NECESSARY.

    GUIDELINES FOR TREATED MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER


    TO BE USED FOR AGRICULTURE

     For irrigation of gardens, not for direct consumption of humans, it is


    OK to use primary treated sewage water (Primary Treatment:
    Screening & settling in a primary clarifier).

     For irrigation of crops for direct consumption of humans, the sewage


    water must have received tertiary treatment (Oxidation/aeration basin,
    settling in a secondary clarifier, filtration, and disinfection).

    13

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