31/07/2017 IBO 2016 Apollo

Q10
INDUSTRIAL MELANISM
The light-coloured form of the English peppered moth (Biston betularia) was replaced by a melanic (dark)
form, as camouflaging lichens disappeared due to pollution during the industrial revolution. Clean air, lichens
and light moths have now returned.
To discover the genetic basis of this, hundreds of moths were genotyped and haplotypes were determined.
Melanism was due to a dominant mutation in the cortex gene. Cortex mRNA is cut (spliced) into two forms,
Cortex-1A and Cortex-1B. Cortex mRNA abundance was measured.

Cortex 1A Expression Cortex 1B Expression

Homozygous melanic
Heterozygous
Homozygous light

Early Late Early Late

True False
There is a greater diversity of haplotypes in the population close to the melanic cortex allele, than
further away.
Cortex-1A is more likely to be driving melanism than Cortex-1B.
The expression data are consistent with the melanic phenotype being dominant.
The light form has reappeared because of back-mutation (reversion).

https://pdfgen.iboexams.org/html?examId=6f074dc5e05d10461e245548&languageId=bgECWtzpp3swWoTxR 55/55
ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

Q11

50%
70%
90%
A
70% B
30%
50%

10%
50%
10%

10% 80%

47 sur 58 2/12/2015 16:14

Q12

42 sur 58 2/12/2015 16:14

0.5 xn 0.5 xn

xn 0.25 xn

0.125 xn

Figure Q.90

Studying the pedigrees and indicate in the answer sheet if each of the following
statements is true or false.
A. The disorder in pedigree 1 is most likely caused by a recessive allele.
B. Person III2 and III7 in pedigree 2 have the same genotype.
C. Pedigree 3 shows the inheritance of the disorder can be caused by a recessive
allele on X-chromosome.
D. If the affected man and his unaffected wife in pedigree 4 have a son then the
probability of this son be affected is 0.125.

47/57
Q.91
Q14
Polymorphic DNA sequences are widely used for molecular identification. Short
tandem repeat (STR) is composed of multiple repeats of 2-8 nucleotides flanked by
two conserved sequences. Each STR locus normally has more than two alleles. Single
nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is a variation at a single position in a DNA sequence
among individuals. Each SNP usually has only two alleles. Seven individuals were
genotyped for two autosomal and two mitochondrial (mtDNA) SNPs, two autosomal
and two Y-linked (NRY) STRs (Table Q.91).

Autosomes NRY mtDNA

Individuals

Table Q.91

Indicate in the answer sheet if each of the following statements is true or false.
A. If the same number of SNPs or STRs are used, SNPs are better than STRs
for distinguishing individuals.
B. Ind_6 is more likely a child of Ind_2 and Ind_5 than Ind_3 is.
C. Ind_4 is possibly a brother of Ind_6.
D. It is possible that Ind_7 is a granddaughter of Ind_1 and Ind_6.

48/57
GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
Q15
Q.84
An organism has four genes, A, B, C and D with two alleles each. An individual
heterozygous for these genes was bred with one that is homozygous recessive. The
cross produced 3288 offspring with phenotypes shown in the table below:
Phenotypes Number of individuals
ABCD 675
ABCd 83
ABcD 1
ABcd 74
AbCD 73
AbCd 1
AbcD 84
Abcd 670
aBCD 655
aBCd 86
aBcD 1
aBcd 73
abCD 71
abCd 1
abcD 87
abcd 653

Indicate in the answer sheet if each of the following statements is true or false.
A. The four loci are genetically linked.
B. The distance between gene B and gene D is 9 cM.
C. The distance between gene D and gene C is 10.5 cM.
D. Interference happened with a value less than 0.25. Interference = 1-(observed
frequency of double crossover/expected frequency of double crossover).

41/57
31/07/2017 IBO 2016 Apollo

Q16
MENDELIAN RANDOMISATION
Sir Richard Doll (1912-2005) invented statistical methods to prove smoking causes human disease. Mendelian
randomisation was invented to investigate more subtle behaviours, such as the health impacts of alcohol (1) and
high density lipoproteins (HDLs; ‘good’ cholesterol) (2). An underlying genotype, inferred to cause
a behaviour, is identified, and its correlation with disease is assessed. White British people were recruited for
this study.

1 Risk of cardiovascular disease

0
aa aA AA aa aA AA
Genotype
2 Risk of cardiovascular disease
Blood HDL concentration

bb bB BB bb bB BB
Genotype

True False
Compared to not drinking any alcohol, consuming small amounts of alcohol is beneficial to health.
Drugs which raise HDL are expected to reduce cardiovascular disease.
If people with the genotype aa, who happen to consume no alcohol for religious reasons, have a
high risk of cardiovascular disease, it should be concluded alcohol contributes to disease directly.
If the allele a is found to be more common in Scotland, and A in Wales, the conclusions of a UK
wide study will be strengthened.

https://pdfgen.iboexams.org/html?examId=d88452958594ca7c1ec9d9b8&languageId=bgECWtzpp3swWoTxR&includeSolutions=1 49/57
31/07/2017 IBO 2016 Apollo

Q17
EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS
Charles Darwin’s (1809-1882) discovery was united with Mendelian genetics by Sir Ronald Fisher (1890-1962)
and John Haldane (1892-1964). Equations then allowed biologists to predict evolution, including the evolution
of complex traits like behaviour, and quantitative traits like height.

Symbol Definition
r The relatedness of two individuals
ni The number of alleles the two related individuals share
np The number of alleles shared on average between two members of the population
Nt The total number of alleles in the genome
w Inclusive fitness
Direct fitness: the number of offspring an individual has, multiplied by the relatedness (r) of each of
D
those offspring to the individual.
Indirect fitness: the number of offspring an individual's relative has, multiplied by the relatedness (r)
I
of each of those offspring to the individual.
C The cost an individual's behaviour has to the number of offspring that it can produce.
B The benefit an individual's behaviour has to the number of offspring that a relative can produce.
Genetic value of an individual: the value a quantitative trait would have, if no environmental
g
influences acted on it.
Δs The change, between generations, due to natural selection.
βw,g The correlation between fitness (w) and genetic value (g).
var(g) The variance in genetic value (g) in a population
Rule for adaptive behaviours/traits Equation
Relatedness r = (ni - np) / Nt
Inclusive fitness w=D+I
Hamilton's rule C<rB
Price equation Δs g = βw,g var(g)

True False
Spiteful behaviours (cost to the actor and recipient) exist when actors are more related to recipients
than expected by chance.
These equations predict alleles exist which produce a recognisable trait (e.g. appearance or
pheromones) and also cause altruism towards unrelated individuals with that trait.
These equations predict stress responses in some organisms include purposeful increases in
mutation rate.
Naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber) colonies of many adults, with a single breeding pair, can
be explained by inclusive fitness.
Natural selection acts more quickly when aphids are in their sexual lifecycle, than asexual lifecycle.

https://pdfgen.iboexams.org/html?examId=6f074dc5e05d10461e245548&languageId=bgECWtzpp3swWoTxR 53/55