COMPANIES ACT, 2013

APPOINTMENT AND
QUALIFICATIONS OF
DIRECTORS
 APPOINTMENT AND
QUALIFICATIONS OF
DIRECTORS

1. Introduction
The supreme executive authority controlling the management
and affairs of a company vests in the team of directors of the
company, collectively known as its Board of Directors. At the core of
the corporate governance practice is the Board of Directors which
oversees how the management serves and protects the long term
interests of all the stakeholders of the Company. The institution of
board of directors was based on the premise that a group of
trustworthy and respectable people should look after the interests of
the large number of shareholders who are not directly involved in
the management of the company. The position of board of directors
is that of trust as the board is entrusted with the responsibility to act in
the best interests of the company.
Although the Board comprises individual directors, yet the
actions and deeds of directors individually functioning cannot bind the
company, unless a particular director has been specifically authorised
by a Board resolution to discharge certain responsibilities on behalf of
the company.
The Companies Act, 2013 does not contain an exhaustive
definition of the term “director”. Section 2 (34) of the Act prescribed
that “director” means a director appointed to the Board of a company.
A director is a person appointed to perform the duties and
functions of director of a company in accordance with the provisions
of the Companies Act, 2013.
2. Board of Directors
A company, though a legal entity in the eyes of law, is an
artificial person, existing only in contemplation of law. It has no
physical existence. It has neither soul nor body of its own. As such,
it cannot act in its own person. It can do so only through some human
agency. The persons who are in charge of the management of the
affairs of a
1
2 Appointment and Qualifications of Directors

company are termed as directors. They are collectively known as

Board of Directors or the Board. The directors are the brain of a
company. They occupy a pivotal position in the structure of the
company. Directors take the decision regarding the management of a
company collectively in their meetings known as Board Meetings or
at the meetings of their committees constituted for certain specific
purposes.
Section 2 (10) of the Companies Act, 2013 defined that “Board
of Directors” or “Board”, in relation to a company, means the
collective body of the directors of the company.
3. Minimum/Maximum Number of Directors in a
Company- Section 149(1)
Section 149(1) of the Companies Act, 2013 requires that every
company shall have a minimum number of 3 directors in the case of
a public company, two directors in the case of a private company, and
one director in the case of a One Person Company. A company can
appoint maximum 15 fifteen directors. A company may appoint more
than fifteen directors after passing a special resolution in general
meeting and approval of Central Government is not required.
A period of one year has been provided to enable the companies
to comply with this requirement.
4. Number of directorships- Section 165
Maximum number of directorships, including any alternate
directorship a person can hold is 20. It has come with a rider that
number of directorships in public companies/ private companies that
are either holding or subsidiary company of a public company shall
be limited to 10. Further the members of a company may restrict
abovementioned limit by passing a special resolution.
Any person holding office as director in more than 20 or 10
companies as the case may be before the commencement of this Act
shall, within a period of one year from such commencement, have to
choose companies where he wishes to continue/resign as director.
There after he shall intimate about his choice to concerned
companies as well as concerned Registrar.
Such person shall not act as director in more than the specified
number of companies after despatching the resignation or after the
expiry of one year from the commencement of this Act, whichever is
earlier.
If a person accepts an appointment as a director in contravention
of above mentioned provisions, he shall be punishable with fine which
shall not be less than Rs. 5,000 but which may extend to Rs.
25,000 for every day after the first day during which the
contravention continues.
5. Residence of a director in India
Section 149 (3) of the Act has provided for residence of a
director in India as a compulsory i.e. every company shall have at
least one director who has stayed in India for a total period of not less
than 182 days in the previous calendar year.
6. Woman Director
Every listed company shall appoint at least one woman director
within one year from the commencement of the second proviso to
Section 149(1) of the Act.
Every other public company having paid up share capital of
Rs. 100 crores or more or turnover of Rs. 300 crore or more as on the
last date of latest audited financial statements, shall also appoint at
least one woman director within 1 years from the commencement of
second proviso to Section 149(1) of the Act.
A period of six months from the date of company’s
incorporation, has been provided to enable the companies
incorporated under Companies Act, 2013 to comply with this
requirement. It is better to say that existing companies (under the
previous companies act) has to comply the above requirements
within one year and new companies (under the new companies act)
has to comply within 6 months from the date of its incorporation.
Further if there is any intermittent vacancy of a woman director
then it shall be filled up by the board of directors within 3 months
from the date of such vacancy or not later than immediate next
board meeting, whichever is later.
(Rule 3 of Companies (Appointment and Qualification of
Directors) Rules, 2014 hereinafter referred in this chapter as Rule)
7. Independent Directors
Section 2(47) of the Act prescribed that “Independent director”
means an independent director referred to in sub section (5) of section
149 of the Act. In fact reference should have been made to sub section
(6) of 149 as it specified the qualifications of independent director
with clarity.
 Every listed public company shall have at least one-third of the
total number of directors as independent directors (fraction is to be
rounded off to one). Central Government has prescribed under Rule 4,
public companies with specified limits as on the last date of latest
audited financial statements mentioned below shall also have at least
2 directors as independent directors:-
paid up share capital of Rs. 10 crore or more; or
turnover of Rs. 100 crore or more; or
in aggregate, outstanding loans/borrowings/ debentures/
deposits/ exceeding Rs. 50 crore or more.
In case a company covered under this rule is required appoint
higher number of independents directors due to composition of its
audit committee and then they shall appoint such higher number of
independent directors.
Further if there is any intermittent vacancy of an independent
director then it shall be filled up by the board of directors within 3
months from the date of such vacancy or not later than immediate
next board meeting, whichever is later.
Once the company covered under above sub-rule (i) to (iii) of
Rule 4, ceases to fulfil any of three conditions for three consecutive
years then it shall not be required to comply these provisions until
such time as it meets any of such conditions.
Definition of an Independent Director – Section 149 (6)
An independent director means a director other than a managing
director or a whole-time director or a nominee director who does not
have any material or pecuniary relationship with the company/
directors. Section 149(6) of the Act prescribes the criteria for
independent directors which are as follows:
(a) Who in the opinion of the Board, is a person of integrity and
possesses relevant industrial expertise and experience;
(b) Such individual shall not be a promoter or related to
promoter of the company or its holding, subsidiary or
associate company;
(c) Such individuals must not have any material or pecuniary
relationship during the two immediately preceding financial
years or during the current financial year with the
company or its promoters/directors/holding/subsidiary/
associate company;
 (d) The relatives of such person should not have had any
pecuniary relationship with the company or its subsidiaries,
amounting to 2% or more of its gross turnover or total
income or Rs. 50 lacs or such higher amount as may be
prescribed, whichever is less, during the two immediately
preceding financial years or in the current financial year;
(e) He must not either directly or any of his relatives
(i) hold or has held the position of a key managerial
personnel or is or has been employee of the company
or its holding, subsidiary or associate company in any
of the three financial years immediately preceding the
financial year in which he is proposed to be appointed.
(ii) is or has been an employee or proprietor or a partner, in
any of the three financial years immediately preceding
the financial year in which he is proposed to be
appointed, of—
(A) a firm of auditors or company secretaries in
practice or cost auditors of the company or its
holding, subsidiary or associate company; or
(B) any legal or a consulting firm that has or had any
transaction with the company, its holding,
subsidiary or associate company amounting to
ten per cent. or more of the gross turnover of such
firm;
(iii) holds together with his relatives two per cent or
more of the total voting power of the company; or
(iv) is a Chief Executive or director, by whatever name called,
of any non-profit organisation that receives 25% or
more of its receipts from the company, any of its
promoters, directors or its holding, subsidiary or
associate company or that holds 2% or more of the total
voting power of the company, then also he is not
eligible for office of independent director; or
(f) who possesses such other qualifications as prescribed in Rule
5 as an independent director shall possess appropriate skills,
experience and knowledge in one or more fields of finance,
law, management, sales, marketing, administration, research,
corporate governance, technical operations or other
disciplines related to the company’s business.
Declaration by an Independent Director- Section 149 (7)
Section 149 (7) of the Act, prescribed that every independent
director shall give a declaration that he meets the criteria of
independence when:
(a) he attends the first meeting of the Board as a director;
(b) thereafter at the first meeting of the Board in every
financial year and
(c) whenever there is any change in the circumstances which
may affect his status as an independent director.
Further “nominee director” means a director nominated by
any financial institution in pursuance of the provisions of any law
for the time being in force, or of any agreement, or appointed by
any Government, or any other person to represent its interests.
Code of Conduct for an Independent Director and
Company-Section 149 (8)
Section 149 (8) of the Act prescribed that the company and
independent directors shall abide by the provisions specified in Schedule
IV regarding code for independent directors. It is a guide to professional
conduct for independent directors. Adherence to these standards by
independent directors and fulfilment of their responsibilities in a
professional and faithful manner will promote confidence of the
investment community, particularly minority shareholders, regulators
and companies in the institution of independent directors. Code of
Conduct includes guidelines of professional conduct, role and
functions, duties, manner of appointment, re-appointment,
resignation or removal, separate meetings, evaluation mechanism.
Remuneration of an Independent Director- Section 149(9)
As per section 149 (9) of the Act an independent director
shall not be entitled to any stock option. He may receive
remuneration by way of sitting fee, reimbursement of expenses
incurred for participation in the Board and other committee
meetings and profit related commission as may be approved by the
members as provided under section 197 (5) of the Act.
Appointment of an Independent Director- Section 149(10)
Subject to the provisions of Section 152, an independent director
can be appointed for a term of up to five consecutive years on the
Board. However, in case of his reappointment for further five year
then special resolution passed in general meeting and disclosure of
such appointment is made in the Board’s report shall be required.
{Section 149 (10)}
 Further independent director can be considered for re-
appointment after expiration of three years of ceasing to become an
independent director but he must not be appointed/associated with the
company directly or indirectly in any other capacity during the said
period of three years. Any tenure of an independent director on the
date of commencement of this Act is not considered for the
above term.
{Section 149 (11)}
The provisions of retirement of directors by rotation are not
applicable on Independent director. {Section 149 (13)}
Further, in case of independent directors, the explanatory
statement relating to their appointment should contain a declaration
from the Board that in their opinion, the independent directors satisfy
the conditions provided in the Act for such appointment. {proviso to
Section 152 (5)}
Liability of an Independent Director-Section 149 (12)
An independent director and a non-executive director except the
promoter or key managerial personnel, shall be held liable only in
respect of such acts of omission or commission by a company which
had occurred with his knowledge, attributable through Board
processes and with his consent or connivance or where he had not
acted diligently.
Manner of selection of an Independent Director-Section 150
According to section 150 (1) of the Act, independent directors
may be selected from a data bank of eligible and willing persons
maintained by the agency (Any body, institute or association as may
be authorised by Central Government). Such agency shall put data
bank of independent directors on the website of Ministry of Corporate
Affairs or any other notified website. Company must exercise due
diligence before selecting a person from the data bank referred to above,
as an independent director.
This section further stipulates that the appointment of
independent directors has to be approved by members in a General
meeting and the explanatory statement annexed to the notice must
indicate justification for such appointment.
Rule 6 (2) prescribed that such data bank shall contain, the
following details who is eligible and willing to be appointed as
independent director:
(a) DIN (Director Identification Number);
(b) Name and surname in full;
 (c) Income-tax PAN ;
(d) Father’s/Mother;s/ Spouse’s name( if married) ;
(e) Date of Birth;
(f) Gender;
(g) Nationality;
(h) Occupation;
(i) Full Address with PIN Code (present and permanent)
(j) Phone number;
(k) E-mail id;
(l) Educational and professional qualifications;
(m) Experience / expertise, if any;
(n) Any legal proceedings initiated or pending against such
person;
(o) List of limited liability partnerships in which he is or was a
designated partner along with Name of the LLP, Nature of
Industry; and Duration- with dates;
(p) List of companies in which he is or was director along with
Name of the company; Nature of industry; Nature of
directorship – Executive / Non-executive / Independent
/ Nominee Director; and Duration – with dates.
A disclaimer shall conspicuously be displayed on the website along
with the databank that a company must carry out its own due
diligence before appointment of any person as an independent director
and the agency maintaining the databank or the Central Government
shall not be responsible for accuracy of information or lack of
suitability of the person whose particulars from part of the databank.
{Rule 6(3)}
Any person who desires to get his name included in the data
bank of independent directors shall make an application to the agency
in Form DIR-1 Application for inclusion of name in the databank of
Independent Directors which includes the personal, educational,
professional, work experience, other Board details of the applicant {Rule
6(4)}. The agency may charge a reasonable fee from the applicant for
inclusion of his name in the data bank of independent directors {Rule
6 (5)}. An existing or applicant of such data bank of independent
directors shall intimate any changes in his particulars within fifteen
days of such change to the agency {Rule 6 (6)}.
Rule 6 (7) prescribed that the databank posted on the website
shall:
a. be accessible at the specified website;
b. be substantially identical to the physical version of the data
bank;

c. be searchable on the parameters specified in rule 6 (2);

d. be presented in a format or formats convenient for both

printing and viewing online; and

e. contain a link to obtain the software required to view /

print the particulars free of charge.
8. Director elected by Small Shareholders- Section 151
According to section 151 of the Act every listed company may
have one director elected by such small shareholders. For the purpose
of this section, “small shareholder” means a shareholder holding
shares of nominal value of not more than twenty thousand rupees or
such other sum as may be prescribed.
Terms & Conditions for Small Shareholders’ Director
Rule 7 laid down the following terms and conditions for
appointment of small shareholder’s director, which are as under:
i. A listed company, may upon notice of not less than 1000
or one-tenth of the total number of small shareholders,
whichever is lower, have a small shareholders’ director
elected by the small shareholders. A listed company may
suo moto opt to have a director representing small
shareholders.
ii. The small shareholders intending to propose a person as a
candidate for the post of small shareholder’s director shall
leave a signed notice of their intention with the company
at least 14 days before the meeting specifying the their
details and proposed director’s details. The details include
name, address, shares held and folio number etc. If the
proposer does not hold any shares in the company, the
details of shares held and folio number need not be
specified in the notice.
iii. The notice shall be accompanied by a statement signed by
the proposed director for the post of small shareholders’
director stating
a. his Director Identification Number;
b. that he is not disqualified to become a director under
the Act; and
c. his consent to act as a director of the company.
iv. If proposed director is qualified u/s 149 (6) for
appointment as an independent director and has given
declaration for his independence u/s 149 (7) then such
director shall be considered as an independent director.
v. The director’s tenure as small shareholders’ director shall
not exceed a period of 3 consecutive years and he shall not
be liable to retire by rotation. Further he shall not be
eligible for re-appointment after the expiry of his tenure.
vi. If the person is not eligible for appointment according to
section 164, then he can’t be appointed as small
shareholder’s director.
vii. Small shareholders’ director shall vacate the office if -
a. he ceases to be a small shareholder, on and from the
date of cessation;
b. he incurs any of the disqualifications specified in
section 164;
c. the office of the director becomes vacant in
pursuance of section 167;
d. he ceases to meet the criteria of independence as provided
section 149 (6).
viii. Simultaneously he shall not hold the office of small
shareholders’ director in more than two companies. If
second company is in competitive business or is in conflict
with business of the first company the he shall not be
appointed in second company.
ix. He shall directly or indirectly not be appointed or
associated in any other capacity with the company for a
period of 3 years from the date of cessation as a small
shareholder’s director.
9. APPOINTMENT OF DIRECTORS – Section 152
First Director
The first directors of most of the companies are named in their
articles. If they are not so named in the articles of a company, then
subscribers to the memorandum who are individuals shall be deemed
to be the first directors of the company until the directors are duly
appointed.
In the case of a One Person Company, an individual being a
member shall be deemed to be its first director until the director(s) are
duly appointed by the member in accordance with the provisions of
Section 152.
General provisions relating to appointment of directors
1. Except as provided in the Act, every director shall be appointed
by the company in general meeting.
2. Director Identification Number is compulsory for
appointment of director of a company.
3. Every person proposed to be appointed as a director shall
furnish his Director Identification Number and a declaration
that he is not disqualified to become a director under the Act.
4. A person appointed as a director shall on or before the
appointment give his consent to hold the office of director in
physical form DIR-2 i.e. Consent to act as a director of a
company.
Company shall file Form DIR-12 (particulars of appointment
of directors and KMP along with the form DIR-2 as an
attachment within 30 days of the appointment of a
director, necessary fee. {Rule8}
5. Articles of the Company may provide the provisions relating
to retirement of the all directors. If there is no provision in
the article, then not less than two-thirds of the total
number of directors of a public company shall be persons
whose period of office is liable to determination by
retirement by rotation and eligible to be reappointed at
annual general meeting. Further independent directors
shall not be included for the computation of total number
of directors. At the annual general meeting of a public
company one-third of such of the directors for the time
being as are liable to retire by rotation, or if their number
is neither three nor a multiple of three, then, the number
nearest to one-third, shall retire from
 office. The directors to retire by rotation at every annual
general meeting shall be those who have been longest in
office since their last appointment.
At the annual general meeting at which a director retires as
aforesaid, the company may fill up the vacancy by appointing the
retiring director or some other person thereto. If the vacancy of the
retiring director is not so filled-up and the meeting has not
expressly resolved not to fill the vacancy, the meeting shall stand
adjourned till the same day in the next week, at the same time and
place, or if that day is a national holiday, till the next succeeding
day which is not a holiday, at the same time and place.
If at the adjourned meeting also, the vacancy of the retiring
director is not filled up and that meeting also has not expressly
resolved not to fill the vacancy, the retiring director shall be deemed
to have been re-appointed at the adjourned meeting, unless—
(i) a resolution for the re-appointment of such director has
been put to the meeting and lost;
(ii) the retiring director has expressed his unwillingness to be
so re-appointed;
(iii) he is not qualified or is disqualified for appointment;
(iv) a resolution, whether special or ordinary, is required for his
appointment or re-appointment by virtue of any provisions
of this Act; or
(v) section 162 i.e. appointment of directors to be voted
individually is applicable to the case.
Punishment - Section 159
If any individual or director of a company, contravenes any of
the provisions of section 152/155/156 such individual or director of
the company shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which
may extend to 6 months or with fine which may extend to Rs.
50,000 and where the contravention is a continuing one, with a
further fine which may extend to Rs. 500 for every day after the
first day during which the contravention continues.
Appointment of Additional Director- Section 161 (1)
The board of directors can appoint additional directors, if such
power is conferred on them by the articles of association. Such
additional directors hold office only upto the date of next annual
general meeting or the last date on which the annual general meeting
should have been held, whichever is earlier. A person who fails to get
appointed as a director in a general meeting cannot be appointed as
Additional Director.
Appointment of Alternate Director- Section 161 (2)
Section 161(2) of the Act allowed the followings:
(i) The Board of Directors of a company must be authorised by
its articles or by a resolution passed by the company in
general meeting for appointment of alternate director.
(ii) The person in whose place the Alternate Director is being
appointed should be absent for a period of not less than 3
months from India.
(iii) The person to be appointed as the Alternate Director shall be
the person other than the person holding any alternate
directorship for any other Director in the Company.
(iv) If it is proposed to appoint an Alternate Director to an
Independent Director, it must be ensured that the proposed
appointee also satisfies the criteria for Independent
Directors.
(v) An alternate director shall not hold office for a period longer
than that permissible to the director in whose place he has
been appointed and shall vacate the office if and when the
director in whose place he has been appointed returns to
India.
(vi) If the term of office of the original director is determined before
he so returns to India, any provision for the automatic re-
appointment of retiring directors in default of another
appointment shall apply to the original, and not to the
alternate director.
Appointment of Directors by Nomination Section 161(3)
This new sub-section now provides for appointment of Nominee
Directors. It states that subject to the articles of a company, the Board
may appoint any person as a director nominated by any institution
in pursuance of the provisions of any law for the time being in force
or of any agreement or by the Central Government or the State
Government by virtue of its shareholding in a Government Company.
Appointment of Directors in causal vacancy- Section 161
(4)
If any vacancy is caused by death or resignation of a director
appointed by the shareholders in General meeting, before expiry of his
term, the Board of directors can appoint a director to fill up such
vacancy. The appointed director shall hold office only up to the term
of the director in whose place he is appointed.

Appointment of directors to be voted individually-

Section 162(1)

A single resolution shall not be moved for the appointment of

two or more persons as directors of the company unless a proposal
to move such a motion has first been agreed to at the meeting
without any vote being cast against it.

A resolution moved in contravention of aforesaid provision shall

be void, whether or not any objection was taken when it was
moved. A motion for approving a person for appointment, or for
nominating a person for appointment as a director, shall be treated as
a motion for his appointment.

Proportional representation for appointment of

directors- Section 163

The articles of a company may provide for the appointment of

not less than two-thirds of the total number of the directors of a
company in accordance with the principle of proportional
representation, whether by the single transferable vote or by a system
of cumulative voting or otherwise and such appointments may be
made once in every three years and casual vacancies of such directors
shall be filled as provided in sub-section (4) of section 161.

Right of persons other than retiring directors to stand

for directorship- Section 160

A person who is not a retiring director shall be eligible for

appointment to the office of a director at any general meeting, if he, or
some member intending to propose him as a director, has, not less
than fourteen days before the meeting, left at the registered office
of the company, a notice in writing under his hand signifying his
candidature as a director or, as the case may be, the intention of such
member to propose him as a candidate for that office, along with
the deposit of one lakh rupees or such higher amount as may be
prescribed which shall be refunded to such person or, as the case
may be, to the member, if the person proposed gets elected as a
director or gets more than 25% of total valid votes cast either on
show of hands or on poll on such resolution.
Notice of candidature of a person for directorship- Section
160(2) and Rule 13
The company shall inform its members of the candidature of a
person for the office of a director or the intention of a member to
propose such person as a candidate for that office, at least seven days
before the general meeting by serving individual notices to members
through e-mail and where no e-mail address is available then in
writing and by placing notice of such candidature or intention on the
website of the company, if any.
If the company advertises such candidature/intention, not less
than 7 days before the meeting at least once in a vernacular newspaper
in the principal vernacular language of the registered office’s district
and at least once in English language in an English newspaper
circulating in that district in which the registered office of the
company is situated, then it shall not be required to serve individual
notices upon the members as aforesaid.
10. DIRECTOR IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (DIN)
Procedure for application for allotment of DIN - Section 153 & Rule 9
(1) Every individual, who is to be appointed as director of a
company shall make an application electronically in Form
DIR-3 (Application for allotment of Director Identification
Number) to the Central Government for the allotment of a
Director Identification Number (DIN).
(2) The Central Government shall provide an electronic
system to facilitate submission of application for the
allotment of DIN through the portal on the website of the
Ministry of Corporate Affairs.
(3) (a) The applicant shall download Form DIR-3 from the
portal, fill in the required particulars and attaching
photograph; proof of identity; proof of residence; and
verification by the applicant in Form DIR-4, specimen
signature duly verified and sign the form digitally.
(b) Form DIR-3 shall be signed and submitted electronically
by the applicant using his or her own Digital Signature
Certificate and shall be verified digitally by -:
(i) a chartered accountant or a company secretary in
practice or a cost accountant; or
(ii) a company secretary in full time employment of
 the company or by the managing director or
director of the company in which the applicant is
to be appointed a director;
Procedure for Allotment of DIN- Section 154 and Rule 10
The Central Government shall, within one month from the
receipt of the application under section 153, allot a Director
Identification Number to an applicant in such manner as mentioned
below:
(1) On the submission of the Form DIR-3 on the portal and
payment of the requisite amount of fees through online
mode the provisional DIN shall be generated by the system
automatically which shall not be utilized till the DIN is
confirmed by the Central Government.
(2) After generation of the provisional DIN, the Central
Government shall process the application. It may
approve or reject the application and communicate the
same to the applicant within a period of one month from
the receipt of application. The such communication may
be sent by post or electronically or in any other mode.
(3) If the Central Government, on examination, finds such
application to be defective or incomplete in any respect, it
shall give intimation of such defect or incompleteness, by
placing it on the website and by email to the applicant who
has filed such application, directing the applicant to rectify
such defects or incompleteness by resubmitting the
application within a period of fifteen days of such placing
on the website and email:
Provided that Central Government shall-
(a) reject the application and direct the applicant to file
fresh application with complete and correct
information, where the defect has been rectified
partially or the information given is still found to be
defective;
(b) treat and label such application as invalid in the
electronic record in case the defects are not removed
within the given time; and
(c) Inform the applicant either by way of letter by post or
electronically or in any other mode.
(4) In case of rejection or invalidation of application, the
provisional DIN so allotted by the system shall get lapsed
 automatically and the fee so paid with the application shall
neither be refunded nor adjusted with any other application.
(5) All Director Identification Numbers allotted to individual(s)
by the Central Government before the commencement of
these rules shall be deemed to have been allotted to them
under these rules.
(6) The Director Identification Number so allotted under these
rules is valid for the life-time of the applicant and shall not
be allotted to any other person.
Cancellation/Surrender/Deactivation of DIN – Rule 11
The Competent Authority (Central Government/RD
(North),Noida/ Authorised Officer by the RD) may, upon being
satisfied on verification of particulars or documentary proof
attached with the application received from any person, cancel or
deactivate the DIN in case –
(a) the DIN is found to be duplicated in respect of the same
person provided the data related to both the DIN shall be
merged with the validly retained number;
(b) the DIN was obtained in a wrongful manner or by fraudulent
means;
(c) of the death of the concerned individual;
(d) the concerned individual has been declared as a lunatic or of
unsound mind by a competent Court;
(e) if the concerned individual has been adjudicated an insolvent.
Provided that before cancellation or deactivation of DIN
pursuant to clause (b), an opportunity of being heard shall
be given to the concerned individual;
(f) on an application made in Form DIR-5 by the DIN holder to
surrender his or her DIN along with declaration that he has
never been appointed as director in any company and the
said DIN has never been used for filing of any document
with any authority, the Central Government may deactivate
such DIN but after verification of e-records.
Intimation of changes in particulars of Director - Rule 12
(1) Every director having DIN in the event of any change in
his particulars as stated in Form DIR-3, intimate such
change(s)
 to the Central Government within a period of 30 days of
such change(s) in Form DIR-6 (Intimation of change in
particulars of Director to be given to the Central
Government). DIR-6 will be filed along copy of the proof of
the changed particulars and verification in the Form DIR-7
(Verification of applicant for change in DIN particulars) all
of which shall be scanned, signed digitally by applicant and
submitted electronically. Form requires pre-certification
by the professional CA/CS/CMA in practice.
(2) The Central Government shall incorporate the said changes
in the electronic database after due verification from the
enclosed proofs and confirm the applicant by post/email/any
other mode.
(3) The DIN cell of the MCA shall also intimate the change(s) in
the particulars of the director submitted to it in Form DIR-6
to the concerned Registrar(s) under whose jurisdiction the
registered office of the company(s) in which such individual
is a director is situated.
(4) The concerned individual shall also intimate the change(s) in
his particulars to the company or companies in which he
is a director within fifteen days of such change.
General Provisions regarding DIN
According to Section 155, No individual shall apply for/obtain/
possess another Director Identification Number who has already been
allotted a Director Identification Number under section 154.
Section 156 stipulated that Every existing director shall intimate
his DIN to the company or all companies wherein he is a director
within 1 month of the receipt of DIN from the Central Government.
Section 157 (1) of the Act stipulated that every company
shall, within fifteen days of the receipt of intimation under section
156, furnish the DIN of all its directors to the Registrar/authorised
office by the Central Government. every such intimation shall be
furnished in such form and manner as may be prescribed.
If a company fails to furnish Director Identification Number
under section 157 (1), before the expiry of the 270 days period from
the date by which it should have been furnished with additional fee,
the company shall be punishable with fine which shall not be less
than Rs. 25,000 but which may extend to Rs. 1,00,000 and every
officer of the company who is in default shall be punishable with fine
which shall not be less than Rs. 25,000 but which may extend to Rs.
1,00,000.
Section 158 specified that every person or company shall
mention the DIN in return, information or particulars as required to be
furnished under this act, in case such return etc relate to the director
or contain any reference of any director.
11. Disqualifications for appointment of director -
Section 164
(1) A person shall not be eligible for appointment as a director
of a company, if —
(a) he is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a
competent court;
(b) he is an undischarged insolvent;
(c) he has applied to be adjudicated as an insolvent and his
application is pending;
(d) he has been convicted by a court of any offence,
whether involving moral turpitude or otherwise, and
sentenced in respect thereof to imprisonment for not
less than six months and a period of five years has not
elapsed from the date of expiry of the sentence.
If a person has been convicted of any offence and
sentenced in respect thereof to imprisonment for a
period of seven years or more, he shall not be eligible
to be appointed as a director in any company;
(e) an order disqualifying him for appointment as a
director has been passed by a court or Tribunal and the
order is in force;
(f) he has not paid any calls in respect of any shares of
the company held by him, whether alone or jointly
with others, and six months have elapsed from the
last day fixed for the payment of the call;
(g) he has been convicted of the offence dealing with related
party transactions under section 188 at any time
during the last preceding five years; or
(h) he has not got the DIN.
An additional disqualification is provided in sub section (2) of
Section 164 relating to consequences of non filing of financial
statements or annual returns. Any person who is or has been director
of any company which has not filed any financial statements and
Annual Return for 3 continuous financial year or has defaulted in
payment of debentures/deposit/dividend etc, shall also not be eligible
for appointment as director of any public company and for re-
appointment in the same company for a period of five years from the
date on which the said company fails to do so.
Rule 14 prescribed that every director who disqualified u/s 164
(2), shall inform to the company concerned in Form DIR-8
(Intimation by Director) before he is appointed or re-appointed.
Whenever a company fails to file the financial statements/annual
returns/fails to repay any deposit, interest, dividend/fails to redeem its
debentures as specified u/s 164 (2), the company shall immediately
file Form DIR-9 (Report by the company to Registrar), to the
Registrar furnishing therein the names and addresses of all the
directors of the company during the relevant financial years. But when
a company fails to file the Form DIR-9 within a period of 30 days of
the failure it would attract the disqualification u/s 164(2), officers of
the company as specified u/s 2(60) shall be the officers in default.
Upon receipt of the Form DIR-9 the Registrar shall immediately
register the document and place it in the document file for public
inspection. Any application for removal of disqualification of
directors shall be made in Form DIR-10.
(3) A private company may by its articles provide for any
disqualifications for appointment as a director in addition to aforesaid
mentioned
Provided that the disqualifications referred to in clauses (d), (e)
and (g) of sub-section (1) shall not take effect—
(i) for thirty days from the date of conviction or order of
disqualification;
(ii) where an appeal or petition is preferred within thirty days
as aforesaid against the conviction resulting in sentence or
order, until expiry of seven days from the date on which
such appeal or petition is disposed off; or
(iii) where any further appeal or petition is preferred against
order or sentence within seven days, until such further
appeal or petition is disposed off.
12. Duties of directors- Section 166
For the first time, duties of directors have been defined in the Act.
A director of a company shall :
— Act in accordance with the articles of the company.
 — Act in good faith in order to promote the objects of the
company for the benefit of its members as a whole, and in
the best interests of the company, its employees, the
shareholders, the community and for the protection of
environment.
— Exercise his duties with due and reasonable care, skill and
diligence and shall exercise independent judgment.
— Not involve in a situation in which he may have a direct or
indirect interest that conflicts, or possibly may conflict,
with the interest of the company.
— Not achieve or attempt to achieve any undue gain or
advantage either to himself or to his relatives, partners,
or associates and if such director is found guilty of
making any undue gain, he shall be liable to pay an
amount equal to that gain to the company.
— Not assign his office and any assignment so made shall be
void.
If a director of the company contravenes the provisions of this
section such director shall be punishable with fine which shall not be
less than Rs. 1,00,000 but which may extend to Rs. 5,00,000.
13. Vacation of office of director- Section 167
The office of a director shall become vacant in case—
(a) He incurs any of the disqualifications specified in section 164;

(b) He absents himself from all the meetings of the Board of

Directors held during a period of twelve months with or
without seeking leave of absence of the Board;

(c) He acts in contravention of the provisions of section 184

relating to entering into contracts or arrangements in
which he is directly or indirectly interested;

(d) He fails to disclose his interest in any contract or

arrangement in which he is directly or indirectly interested

(e) He becomes disqualified by an order of a court or the Tribunal;

(f) He is convicted by a court of any offence, whether involving

moral turpitude or otherwise and sentenced in respect thereof
to imprisonment for not less than 6 months;
 Provided that the office shall be vacated by the director even
if he has filed an appeal against the order of such court;
(g) He is removed in pursuance of the provisions of this Act;
(h) He, having been appointed a director by virtue of his holding
any office or other employment in the holding, subsidiary or
associate company, ceases to hold such office or other
employment in that company.
If a person, functions as a director even when he knows that the
office of director held by him has become vacant on account of any of
the disqualifications specified above, he shall be punishable with
imprisonment for a term which may extend to 1 year or with fine
which shall not be less than Rs. 1,00,000 but which may extend to
Rs. 5,00,000 or with both.
Where all the directors of a company vacate their offices under
any of the disqualifications specified above the promoter or, in his
absence, the Central Government shall appoint the required number
of directors who shall hold office till the directors are appointed by the
company in the general meeting.
A private company may, by its articles, provide any other
ground for the vacation of the office of a director in addition to those
specified above.
14. Resignation of director- Section 168 & Rule 15, 16
A director may resign from his office by giving notice in
writing. The Board shall, on receipt of such notice within 30 days
intimate the Registrar in Form DIR-12 and also place the fact of
such resignation in the Directors’ Report of subsequent general
meeting of the company and post the information on its website. The
director shall also forward a copy of resignation alongwith detailed
reasons for the resignation to the Registrar in Form DIR-11 within
30 days from the date of resignation. The notice shall become
effective from the date on which the notice is received by the
company or the date, if any, specified by the director in the notice,
whichever is later. Provided that the director who has resigned shall
be liable even after his resignation for the offences which occurred
during his tenure.
If all the directors of a company resign from their office or
vacate their office, the promoter or in his absence the Central
Government shall appoint the required number of directors to hold
office till the directors are appointed by the company in General
Meeting.
15. Removal of directors- Section 169
A company may, remove a director except the director appointed
by National Company Law Tribunal u/s 242, before the expiry of the
period of his office after giving him a reasonable opportunity of being
heard after passing the ordinary resolution.
Provided that nothing contained in this sub-section shall
apply where the company has availed itself of the option given to it
under section 163 to appoint not less than two thirds of the total
number of directors according to the principle of proportional
representation.
A special notice shall be required of any resolution, to remove a
director under this section, or to appoint somebody in place of a
director so removed, at the meeting at which he is removed.
On receipt of notice of a resolution to remove a director under
this section, the company shall forthwith send a copy thereof to the
director concerned, and the director, whether or not he is a member of
the company, shall be entitled to be heard on the resolution at the
meeting.
Where notice has been given of a resolution to remove a director
under this section and the director concerned makes with respect
thereto representation in writing to the company and requests its
notification to members of the company, the company shall, if the
time permits it to do so,—
(a) in any notice of the resolution given to members of the
company, state the fact of the representation having been
made; and
(b) send a copy of the representation to every member of the
company to whom notice of the meeting is sent (whether
before or after receipt of the representation by the company),
and if a copy of the representation is not sent as aforesaid
due to insufficient time or for the company’s default, the
director may without prejudice to his right to be heard orally
require that the representation shall be read out at the
meeting.
Provided that copy of the representation need not be sent out
and the representation need not be read out at the meeting if, on the
application either of the company or of any other person who claims
to be aggrieved, the Tribunal is satisfied that the rights conferred by
this sub-section are being abused to secure needless publicity for
defamatory matter; and the Tribunal may order the company’s costs
on the application to be paid in whole or in part by the director
notwithstanding that he is not a party to it.
A vacancy created by the removal of a director under this
section may, if he had been appointed by the company in general
meeting or by the Board, be filled by the appointment of another
director in his place at the meeting at which he is removed, provided
special notice of the intended appointment has been given under sub-
section (2).
A director so appointed shall hold office till the date up to which
his predecessor would have held office if he had not been removed.
If the vacancy is not filled under sub-section (5), it may be filled
as a casual vacancy in accordance with the provisions of this Act:
Provided that the director who was removed from office shall
not be re-appointed as a director by the Board of Directors.
Nothing in this section shall be taken—
(a) as depriving a person removed under this section of any
compensation or damages payable to him in respect of the
termination of his appointment as director as per the terms
of contract or terms of his appointment as director, or of any
other appointment terminating with that as director; or
(b) as derogating from any power to remove a director under
other provisions of this Act.
16. Register of Key Managerial Personnel– Section 170
(1) & Rule 17
Every company shall keep at its registered office a register of its
directors and key managerial personnel containing the following
particulars:-
(a) Director Identification Number (Optional for KMP);
(b) present name and surname in full;
(c) any former name or surname in full;
(d) father’s name, mother’s name and spouse’s name(if
married) and surnames in full;
(e) date of birth;
(f) residential address (present as well as permanent);
(g) nationality (including the nationality of origin, if different);
 (h) occupation;
(i) date of the board resolution in which the appointment was
made;
(j) date of appointment and reappointment in the company;
(k) date of cessation of office and reasons therefor;
(l) office of director or key managerial personnel held or
relinquished in any other body corporate;
(m) membership number of the Institute of Company
Secretaries of India in case of Company Secretary;
(n) PAN mandatory for KMP who is not having DIN
In addition to the details of the directors or key managerial
personnel, the company shall also include in the aforesaid Register the
details of securities held by them in the company, its holding
company, subsidiaries, subsidiaries of the company’s holding
company and associate companies relating to:
(a) the number, description and nominal value of securities;
(b) the date of acquisition and the price or other consideration
paid;
(c) date of disposal and price and other consideration received;
(d) cumulative balance and number of securities held after each
transaction;
(e) mode of acquisition of securities ;
(f) mode of holding – physical or in dematerialized form; and
(g) whether securities have been pledged or any encumbrance
has been created on the securities.
17. Return of Key Managerial Personnel- Section 170(2)
& Rule 18
A return containing the particulars of appointment of director
or key managerial personnel and changes therein, shall be filed
with the Registrar in Form DIR-12 within 30 days of such
appointment or change, as the case may be.
Members’ right to inspect- Section 171
The register of Key Managerial Personnel kept u/s 170(1) shall
be open for inspection during business hours. The members shall
have a
right to take extracts therefrom and copies thereof, on a request by
the members, be provided to them free of cost within thirty days; and
it shall also be kept open for inspection at every AGM so that any
person attending the meeting can access the register.
If any inspection as provided above is refused, or if any copy
required under that clause is not sent within thirty days from the
date of receipt of such request, the Registrar shall on an application
made to him order immediate inspection and supply of copies required
thereunder.
18. Punishment- Section 172
If a company contravenes any of the provisions of this Chapter
and for which no specific punishment is provided therein, the
company and every officer of the company who is in default shall be
punishable with fine which shall not be less than Rs. 50,000 but
which may extend to Rs. 5,00,000.