FIRE WATER DEMAND

• Process Area
• Tankage
• Jetty
FIRE WATER DEMAND

Purpose: to determine the maximum required fire water demand

Assumption:
only single major fire at a time in fire zone.

Fire Zone:
• Process area  all
equipment separated by
pipe rack, roads or
distance of at 15 m.
• Storage tank  one tank
• Building  independent
room

Fire Water Demand = Fixed protection system + Manual fire fighting

(sprinkler, water spray) (Hose, nozzle, monitor)
PROCESS AREA

Process unit block:

• One process unit block 4.1 liter/min per m²
• High density - stacked equipment 8.2 liter/min per m²

One process unit

High density process equipment

Water cooling
TANKAGE

Atmospheric storage tank

• one tank is on fire
• For full surface fire, additional fire water is required to cool
adjacent tanks within one burning tank diameter at rate not less
than 4.1 liter/min/m² of fire exposed area.
• Total fire water demand: cooling + foam system

Tank fire
Tank Collapse
JETTY

Jetty:
• Handling ships < 20,000 tonnes deadweight and < 1 ship / week
minimum 100 m3/hr

• Handling ships < 50,000 tonnes deadweight or > one ship/week

of < 20,000 tonnes deadweight minimum 350 m3/h

• Handling ships > 50,000 tonnes minimum 700 m3/hr

• Wharf and sea island berth is treated same as jetty

FIRE WATER APPARATUS

• Fire Water Source

• Pump
• Fire Water Main
• Isolation Valve
• Hydrant
• Monitor
• Hose Reel
• Water Spray
system
• Foam System
• Mobile Equipment
• HCFE
FIRE WATER SOURCE

• Capable supplying for the maximum fire demand at least for

four (4) hours operation.

• Source of water may from as storage tank, water pond, river,

sea, etc.

• Fire water shall be ensured that will not detrimental to firefighting

foam generation and stability
FIRE WATER PUMP

• Capable supplying for the maximum fire demand

• Different power sources to decrease vulnerability of the system
• At least 50% of capacity should be from diesel driven pumps
• Standby pump(s) to balance pump availability (reduced
performance, pump repair, water conditions, etc.
• Started automatic and manual (remote and local), stopping at
local only.
• Sequence starting of pumps at intervals of 5 to 10 seconds
• Located at safe area
• Jockey pumps to maintain pressure
Ref:
NFPA 20 - Centrifugal Fire Pumps
NFPA 25 - Inspection, Testing and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems
Electric Fire Water Pump

• Centrifugal (vertical turbine or horizontal

split case)
• Relative flat characteristic curve
• Relief valve to prevent overpressure fire
water line
• Check valve at discharge outlet fire pump
• Pressure gauge
Diesel Driven Fire Water Pump

• accelerate to rated output speed within 20

seconds
• capacity of fuel tank should equivalent for
8 hours operation
• Separate fuel tank for each diesel engine
• Relief valve to prevent overpressure fire
water line except cooling engine taken
from discharge pump.
• over speed shutdown, tachometer with
totalizer, oil pressure gauge
Jockey pump

Jockey off 9 bar

Jockey on 8 bar

Fire main 7 bar

pressure
• Typically 36 – 72 m3/hr (150–300 gpm)

• need not meet the requirements for fire

water pumps
Main Fire
• Primary or standby fire pump shall not pump on 5 bar
be used as jockey pump
FIRE WATER MAIN
Design
• Closed loop design encloses the area to be protected
• Underground  process and pressurized storage tank areas
• Above ground  utility, building, and atmospheric storage tank
• No connection for permanent use of fire water other than for
firefighting

Diameter
• Maximum 150% flow and demand at area with maximum velocity
should not exceed 4.6 m/s
• Minimum line size 6” for supplying hydrants
Diameter Flow
3
inchi m /hr GPM
6 300.1 1321.3
8 533.5 2348.9
10 833.6 3670.1
12 1200.4 5285.0
14 1633.8 7193.5
16 2134.0 9395.6
18 2700.8 11891.3
20 3334.3 14680.6
22 4034.5 17763.5
24 4801.4 21140.0
ISOLATION VALVE
• Isolation valves for maintenance
• Between two isolation valve not more than six (6) fire
protection devices (e.g. hydrant, fire monitor and fixed
water spray system)
• Clearly indicate its open or closed positions
• NFPA 24  Gate Valve type, Practice  Butterfly Valve
ISOLATION VALVE

Item Butterfly Gate valve

Dimension Wafer between More expensive in moss

flanges less cases
cumbersome than
gate valve
Opening Quick ¼ turn and Hand wheel:
easy # Strength required
# Slowness
Flow velocity Not adapted for No obstruction to flow
high velocity * when open
Maintenance

* Allowable maximum velocity through butterfly valve

equipped with resilent seat 4 m/s for liquid, in accordance
most valve vendor
HYDRANT
• Fire hydrants is to take water from fire water main header
and supply water to hose or mobile fire fighting
• Normal distance ranges from 45 to 90 m

Area Interval hydrants

Process Area 50 m
Atmospheric Storage Tank Area 75 m
Pressurized Storage Tank Area 50 m
Utility/Offsite Area other than above 75 m
Building Area 90 m

2 way hydrant 4 way hydrant 4 way hydrant + Hydrant +

pumper monitor
Hydrant outlet
• One outlet size 2 ½ “, deliver 250 gpm at 7 bar

Bibnose Horizontal
Oblique

Pressure Regulating Device

Hydrant Hose Cabinet
• Hydrants should be located on roadside for access fire
truck.
• Shall not be located inside tank dikes
• Hydrant at roadside shall protected against mechanical
damage (guard poles)
• Hose cabinets are located near fire hydrants

Hydrant fail
MONITOR
• water monitor is to extinguish fire, control fire burning and to
cool adjacent equipment for exposure protection
• Easily and quickly operated by one man
• Located at least 15m from equipment to be protected
• carefully placed to provide optimum coverage
• equipment
protected by the
water spray system
is not required to be
protected by the
water monitor
• Shall not be located
inside tank dikes
Manual Operated Ground Water Monitor

• effective monitor coverage distance is 30 – 40 m at 7 barg by

straight stream condition

• 2 Type
 Straight
 Straight / Fog Adjustable
Self Oscillating Water Monitor

• cover wide area automatically by horizontal self oscillating

function
• gear driven by the fire water supply

Straight / Fog Adjustable Nozzle

(2-1/2” Female NST)

Gear Box

Speed Controller

Drain

Inlet Flange (3” or 4” ANSI 150 FF)

Oscillating Monitor
Oscillating Monitor 1
Remote Controlled Elevated Water Monitor

• cover high rise equipment i.e process tower, jetty loading arms
• operated remotely from a local control panel at a safe
location
• Combined with foam system
• 2 type:
 Electrical Operated Monitor
 Hydraulic Operated Monitor

Elevated monitor
HOSE REEL

• Extinguish small fires

• Easily and quickly operated by one man
• Located along pipe rack inside oil or gas processing plants
• Size 1” or 1-1/2”, deliver 100 -200 lpm
• Hose length 30 – 40 m, non collabsible
WATER SPRAY

water spray  water discharged from nozzles having a

predetermined pattern, droplet size, velocity, and density

Objectives:
 Exposure protection  protect from heat stress
 Control of burning  absorb heat, reduce vapor generation,
limit heat release
 Extinguishment  applicable for combustible solid, high flash
point
Not intended to protect Jet Fire

Water Spray

Jet Fire
WATER SPRAY
In general, fixed water spray system is applied to;

• Equipment handling light hydrocarbon liquid/gas

• Equipment handling hydrocarbon liquid operated more than its
auto ignition temperature
• Equipment located at congested area, which physically can not
be protected by water monitors
• Tank shell and surface of LPG sphere
• Loading arms or gangway tower
• Electrical transformers
WATER SPRAY
Water Spray System
positioning of water spray nozzles shall
considering:

• Area to be protected
• Nozzle design and characteristics of
spray pattern
• Effects of nozzle orientation on coverage
characteristics
• Potential for mechanical damage
Process Area - pumps

Applies when 3 condition occurs:

 handled significantly ( 22 °C or more) above its flash point;
 close proximity to other equipment (including adjacent
pumps) or structures that could be quickly damaged by
the pump fire; and
 located where protection by fixed monitor nozzles would
be difficult or impractical.

• The application rate minimum 20.4 lpm/m2 (20.5 gpm/ft2)

of the projected envelope (shaft, seals and other critical
parts. Extended at least 0.6 m )
Process Area - pumps
Process Area - pumps
Process Area - Compressor

• < 300 HP compressor treated as pumps.

• Large compressors: spray all exposed equipment surfaces,

including auxiliary equipment such as lube oil consoles and lube
oil pumps.
 Minimum application rate shall be 10.2 lpm/m2 (0.25
gpm/ft2) of projected equipment surface.

• Large compressors within buildings or under canopies  within

the building or canopy should be provided with overall water
spray.
 Minimum application rate 12.2 lpm/m2 (0.30 gpm/ft2) of floor
area. (180 degree spray nozzles located below the roof).
Process Area - Compressor
Process Area - Vessel, Exchanger, Tower

• Uninsulated vessel, exchanger, tower handling flammable liquid

which are located where adequate cooling cannot be
provided from hose stream and monitor nozzle
• Minimum application rate is10.2 lpm/m2 (0.25 gpm/ft2) of vessel
surface.
• Protected only to a height of 12.2 m (40 ft). Up to 3.6 m (12 ft) of
cooling water rundown is allowed on vertical and inclined
surfaces

Water Spray
Process Area - Vessel, Exchanger, Tower
Process Area - Vessel, Exchanger, Tower
Tank - Atmospheric Storage Tank

Protection of water spray system is based on:

 Liquid that have potential boil-over occur (having wide
range of boiling point, including both light and viscous
residue) such as crude oils
 Storage tank handling flammable material
 Inadequate tank spacing

• Protection for the portions of the tank most likely not contact
with liquid includes the roof of cone roofed tanks and covered
floating roof tanks
• application rate shall be minimum (0.1 gpm/ft2) 4.1 lpm/m2 of
protected area
• spray nozzles should be placed below each girder ring/ striffener
• Sectionalisation for efficient use of firewater.
• Alternative designs for protection of roof of storage tank is using
“deluge” or “drenching”
Tank - Atmospheric Storage Tank

Tank Diameter, (D) = 83.99 m

Tank Height, (H) = 22.69 m
Tank surface area (wall), (πDH) = 5984.48 m2

Tank surface area , (πD(H-3.7)) = 5148.43 m2

Application rate for cooling = 4.10 LPM/m2

Fire water demand = 21108.56 LPM

= 1266.51 m3/hr
= 5576.25 GPM

Required number of nozzles : 21108.56 lpm = 380.8422499 = 381

55.426 lpm

circumference (π * D) : 266.25 m
Spacing : 0.70 m
Tank- Pressurized Storage Tank

• Entire surface of the pressurized storage tank

• Non-fireproofed vessel supports should also be protected by
water spray, including legs and skirts plus steel saddles
• application rate shall be minimum 10.2 lpm/m2 (0.25 gpm/ft2) of
surface area
• Sectionalisation for efficient use of firewater.
• Alternative designs for protection of roof of storage tank is using
“deluge” or “drenching” & Supplemental water spray to cover
the bottom surfaces.
Tank - Atmospheric Storage Tank

Tank diameter, (D ) = 17.60 m

Tank surface area (wall), (πD^2) = 972.76 m2

Application rate for cooling

= 10.20 LPM/m2

Fire water demand = 9922.12 LPM

= 595.33 m3/hr
= 2621.13 GPM

Required number of nozzles : 9922.12 lpm = 179.015637 = 180

55.426 lpm
Tank - Atmospheric Storage Tank
Tank - Atmospheric Storage Tank
FOAM SYSTEM

Foam is used on class B fires to produce an impervious layer over

the burning liquid surface and to seal volatile combustible vapor
from acces to air

Type: Foam = Foam concentrate + Water + Air

• Low expansion foam
• Medium expansion foam Foam Solution
• High expansion foam
FOAM SYSTEM

Semi-fixed foam system

Fixed Roof

foam application rate is 4.1 l/min/m2

Fixed Roof

Foam Chamber

Sub surface

Discharge time
Floating Roof

• Shall provide sufficient foam to cover the

rim fire only

• application rate shall be minimum 12.2

l/min.m2 (0.3 gpm/ft2) with minimum
discharge time 20 minutes
Mobile Equipment

Water tender Primary purpose is to transport large amounts of

water to the fire area
Water and Primary purpose is to transport large amounts of
foam (dual) water and foam to the fire area
tender
Triple agent Primary purpose is to transport large amounts of
water, foam, and powder to the fire area
Foam crash Primary purpose is to transport large amounts of
tender foam to the fire area
Ladder crash Provide fire pump and ladder
tender
Fire jeep Primary purpose is to incipient fire fighting
Rescue truck Primarily designed to carry specialized
equipment for technical rescue situations such
as confined space rescues, rope rescues, etc
HCFE

• HCFE used for offensive

firefighting tactic.
 high capacity foam monitor
 high capacity mobile fire pump
 prime mover, etc
HCFE
HCFE
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