MTS Power Control

Content
Power Control Overview
R99 Power Control
HSDPA Power Control
Power Control Overview
Power Control

 CDMA is not a new technology. 

 Power control is a key technology of CDMA system. 
 Power control is the key path for launching the large scale CDMA commercial
network.

UMTS is a typical self-interference system, thus the chief principle is that any
potential surplus transmitted power for service must be controlled.

Why Power Control?

 All UMTS users occupy the same frequency spectrum at the same time!
Frequency and time are not used as discriminators. 
 UMTS operates by using codes to discriminate between users. 
 UMTS interference comes mainly from nearby users. 
 Each user is a small voice in a roaring crowd -- but with a uniquely recoverable
code.
 To achieve acceptable service quality, the transmit power of all users must be
tightly controlled so that their signals reach the base station with the same signal
strength and the absolute minimum power level demanded to avoid the Near-Far Effect.
Near-Far Effect
Eb/No & Power Control
Fast Power Control

Purpose of Power Control

Category of Power control
 Open Loop
Measure the channel interference condition and adjust the initial transmitted power

Close Loop－Inner Loop

Measure the SIR (Signaling to Interference Ratio), compare with the target SIR value,
and then send power control instruction to UE.
The frequency of WCDMA inner loop power control is 1500Hz.
ØIf measured SIR>target SIR, decrease the UE transmitted power.
ØIf measured SIR

Close Loop－Outer Loop

Measure the BLER (Block Error Rate), and adjust the target SIR.
The frequency of WCDMA outer loop power control is 10~100Hz.
ØIf measured BLER>target BLER, decrease the target SIR value.
ØIf measured BLER

Open Loop Power Control

Unbalanced for UL/DL signal, not accurate, only used in initial stage
Open loop power control

Close Loop – Inner Loop Power Control

Close Loop – Outer Loop Power Control

Closed Loop Power Control

R99 Power Control
Physical Random Access Channel

Uplink open loop power control of PRACH

 Preamble_Initial_Power = Primary CPICH DL TX power – CPICH_RSCP +UL
interference + Constant Value 
o Primary CPICH DL TX power is the transmit power of the main pilot
channel (SIB5/6). 
o UL interference is the uplink interference, which is measured and obtained
by NodeB and updated in real time in SIB7. 
o Constant Value is a value related with the cell environment. It is a value
depends on the service rate and quality carried by PRACH. 
 If the value of Preamble_Initial_Power exceeds the allowed maximum power, UE
sets the preamble transmit power as the allowed maximum power.
Transmit power of PRACH message part
 Power Ramp Step is the power offset between two continuous preambles. 
 Pp_m is the power offset between the control channel and the last preamble of
the message part.

Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel

Uplink open loop power control of dedicated channel
 DPCCH_Initial_power = DPCCH_Power_offset - CPICH_RSCP 
o The value of DPCCH_Power_offset is determined by DPCCH open loop
power control method. 
o The value of CPICH_RSCP is the CPICH channel code power obtained by
UE through measurement.
  

 Eb/No is the quality factor of the DPCCH PILOT domain. 

o NT+IT is the uplink interference, which is obtained by NodeB through
measurement and updated in real time in SIB7. 
o PG is the spectrum spread gain, 256. 
o CPICH_TX_Power is the transmit power of the P-CPICH.

DPCCH & DPDCH power gain factor

Downlink common channel initial power
 The transmit power of P-CPICH depends on the proportion of maximum transmit
power of a cell. 
 The values of P-CCPCH, P-SCH, S-SCH, AICH, and PICH depend on the offset
to P-CPICH. 
 The transmit power of the data domain of S-CCPCH depends on the PCH
transmit power and the maximum value of the maximum transmit power of FACH. The
transmit power of the TFCI domain and Pilot domain of S-CCPCH are indicated
respectively by the offsets (PO1 and PO3) as opposed to the transmit power of the data
domain.

Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel

Downlink open loop power control of dedicated channel

 PG is the service processing gain. 

 Ptx,CPICH is transmission power of the CPICH (dBm). 
 Ec-cpich/No is CPICH Ec/N0(dB) reported by the UE. 
 αmin is the lower limit of the downlink orthogonal factor. 
 αmax is the upper limit of the downlink orthogonal factor. 
 k is the coefficient factor. Its fixed value is 0.01. 
 L represents path loss. L is obtained from the measurement result reported by
the UE. If L cannot be obtained, its value is 130dB. 
 k1 and k2 are scenario parameters. 
 Ptx,total is the total transmit power of a cell before a subscriber accesses the
cell. 
 β=10^((Eb/N0)/10), where Eb/No is the Eb/No of the sub-service configured
corresponding to the current rate of the access service. 
 PowerOffset is different for different situation.

Downlink open loop power control of dedicated channel

 On the DPCH, the bits of TFCI, TPC and PILOT are also multiplexed besides the
data bits because the information carried by these bits is important. Therefore, the
needed power is also a little higher than that of the data domain. The power value
depends on the offset as opposed to the power of the data domain and is indicated with
PO1, PO2 and PO3 respectively.

Uplink inner loop power control

 At the receiving end, the SIR measurement (SIR=Eb/No) is done for each
received radio link. The measurement result is compared with the target SIR (SIRtarget)
required by the service. 
 If SIR ≥ SIRtarget, control information is returned to the sender with a transmit
power command whose bit value is 0. 
 If SIR < SIRtarget, a TPC command whose bit value being 1 is returned through
the downlink control channel to the sender. 
 The sender judges whether to increase or decrease the transmit power
depending on the received TPC command and specified power control algorithm.
Uplink inner loop power control algorithms
 Algorithm 1: the transmit power of sender can be adjusted in every timeslot. Each
timeslot, the receiver judges, whether to increase or decrease the transmit power of the
sender depending on the received TPC command. 
o Suppose the TPCs of all radio link sets are 1, then TPC_cmd=1 (increase
transmit power). Suppose one TPC coming from any radio link set is 0, then TPC_cmd=-
1 (decrease transmit power). 
 Algorithm 2: the transmit power of sender is adjusted once every five timeslots. 
o Transmit power is not adjusted in the first four timeslots (TPC_cmd=0).
When the TPC command of the 5th timeslot is received, TPC_cmd=1 if all five received
TPC commands are 1， TPC_cmd=-1 if all five received TPC commands are 0，
TPC_cmd=0 in other cases.
 Algorithm 1 is to perform inner loop power control at each timeslot, while
algorithm 2 is to perform inner loop power control only once every five timeslots. That is,
the frequency is higher to perform inner loop power control in algorithm 1, When the
environment of mobile communication is quite unfavourable and the channel fades very
quickly, algorithm 1 helps the transmit power to converge fast to meet the service quality
requirement. 
 With algorithm 2, the inner loop power control is performed every five timeslots,
that is, the frequency is lower to perform inner loop power control in algorithm 2. So
algorithm 2 is applicable when the environment of mobile environment is quite
favourable and the channel fades slowly or hardly fade.
Downlink Inner Loop Power Control
 Algorithm 1: UE sends a TPC command at each timeslot. The UTRAN adjusts
the transmit power at each timeslot according to the TPC command. 
 Algorithm 2: UE sends a TPC command for three timeslots. The UTRAN adjusts
the transmit power once every three timeslots according to the TPC command. 
 Algorithm 1 is for fast channel fading and Algorithm 2 for slow channel fading.
Uplink Outer Loop Power Control
 The initial SIRTarget value is determined upon service access, and produce the
decision command by the quality information that is obtained from the measurement
report. If adjustment is necessary, SIRTarget is adjusted slowly and is used to notify
NodeB. NodeB compares the SIR in the dedicated measurement report with the latest
SIRTarget and makes the single link SIR approach to SIRTarget through inner loop
power control. In this way, the service quality will not fluctuate drastically in a changing
radio environment.
Uplink Outer Loop Power Control algorithms
 Principle for increase: When the tolerance BLER period (BLERAccpPeriod) has
not expired yet, but the number error blocks has already exceeded the error transport
block number threshold (ErrorThresh), now increase SIRTarget. 
 Principle for decrease: When the error block tolerance counter is no less than the
tolerance BLER period (BLERAccpPeriod). 
o Decrease SIRTarget if now the received number of error blocks is less
than the error transport block number threshold (ErrorThresh). 
o Keep the SIRTarget same if now the received number of error blocks
equals to the error transport block number threshold (ErrorThresh).
Downlink Outer Loop Power Control
The downlink outer loop power control is realized in the UE. RNC provides BLERtarget
to UE.
Control Part Gain Factor
HSDPA Power Control
Total Power Allocation of HSDPA

Static allocation by RNC

 Count beforehand the average data throughput in a related area, and estimate
the number of HS-PDSCHs to be configured and needed power. 
 Configure the percentage of power occupied by HSDPA: HspaPwrRatio in
OMCR. 
 If the resource has to be reallocated due to changes in the average data
throughput in this area, make the configuration in OMCR again and notify Node B.
Dynamic allocation by RNC
 Initial HS-PDSCH and HS-SCCH total power (HspaPwrRatio) are configured in
OMCR according to the number of physical HS-PDSCH+HS-SCCH channels configured
for the cell. 
 HspaPwrRatio is adjusted dynamically along with the power occupation ratio by
non-HSDPA and HS-DSCH users. 
 HspaPwrRatio is dynamically adjusted when the HSDPA resource congestion
occurs. 
 The overload control module triggers HspaPwrRatio to decrease in the event of
overload. 
 When there is no HS-DSCH user, HspaPwrRatio can only be decreased along
with the power change of non-HS. 
Dynamic Power Adjustment for HSDPA and DPCH

Free allocation of Node B

Free power allocation is determined by algorithm of Node B based on available power,
service priority and QoS. RNC should have the allowed available power of HSDPA
configured as 100%.

HS-DPCCH ACK Power Offset for Single Radio Link or

Intra-Node B Handover
HS-DPCCH NACK Power Offset for Single Radio Link or
Intra-Node B Handover

HS-DPCCH CQI Power Offset for Single Radio Link or

Intra-Node B Handover

HS-DPCCH ACK Power Offset for Inter-Node B

Handover
HS-DPCCH NACK Power Offset for Inter-Node B
Handover

HS-DPCCH CQI Power Offset for Inter-Node B

Handover
Pending Times Threshold for Power Balance Between
DPCH and HSDPA

HSPA Total Downlink Power Allocation Method

HSPA Total Downlink Power

Minimum HSPA Total Downlink Power

Maximum HSPA Total Downlink Power