Capcity Cpich

Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181

Vol. 7 Issue 03, March-2018
Common Pilot Channel Power Control for UMTS

Cellular Networks Traffic Load Balancing based
on Fuzzy Logic Control
Jane M. Mutua George N. Nyakoe Vitalice K. Oduol
Department of Telecommunication Department of Telecommunication and Department of Electrical and
Engineering Information Systems Information Engineering
PAUSTI JKUAT University of Nairobi (UoN),
Nairobi, Kenya Nairobi, Kenya Nairobi, Kenya
Abstract—Network congestion control remains important and WCDMA system are mutually dependent [2]. In other words,
of high priority, especially given the growing size, demand, and when one of these factors undergoes a change, the other factors
speed of cellular networks. Recent research in this area has come are affected. The operator can trade quality against cj3overage,
up with Capacity and Coverage Optimization techniques based on capacity against quality, but the amount of resources does not
Self Organizing Networks (SONs). A major issue tackled by SONs change, it is only redistributed. For example, to extend the
is the irregular and frequently changing distribution of cellular coverage of a cell, it is required to either offer less capacity or
subscribers both in time and area. As existing network decrease the quality requirements, or both. In order to increase
technologies continue to evolve, more and more tunable the capacity, it is necessary to shrink the coverage or decrease
parameters and various customizations are being introduced. the quality requirements, or both.
This has resulted in a rise in complexity that is making traditional
manual optimization challenging. On the other hand, even though A. Capacity Planning
current Self-Organizing Networks (SON) focus is on Long Term Capacity Planning is essential in wideband code division
Evolution (LTE) and beyond, legacy networks such as 3G are multiple access (WCDMA) radio access networks (RAN) so as
adopting different SON based solutions to address the above to evaluate the optimal site configuration in terms of pilot and
mentioned challenges in other radio access network (RAN) types. common control channel powers, throughput, and the soft
In this paper the problem of capacity optimization in 3G handover parameter [3],[4]. The objective for capacity
Cellular Networks is addressed using Rule-Based Fuzzy Logic to planning is to support the subscriber traffic with acceptable
control the CPICH power and as a result improve the cell low blocking and latency. The capacity of a cell affects the
capacity. One of the reasons for choosing Fuzzy Logic Controllers coverage of the cell. The cell breathes as the amount of users
(FLC) is its logical resemblance to a human operator. It operates varies. To keep the quality of services in suitable levels,
on the foundations of a knowledge base derived from an expert admission control, packet scheduling, and handover
operator’s knowledge. The autonomous operation is aimed at mechanisms are used. The importance of capacity increases
reducing the frequent attention and effort required by a radio when the network expands and the amount of traffic grows.
optimization engineer to carry out capacity optimization tasks Each cell should be loaded relatively equally and in a way that
which are currently done mostly manually. The FLC will be there is room for future growth. Automated optimization
involved in the detection of high load 3G cells that do not have algorithms are required to perform the radio network
enough cell resources available and could benefit from CPICH optimization process quickly and efficiently, with minimal
power adjustment as a radio optimization engineer would cost, time and effort contribution [2].
normally do manually. Simulation results show that the CPICH
The cell capacity requires frequent attention by the radio
power control system based on fuzzy achieves a significant
optimization engineer due to the constantly shifting traffic
improvement in the Downlink cell utilization which in turn
patterns as subscribers are added to the network [5]. Specific
improves the cell performance compared to a constant CPICH
considerations for capacity optimization include difference in
power system.
the capacity requirements between peak and off-peak hours of
the day. Therefore, this requires more frequent changes in the
Keywords—Capacity, Common Pilot Channel (CPICH), Fuzzy
Logic, Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA);
network, e.g. several times a day to address moving patterns
and varying user concentrations, and are quite complex as they
I. INTRODUCTION require learning and pattern recognition algorithms. Due to the
Network congestion control remains important and of high complexity and expense of optimizing network coverage and
priority, especially given the accelerated growth in size and capacity manually, particularly as network operations and
demand of cellular networks [1]. This is where the need for an performance management for data networks such as 3G get
intelligent capacity optimization algorithm becomes apparent. cumbersome, fuzzy logic is a good candidate for automated
The 3G network Wideband Code Division Multiple Access processing because of its logical resemblance to a human
(WCDMA) system is a self-interfering system. As the Network operator [6].
load increases, the interference rises thereby negatively B. Network Parameters
impacting the quality of service and the coverage of cells.
There exist numerous configurable base station parameters that
Therefore, the capacity, coverage, and quality of service of the
the network operator can modify to influence the coverage and
IJERTV7IS030056 www.ijert.org 76
(This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)
capacity for example antenna settings such as azimuth, height 2) Frequency Spectrum and Frequency Reuse
and tilt, CPICH power and handover parameters [7]. The available frequency spectrum is a crucial factor in
determining the capacity of a 3G cellular system. To reduce the
1) Common Pilot Channel Power Control
co-channel interference, second generation cellular networks
In radio access networks (RAN) using wideband code division like GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) split
multiple access (WCDMA), the common pilot channel the available frequency spectrum among the cells to have
(CPICH) is used by the user equipment for channel quality distinct frequencies in the adjacent cells. This allows the
estimation, cell selection, and handover [1]. The CPICH signal possibility of dynamic spectrum allocation to the cells to match
strength determines the coverage area of the cell, affects the the traffic dynamics. However, 3G cellular networks are
cell capacity, and in addition the quality of service, and is frequency-re-use-1 systems, meaning they use the complete
therefore a crucial parameter in radio network planning and available spectrum in each cell, to increase the spectrum
optimization [5]. The CPICH pilot power allows for control of utilization [12]. Therefore in these networks, dynamic capacity
the strength of the CPICH signal such that the more power is enhancement in a cell by spectrum allocation is not a feasible
set for the pilot signals, the better coverage is obtained. The solution.
optimal setting of CPICH power requires overcoming several
challenges such as the coverage-capacity-quality tradeoff, 3) Base Station Density
ensuring adequate handover performance, controlling the The densification of Base Transmitter Stations (BTS), such
amount of interference in the network and balancing the load that the interference remains under a certain limit can provide
among neighbor cells [8],[9]. significant gains in network coverage and capacity. However,
A conventional strategy is to uniformly assign a constant BTSs cannot be deployed at arbitrary places. Due to legal
proportion, typically 10-15%, of the total cell power to CPICH obligations and cost, they can only be deployed at some
[2]. Although convenient, this strategy may be inefficient in carefully selected places. Moreover, financial and timing
traffic varying cells. It has been shown in previous research constrains also make this option feasible to cater for the long
that adopting non-uniform CPICH and optimizing its power term coverage and capacity upgrades only.
setting can save CPICH power [3],[4] and balance cell load 4) Sectorization
[7],[8]. Whereas power saving on CPICH may not be a crucial The BTS coverage can be divided into multiple sectors using
aspect to the power-controlled voice traffic, it is of great directional antennas [12]. Unlike Omni-directional antennas,
significance to data traffic. Moreover, reducing the CPICH directional antennas radiate the transmitted signals in a
power enables additional power saving on some of the other particular direction and therefore can increase the capacity of
common control channels, of which the power is typically set the network by reducing the interference in other directions. In
in proportion to that of CPICH. traditional networks the number of sectors each BTS has, is
While setting the CPICH power level the first challenge we decided at the planning phase. As it requires site visit and
meet is a coverage-capacity tradeoff; this tradeoff rises such hardware upgrades to change the sectorization configuration, it
that the higher the CPICH power the bigger the coverage, can only be done over large periods of time.
while the lower the CPICH power allows more power to be 5) Antenna Azimuth
used by traffic channels. For this project the CPICH power is Antenna azimuth is defined as the angle of main beam of a
optimized in such a way that the Cell coverage is reduced directional antenna w.r.t. the North Pole in the horizontal
when a high cell load is detected by reducing the CPICH direction. It can be used to steer the antenna radiation pattern
power. When a low load cell is detected the CPICH power is and to reduce the interference to the adjacent cells. If the
increased causing an increase in the Cell coverage hence adjacent antennas point towards each other they produce more
ensuring the cell is well utilized. interference compared to if they are directed away from each
Due to its significant impact on 3G cellular networks, CPICH other. The value of azimuth is normally influenced by the
power optimization has been the subject of various studies. In relative positions of the adjacent BS and the targeted coverage
[5] for example, the authors presented a self-optimization areas. Therefore, the possibility of dynamic capacity
based algorithm for tuning the CPICH pilot power which when enhancements by antenna azimuth adaptation are limited [13].
running automatically, the algorithm can be used to 6) Antenna Height
autonomously control the pilot power and load balance traffic Antenna height of the BSs also influences the received signal
in the network and when scheduled or triggered manually, the strengths in its coverage area. Higher the antenna height is,
algorithm can also be used to optimize the network capacity in further the radio signals can propagate and therefore larger is
clusters expecting a surge in during a certain time for example the coverage area. However, its value is fixed at the planning
at a stadium during a match. The study in [10] presented a phase and it is extremely difficult to modify it dynamically.
model and algorithm for antenna tilt and pilot power
optimization for load balancing aimed at maximizing system 7) Antenna Tilt
capacity while [11] presented a rule-based parametric Antenna tilt is defined as the elevation angle of the main lobe
algorithm for common pilot channel and antenna tilt of the antenna radiation pattern relative to the horizontal plane.
optimization in UMTS FDD Networks. While these studies If the main lobe moves towards the earth it is known as
provided a good foundation for this, they focused on the downtilt and if it moves away it is known as uptilt. Higher
various mathematical approaches with no practical end to end antenna downtilts move the main lobe closer to the BTS and
completeness and the authors did not address challenges with vice versa. Therefore, the antenna tilt value has a strong
efficiency and manual operations in their solutions. influence on the effective coverage area of the cell. Moreover,
with relatively close direction of the main lobe to the BS the
received signal strengths in own cell improves and the
interference to neighboring cells reduces [14]. This improves

the signal to interference plus noise (SINR) ratio for the mobile
terminals and the network capacity increases. Therefore,
antenna tilt can be used to alter both coverage and capacity of
the network at the same time [15]-[17].
8) Handover for load balancing
In a cellular network, load balancing can also be performed by
shifting traffic between neighboring cells. Handover (HO) is
the process of transferring a call which is in progress from one
channel to another. It consists of three main phases:
measurement phase, decision phase and execution phase. By
adjusting HO parameters settings, the size of a cell can be
modified to send users from the current cell to neighboring
cells [18, 19]. Thus, the coverage area of the cell with high
congestion can be reduced and that of neighboring cells take up
traffic from the congested cell edge and as a result of a more
even traffic distribution, the call blocking probability in the Fig. 1. Dynamic power resource allocation
congested cell decreases [20]. Several studies in handover for
load balancing have been done. In [21], a real time traffic Downlink power resources are allocated as follows:
balancing in cellular network by multi-criteria handoff
algorithm using fuzzy logic for GERAN is presented. An 1. Downlink power resources are first reserved for Common
algorithm to decide the balancing of the load between LTE, Control physical channels and allocated to the Dedicated
UMTS and GSM is presented in [22]. The load balancing and Physical Channel. The remaining power resources are
handover optimization functions may be used to improve the available for Data traffic.
network performance and a conflict may arise when both 2. The Data power resources are first allocated to the high
functions attempt to adjust the same parameters at the same speed uplink packet access (HSUPA) downlink control
time. In [23] coordination algorithm of both functions is
channels while the remaining power resources are
proposed with and aim to avoid the situation in which a
parameter is simultaneously increased by both functions, allocated for high speed downlink packet access
achieving extreme values that may negatively affect network (HSDPA).
performance. 3. The HSDPA power resources are first allocated to the
downlink control channel high-speed shared control
II. METHODOLOGY
channel (HS-SCCH) while the remaining power resources
A fuzzy logic controller was designed and simulated in Mat are allocated for the traffic channel high-speed physical
lab. The FLC was involved in the detection of high load 3G
downlink shared channel (HS-PDSCH).
cells that do not have enough cell resources available and could
Downlink power consumption is related to cell coverage, user
benefit from CPICH power adjustment as a radio optimization
equipment (UE) locations, and the traffic load in the cell. Large
engineer would normally do manually. The FLC was designed
cell coverage, UEs being physically far away from the cell
with 3 inputs which are the downlink cell load, received total
center, and heavy traffic load all contribute to large downlink
wideband power (RTWP) and the neighboring cells’ load. The
power consumption. Therefore, downlink power overload is
output of the FLC was the CPICH power setting which would
more likely to occur in hotspots or in cells with large coverage.
determine whether to increase or decrease the coverage
footprint of the cell hence influencing the cell downlink power When the Downlink transmit power is insufficient, the
utilization. following occurs:
C. Downlink Cell Load 1. The data throughput decreases.
The downlink cell capacity is limited by its total available 2. The service quality declines.
transmit cell power, which is determined by the NodeB RF 3. New user service requests are likely to be rejected.
module capability and the maximum output power configured
for the cell. The proportion between voice and data traffic D. Uplink Interference (RTWP)
varies all the time. The capacity left over from Voice traffic is The WCDMA system is limited by interference (the less
reserved for the best effort data traffic. The overall goal is to interference there is, the more capacity the system can offer to
provide as much capacity as possible to the users. the users). Every user equipment (UE) accessing the network
generates a signal which, from the point of view of the base
The downlink transmit power consists of the following, as transceiver station (BTS), increases interference in the system.
shown in fig. 1: At the same time, the capacity of a WCDMA system is
1. Common channel (CCH) power proportional to the level of interference in the system. The less
2. Non- high speed packet access (HSPA) power-Voice interference there is, the more capacity the system can offer.
3. HSPA power-Data traffic The relationship between the rise over thermal (RoT) and the
uplink load factor is as indicated in fig. 2 below:
4. Power margin
Fig. 2. Relationship between RTWP, noise increase, and uplink load

Fig. 4. Hourly Downlink Cell Load and Call Setup Success Rate for Cell A
E. Neighbour cells’ load
The Neighbor cells’ load as shown in fig 3 below; is factored
so as to prevent traffic steering to high loaded cells and the
pilot power adjustment is not adjusted when neighbor cell is
already overloaded. As illustrated below the serving cell is
highly loaded same applies to the neighboring cells. Therefore
in this case it wouldn’t be advisable to ramp down the CPICH
power of the current serving cell as the traffic would be off-
loaded to an already overloaded cell therefore negatively
impacting further on the cell quality.
Fig. 5. Hourly Downlink Cell Utilization for Cell A and Cell B
Increasing pilot power makes the cell bigger while reducing

pilot power makes the cell smaller. Therefore, pilot power can
be used as a tool for traffic load balancing among cells. For
this study we shall consider a network of six cells as in Fig. 6.
Cells before pilot power adjustment are as shown. The cell
experiencing excessive load is represented in red color while
green cells represent cells with normal load. The intersection
between the red and green cell on Fig. 6(a) represents an area
which is receiving pilot power greater or equal to a given
Fig. 3. Neighbor cells’ load threshold from more than one cell. Fig. 6(b) shows the cells
after pilot power adjustment on cell A during which the CPICH
A 3G network cell was identified (Cell A) whose Downlink power is reduced and hence reducing the cell coverage. The
Cell Load and Call Setup Success Rate are as shown in fig 4 yellow cells represent load after redistribution.
below. As the cell load increases, the quality of the cell
degrades and it has poor call set up success rate. The Overall
goal is to balance the load between neighboring cells therefore
improving the performance of the cell with congestion issues.
Fig.5 below shows the Hourly Downlink Cell load for two Cell Cell
neighboring cells A and B. It can be seen that Cell A has so
much load especially in the busy hour as compared to cell B.
Therefore, Cell A load can be relieved by handing over some Cell Cell
of its traffic to Cell B.
(a) (b)
Fig. 6. Network cells with different cell loading
III. DEVELOPMENT OF FUZZY LOGIC Table 3: Neighbor cells’ load fuzzy set
CONTROLLER FOR CPICH POWER OPTIMIZATION Fuzzy set or label Set Description
The CPICH power of a cell was controlled based on Fuzzy NLL: Neighbour Low The Neighbor cells’ load is very low as
rules based on the downlink cell utilization. First a FLC was Load compared to the desired value
designed on Mat lab with 3 inputs which are the Downlink cell NNL: Neighbour The Neighbor cells’ load is in the normal
Normal Load range
load, Received Total Wideband Power (RTWP); Interference
in the cell and the neighboring cells’ load. The output of the NHL: Neighbour High The Neighbor cells’ load is very high as
Load compared to the desired value
FLC will be the CPICH power setting which will determine
whether to increase or decrease the coverage footprint of the
cell hence influencing the cell DL power utilization. Secondly The output linguistic variables are given Table 3-4 below:
the effect of varying the CPICH power on the downlink cell Table 4: CPICH Power fuzzy set
utilization based on fuzzy logic was investigated. The proposed
Fuzzy set or label Set Description
FLC based cell capacity enhancement approach was then
evaluated through a comparison with a cell with constant NLC: Negative Large CPICH power to be large in the negative
CPICH Power direction
proportion CPICH power. It was expected that the cell would NSC: Negative Small CPICH power to be small in the negative
be utilized better with FLC in place as would be shown by the CPICH Power direction
Key Performance Indicator (KPI) monitoring tool. There were CPICH power to be around the normal
ZC: Zero CPICH Power
also expected gains on the data speeds in bits/sec at peak hours value
of the day. PSC: Positive Small CPICH power to be small in the positive
CPICH Power direction
In the proposed algorithm the range of the Downlink cell load PLC: Positive Large CPICH power to be large in the positive
is taken to be 0% to 100%, the RTWP varies from -110 dBm to CPICH Power direction
-70 d m and the neighboring cells’ load ranges from 0% to
100%. The CPICH power setting was from 30dBm to 36dBm. Fig. 7 to 10 show the fuzzy input variable for Downlink cell
For system simulation Mamdani Fuzzy Inference system was load, RTWP, the neighboring cells’ load and CPICH power
used due to fact that the method is well suited to human input setting respectively. Each of the fuzzy input variables has
and the nature of wireless networks is nonlinear. Fuzzy subsets which are mapped to the corresponding membership
inference gathers the input values of Downlink Cell Load, functions. The membership functions define how each point in
Uplink Interference and Neighbor cells’ load fuzzy set as crisp the input space is mapped to a membership value between 0
inputs and then evaluates them according to the fuzzy rules and 1. The Gaussian type membership function was chosen for
base. The composed and aggregated output of rules evaluation the inputs and outputs because it represents the nonlinear
was defuzzified using the centroid of area method and crisp nature of the problem in a better way than triangular or
output is obtained. trapezoidal membership functions. Furthermore, the triangular
The input linguistic variables were chosen as in Table 1 to and trapezoidal membership functions contain discontinuities
Table 3 below: in their derivatives, which can result in abrupt changes in the
output of the controller. The membership functions for the
downlink cell load and uplink interference were made denser at
Table 1: Downlink Cell Load fuzzy set the center in order to provide more sensitivity. 75 IF-THEN
Fuzzy set or label Set Description rules provide knowledge to the system and decide whether to
VLL: Very Low The load is very low as compared to the desired increase or decrease the output CPICH power of the cell. These
Load value rules very much resemble the human thought process, thereby
MLL: Medium Low
The load is low but close to the desired value
providing artificial intelligence to the system.
Load
NL: Normal Load The load is in the normal range
MHL: Medium High
The load is high but close to the desired value
Load
VHL: Very High The load is very high as compared to the desired
Load value
Table 2: Uplink Interference fuzzy set

Fuzzy set or label Set Description
VWI: Very Weak
The cell has very weak interference
Interference
MWI: Medium Weak
The cell has medium weak interference
Interference
The cell interference is within the
ZI: Zero Interference
acceptable levels
Fig. 7. Membership function for Downlink cell load
MSI: Medium Strong
The cell has medium strong interference
Interference
VSI: Very Strong The cell has very strong interference (very
Interference poor quality)
The constant CPICH power 𝑃𝐶𝑃𝐼𝐶𝐻 (𝑑𝐵𝑚) for the cell is

33dBm. The power conversion of dBm to watts is given by the
formula:
𝑃𝐶𝑃𝐼𝐶𝐻 (𝑊) = 1𝑊. 10(𝑃𝐶𝑃𝐼𝐶𝐻(𝑑𝐵𝑚)⁄10) ⁄1000 (2)
The calculation for the Downlink cell load with fuzzy at any
𝑖
time 𝑖 in percentage (𝐷𝐹𝑢𝑧𝑧𝑦 𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙 (%)) will be given by the
equation below;
𝑖 𝑖
𝐷𝐹𝑢𝑧𝑧𝑦 𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙 (%) = {(𝐷𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙 (%) − 10)
Fig. 8. Membership function for RTWP (Interference in the cell)
10(Fuzzy CPICH(𝑑𝐵𝑚)⁄10) ⁄1000
× }
10(33)⁄10) ⁄1000
10(Fuzzy CPICH(𝑑𝐵𝑚)⁄10) ⁄1000
+{
10(43)⁄10) ⁄1000
× 100} (3)
𝑖
Where 𝐷𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙 (%) is the Downlink cell load and
Fuzzy CPICH(𝑑𝐵𝑚) is the output of the Fuzzy logic controller
F. Effect of varying the CPICH power on the downlink cell

Fig. 9. Membership function for neighboring cells’ load
utilization
Fig. 11. below shows the normal utilization trend of a cell with
a constant CPICH power assigned. It can be seen that the
CPICH power is constant at 33dBm, that is, 10% of the total
downlink cell power. The downlink cell utilization varies
throughout the day depending on the traffic. As seen from the
figure in the wee hours of the night i.e. 4am the cell utilization
is very low at 20%. As the day progresses, the downlink cell
utilization increases and at 9pm the cell utilization is at the
highest at 96%. As stated before this will have an impact on
the data throughput as the data only utilizes the remaining
power on sharing mode among all the users. It therefore shows
that there is a need for better utilization of the cell.
Fig. 10. Membership function for CPICH power setting
An example of the of the IF-THEN rules include;

1. If Downlink Load is VLL and interference is VWI and
Neighbour cells’ load is NLL then CPICH power is PLC
2. If Downlink Load is VLL and interference is MWI and
3. If Downlink Load is VLL and interference is ZI and
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In the network scenario, we used 2 base stations with 3-sector
antennas thus comprising 6 cells. The calculation for the
Downlink cell load without fuzzy at any time 𝑖 in percentage
𝑖
(𝐷𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙 (%)) will be given by the equation below;
Fig. 11. Normal Downlink Cell Utilization and CPICH power
𝑖
𝑖
10(𝑃𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙(𝑑𝐵𝑚)⁄10) ⁄1000
𝐷𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙 (%) = × 100 (1)
10(43)⁄10) ⁄1000
𝑖
Where 𝑃𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙 (𝑑𝐵𝑚) is the Cell Utilization in dBm.
G. Evaluation of the CPICH Power optimization based on

Fuzzy Logic Controller
The evaluation of the performance of the CPICH power
control system based on fuzzy logic was done through 2
metrics. These were the cell’s call setup success rate
(CSSR) and finally a comparison of the downlink cell
utilization with and without fuzzy control was done.
Fig 14 below shows the call setup success rate (CSSR) trend
before and after the CPICH pilot power control using fuzzy
logic. There was a great improvement especially in the peak
hours when there was a dip as below as 38.5% previously
improving to 88.5%. This indicates over 100% improvement in
this KPI during the peak hour.
Fig. 12. Fuzzy logic optimized Downlink cell utilization and CPICH power
Fig. 12 above shows the Downlink cell utilization trend of a

cell after fuzzy logic has been applied to vary the CPICH
power. In this case the CPICH power is no longer constant at
33dBm but varied from a high of 36dBm, that is, 20% of the
total cell power to a low of 30dBm, that is, 5% of the cell
power. Also the cell load utilization is seen to be better as the
wee hours of the night carry more traffic than before as the
CPICH power was increased, hence increasing the cell
coverage footprint and the cell traffic. Better data speeds at the
busy hour are achieved as the cell utilization is now lower.
Fig. 14. Comparison of the Downlink Cell load with and without fuzzy logic
control
Fig. 15 below shows the comparison of the Downlink cell
utilization trend of a cell with and without fuzzy logic control
being applied to vary the CPICH power. It can be seen that the
Downlink cell utilization with fuzzy is better that without
fuzzy. In the off peak hours of the day, that is, from midnight
to mid-day the cell without fuzzy was very low utilized but
after the application of fuzzy logic control the traffic increased
and the cell is more efficiently utilized. In the peak hours of the
day, that if, between 7pm and 10pm the cell was over utilized
resulting to poor experience but after fuzzy logic is applied the
cell has optimal utilization after the decrease in the CPICH
Fig. 13. Hourly Downlink Cell Utilization for Cell A and Cell B after CPICH
power control using fuzzy logic
power resulting to a lower traffic.
Fig. 13 above shows the hourly downlink cell utilization for

cell A and cell B after the CPICH pilot power adjustment of
cell A was done using fuzzy logic. The adjustment of the
CPICH pilot power in cell A especially in the busy hours when
the cell has excessive load resulted in the excessive traffic
being steered to cell B which has less traffic during that time.
Therefore it can be concluded that the tuning of the CPICH
power has a great impact on the downlink cell utilization
largely due to the impact the tuning of the CPICH power has
on the cell coverage area. Fuzzy logic control was successfully
used to automatically control the CPICH power and improved
the downlink cell load. In addition it was found that the CPICH
power tuning has a large impact on the downlink cell
utilization and it can be used to mitigate the load imbalance
between neighbouring cells by changing the coverage area of
Fig. 15. Comparison of the Downlink Cell load with and without fuzzy logic
the cells. control
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Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)

http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181

Common Pilot Channel Power Control for UMTS

interference to neighboring cells reduces [14]. This improves

Fig. 2. Relationship between RTWP, noise increase, and uplink load

Fig. 5. Hourly Downlink Cell Utilization for Cell A and Cell B

Increasing pilot power makes the cell bigger while reducing

Fig. 6. Network cells with different cell loading

Table 2: Uplink Interference fuzzy set

The constant CPICH power 𝑃𝐶𝑃𝐼𝐶𝐻 (𝑑𝐵𝑚) for the cell is

F. Effect of varying the CPICH power on the downlink cell

Fig. 10. Membership function for CPICH power setting

An example of the of the IF-THEN rules include;

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

G. Evaluation of the CPICH Power optimization based on

Fig. 12 above shows the Downlink cell utilization trend of a

Fig. 13 above shows the hourly downlink cell utilization for

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