SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Science
Quarter 1 – Module :
Geologic Processes and Hazards
Earth and Life Science – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 1: Geologic Process and Hazards
First Edition, 2020

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 11

Earth and Life

Science
Quarter 1 – Module :
Geologic Processes and Hazards
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Earth and Life Science 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)
Module on Geologic Processes and Hazards!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:

Welcome to the Earth and Life Science 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module
on Geologic Processes and Hazards!

The hand is one of the most symbolized parts of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.
 Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
 What I Need to Know

This module was written to help you understand the history of the earth
through the geologic time scale. This includes the major subdivisions and the
significant events happened in the most recent period. In this module you will see a
pre-test, discussion of the lesson, activities, and a post-test.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe the various hazards that may happen in the event of earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, and landslides;
2. identify areas prone to hazards brought about by earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, and landslides using hazard maps;
3. identify human activities that speed up or trigger landslides;
4. give practical ways of coping with geological hazards caused by earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, and landslides;
5. appreciate the earth’s geologic processes
 What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. Which is a natural process that may cause death and destroys properties?
a. natural hazard
b. natural effects
c. natural phenomena
d. natural process
2. Which is a natural hazard that can cause fatality?
a. natural hazard
b. natural disaster
c. natural phenomena
d. natural process
3. Humans have developed ways of decreasing casualties caused by natural
hazards. Which of the following can minimized risk caused by this natural
hazard?
a. evacuation
b. mitigation
c. period
d. eon
4. What factor can influence the impacts of the hazard??
a. human activities
b. convention currents
c. condition of the atmosphere
d. movements of the earth
5. Which hazards occurs in a specific areas?
a. flood
b. drought
c. earthquake
d. tornado
6. Which natural hazards occurs without any signs or warning?
a. Volcanic eruption
b. earthquake
c. landslide
d. storm
7. Which refers to geological hazards?
a. storm
b. flood
c. tsunamis
d. earthquakes
8. Which best describe a landslides resulting to over 2000 deaths?
a. A meteorological extreme event
b. A meteorological natural hazards
c. A geological extreme event
d. A geological natural hazard
9. Where do most volcanoes on earth found?
a. on the equator
b. on mountains
c. on land
d. on ocean floors
10. Which best describe a volcano?
a. a mountain created by faulting and folding
b. a cone-shaped mountains
c. a plateau with crater
d. a flat active mountain
11. Which should you do when earthquake occurs while you are outside your
house?
a. Run inside a big building.
b. Find a nearest tree where you can grab into.
c. Move from an open area away from trees, buildings, electric poles and
wires
d. Remain relax.
12. If your place is at risk of earthquake, which should you do to prepare for it?
a. Choose a safe place in every room in your home.
b. Develop a disaster plan.
c. Contact your relatives for possible evacuation
d. Inform all proper authorities for possible earthquake that may occur.
13. Which do you think is the greatest threat in the environment?
a. volcano
b. tsunami
c. human
d. virus
14. Why do vulnerability to natural disaster growing?
a. Because of the increasing volcanic eruption
b. Because of the virus pandemic
c. Because of the earthquakes
d. Because of the increasing population
15. Which do you think is the best practical way in coping natural disaster?
a. Be the focal person to call emergency hotline.
b. Work with the barangay officials to identify beneficiaries.
c. Transport to safe area identified by the evacuation plan.
d. Inform your family about the hazard risk.
 Lesson
Geologic Processes and
1 Hazards
Geologic processes are naturally occurring mechanism that happens on earth.
It affects human life all the time but are not mostly noticeable if they don’t cause
threat like loss of life or property. Such life or property threatening processes are
called natural disaster. Among these geological processes are, earthquake, volcanic
eruption, landslides, tsunamis, floods, drought, hurricanes, tornadoes etc. All of
these processes have existed throughout the history of the earth and they have
become hazardous because of their negatives effects on human.

What’s In

In the previous lesson you have learned the history of the earth through the
geologic time scale. You have mastered how the geological time scale was divided into
different periods. You learned the different divisions, subdivisions, and the signicant
events happened in each periods.

Notes to the Teacher

For the learners to fully achieve an understanding of the
competency, discussing the practical ways in coping natural
hazards must be clear and specific. An actual demonstration may
help learners to understand the concept. The use of actual
Philippine mas also help them identify provinces that are at risks.
 What’s New

Activity 1. Word Search Challenge. Encircle all the words that has something to
do with geologic processes, then draw how you picture the word and write a short
description of each.

A L A N D S L I D E

V I O U A B C D E E

B O P V J I H G K F

N J L W U V W A T K

C A Q C X Y U Z S L

D K T X N Q B A R M

E L R U H O E C Q N

F M S T R F G D P O

G N R Y H A Z A R D

H A T Z H I L J K L

E R U P T I O N N M

WORD ILLUSTRATION DESCRIPTION

QUESTIONS:
1. What type of natural hazard are present near you hometown?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
 2. Have they ever caused disaster?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

3. How ready do you think you place is in dealing with the hazards you listed
down?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

What are geologic processes? How do geologic processes become a natural hazards?
The words you have listed down and described above are our focus in this module.
We will be describing various hazards like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and
landslides. We will also reflect on human activities that trigger these natural hazards.

What is It

Natural hazards are events that occur naturally which affect human life and
properties. Earthquake is potentially devastating natural hazards. This happens
when tectonic plates in the crust slide to each other. There are approximately 8000
earthquakes that occur every day in the whole world but practically all are too small
to feel. In the Philippines since 1968, there are 12 destructive earthquake that has
been recorded by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS).
This includes the outrageous earthquake in Luzon last July 16, 1990 causing
numerous injuries and about thousands of deaths. There have been many
earthquake occurrences in our country with the exception of Palawan province. This
is due to the location of our country within the Pacific Ring of Fire. Look at the map
of our country below. Can you identify and list down the 10 provinces that are at risk
to earthquake?

The top-ten provinces that are at risk to earthquakes:

1. _________________________________
2. _________________________________
3. _________________________________
4. _________________________________
5. _________________________________
6. _________________________________
7. _________________________________
8. _________________________________
9. _________________________________
10. ________________________________
 Pampanga, Tarlac, Ifugao, Davao Oriental, Nueva Vizcaya, and Nueva Ecija.
Due to the Manila Trench, La Union and Pangasinan are prone to earthquakes while
Surigao del Sur and Davao Oriental are at risk for earthquakes due to the Philippine
Trench. Frequency of shallow and left –lateral strike – slip earthquakes in Nueva
Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, eastern Pangasinan, Benguet, and La Union can be attributed
to its location along the Philippine Fault Zone.
 What are the effects of earthquakes? Depending on the size and location, an
earthquake can cause physical phenomena of ground shaking or ground motion,
a principal cause of the partial or total collapse of structures. Buildings, other types
of structures, and infrastructure are all subject to damage or collapse. Another
hazard cause by earthquake is the surface faulting which is the offset or tearing
of the ground surface by differential movement along a fault line. Another one is
the earthquake-induced ground failure-landslides and liquefaction which can
occur only under very wet condition which results to rock avalanches, rapid soil
flows, and rock falls.

Earthquake can cause loss of life and sometimes millions of damaged

properties. The waves can cause walls of building to crack foundations to move and
even the entire building to collapse. That is why engineers today face the challenge
of designing more hefty buildings to withstand earthquakes. Have you ever looked at
tall buildings such as skyscraper? What does it look like? Does it appear fragile or
unstable?
When earthquake occurs the shaking of the ground are usually accompanied
by other environmental risk such as landslides. The figure below shows the locations
that are vulnerable to earthquake-induced landslide. Can you name the provinces?

The top ten provinces that are at risk to earthquake-induced landslide.

1. _________________________________
2. _________________________________
3. _________________________________
4. _________________________________
5. _________________________________
6. _________________________________
7. _________________________________
8. _________________________________
9. _________________________________
10. ________________________________
Comparing Rizal to Ifugao, Lanao del Sur, and Saranggani the last three provinces
are highly susceptible to landslide. In Benguet, despite its low vulnerability, high
exposure factor and density have made living in the region more risky. Aurora ranked
higher than Davao del Sur and Davao Oriental despite its low vulnerability due to
Aurora being more vulnerable to landslide than the other two provinces.

What explains the distributions of most volcanoes in the Philippines?

Our country lies within the Ring of Fire, a region of subduction zone volcanism
surrounding the Pacific Ocean. The most violent volcanic eruption in the 20th century
is the Mount Pinatubo eruption in year 1991. There are other historically active
volcanoes distributed all over our country. Can you name some?

Provinces that have no volcanoes found have no risk to volcanic eruptions. The figure
below marks the top ten provinces that are at risk for volcanic eruption. Identify
them.

The top ten provinces that are at risk to volcanic eruption.

1. _________________________________
2. _________________________________
3. _________________________________
4. _________________________________
5. _________________________________
6. _________________________________
7. _________________________________
8. _________________________________
9. _________________________________
10. ________________________________
The land area of Camiguin is so small that when volcanic eruption occur it can affect
the whole province, making an area of high risk. Sulu rank the second because it
has the most number of active and partially active volcanoes.
Volcanic hazards include tephra falls and ballistic projectiles which during eruption
it ejects all sizes of rock fragments and globules of lava into the atmosphere.
Pyroclastic phenomena happens as masses of hot, dry pyroclastic material and hot
gases move rapidly along the ground surface. A lahar (or mudflow) is flowing of
volcanic debris and water from a volcano

Fluid lava forms long thin flows on slopes and flat-topped lava lakes in flat areas and
topographic depressions, while viscous lava forms short stubby flows on slopes and
steep-sided domes around vents. Poisonous gases are also ejected during volcanic
eruption.

Activity 2. Describe the following major geologic hazards.

Geologic Event Hazards they Cause Description

1. Ground shaking

2. Surface faulting

3. Landslide and
Earthquake liquefaction

a. Rock avalanches

b. Rapid soil flows

c. Rock falls

4.Tsunamis

1. Tephra falls and

ballistic projectiles

2. Pyroclastic
Volcanic Eruption phenomena

3. Lahars (mud flows)

and floods

4. Lava flows and

domes

5. Poisonous gases
 What’s More

Activity 1. List down the hazards commonly associated in your school. Explain
how each item constitutes a hazard. Were there any accidents in your school from
the hazards you identified? Review the following fact tables.

Fact Table #1
Hazard Mapping Labels
Hazard Code Key
blue Electrical Hazards

green Chemical Hazards

Physical Hazards (heat, noise, air quality,

orange slippery floors, poor lighting, poorly designed
work stations, etc.)
brown Flammable/Explosive Hazards

black Other Hazards (specify)

Fact Table #2
Level of Hazards
1 Low Hazard
2 Medium Hazard
3 High Hazard
4 Very High Hazard

Fact Table #2
Example of Hazard Mapping Labels

Hazard Codes and Levels of Hazards

A number “2” inside a Blue Circle indicates “Class 2,
2
Medium Hazard, Electrical.”
A number “3” inside a Green Circle indicates “Class 3,
3
High Hazard, Chemical.”
A number “1” inside an Orange Circle Indicates “Class 1,
1
Low Hazard, Physical.”
A number “4” inside a Brown Circle indicates “Class 4,
4
Very High Hazard, Flammable/ Explosive.”
A number “2” inside a Black Circle indicates “Class 2,
2
Medium Hazard, Other Hazard.”
Task

1. Using a long bond paper, make a drawing that shows the basic layout of your
school.
2. Identify the hazards in each area of the school using a color-coded circle on the
map.
3. Rate each hazard on a scale of 1 to 4
4. Label each hazard with a name or brief description.
5. Based on your map, make a list of the hazards that concern you the most and
explain why.

Activity 2. Using the following words, write practical ways of coping geological hazards

AVOID
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

EVALUATE
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

MINIMIZE
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

DEVELOP
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned

1. Geologic processes are naturally occurring mechanism that happens on

earth. It affects human life all the time but are not mostly noticeable if they
don’t cause threat like loss of life or property.
2. Natural hazards are events that occur naturally which affect human life and
properties.
3. Earthquake is potentially devastating natural hazards. This happens when
tectonic plates in the crust slide to each other.
4. Ground shaking or ground motion, a principal cause of the partial or total
collapse of structures. Buildings, other types of structures, and
infrastructure are all subject to damage or collapse.
 5. Surface faulting is the offset or tearing of the ground surface by differential
movement along a fault line.
6. Landslides and liquefaction can occur only under very wet condition which
results to rock avalanches, rapid soil flows, and rock falls.
7. Earthquake can cause loss of life and sometimes millions of damaged
properties.
8. Our country lies within the Ring of Fire, a region of subduction zone
volcanism surrounding the Pacific Ocean.
9. Volcanic hazards include tephra falls and ballistic projectiles, pyroclastic
phenomena, lahar or mudflow, fluid lava, and poisonous gases.

What I Can Do

Identify the following pictures then explain why they trigger landslides.

______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________

______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________

______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________

______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
_____________________________________
 Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is geological knowledge useful?
a. Avoid natural hazards.
b. Supplying our needs.
c. Environment protection.
d. All of the above.
2. During earthquakes, which process contribute to great fatalities?
a. Large objects fall on people.
b. Fire trapping people inside the building
c. Widespread of diseases
d. People buried alive due to landslides
3. Which may be caused of Earthquakes?
a. Tectonic plate movements
b. Motion along faults in the earth’s crust.
c. Shifting of bedrocks.
d. All of the above.
4. Which of the following is a natural hazards?
a. earthquakes
b. volcanic eruption
c. landslide
d. all of the above
5. Which best explains the occurrences of earthquake in our country?
a. Philippines is within the Pacific Ring of Fire
b. Philippines has a lot of active volcanoes.
c. Philippines is an archipelago.
d. Philippines has many fault lines.
6. Which natural hazards results to flooding, property damage, fatalities and
fire?
a. tsunamis
b. earthquake
c. volcanic eruption
d. hurricane
7. After an earthquake, you keep on wondering how your friends and family are
doing. What you should do?
a. Call and check them immediately.
b. Get on the road as fast as you can.
c. Keep phone lines and roads open for emergency.
d. Report to the police the most affected are.
8. Which of the following is the most dangerous falling hazard?
a. Hanging light fixtures.
b. Unsecured desk items.
c. Heavy unsecured cabinets.
d. All of the above.
9. Which is the best way to help prepare natural hazards?
a. Watch pets for unusual behavior.
b. Keep your home windows closed all the time.
c. Always carry a pail of water.
d. Make emergency kit available.
10. A land area that is small is at high risk to a volcanic eruption?
a. maybe
b. true
c. false
d. not sure
11. Which province in the Philippines is ranked the second at risk to volcanic
eruption?
a. Sulu
b. Nueva Viscaya
c. Camiguin
d. Cavite
12. Based from Philippine history, which is the most violent volcanic eruption in
the 20th century?
a. Mount Bulusan eruption
b. Mayon volcano eruption
c. Mount Pinatubo eruption
d. Taal volcano eruption
13. Why do vulnerability to natural disaster growing?
a. Because of the increasing volcanic eruption
b. Because of the virus pandemic
c. Because of the earthquakes
d. Because of the increasing population
14. If your place is at risk of earthquake, which should you do to prepare for it?
a. Choose a safe place in every room in your home.
b. Develop a disaster plan.
c. Contact your relatives for possible evacuation
d. Inform all proper authorities for possible earthquake that may occur.
15. Which should you do when earthquake occurs while you are outside your
house?
a. Run inside a big building.
b. Find a nearest tree where you can grab into.
c. Move from an open area away from trees, buildings, electric poles and
wires
d. Remain relax.
 Additional Activities

Develop a video presentation showing practical ways of coping any of the

following geologic hazards caused by:

a. Earthquakes
b. Volcanic eruptions
c. Landslide
What I Know What's More Assessment
1. D 1. A
2. A 2. B
3. D 3. B
4. D 4. A
5. A 5. B
6. C 6. B
7. C 7. D
8. D 8. D
9. D 9. D
10. B 10. B
11. A 11. C
12. C 12. B
13. D 13. C
14. B 14. D
15. C 15. A
Answer Key
References
Jose Tolentino et. al. (2016). Exploring Life Through Science Series. Phoenix
Publishing House
http://earthsci.org/processes/geopro/introgeo/introgeo.html#Geologic%20Processes
https://www.teachengineering.org/lessons/view/cub_natdis_lesson01
http://vm.observatory.ph/geophys_maps.html
https://www.oas.org/dsd/publications/Unit/oea66e/ch11.htm
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