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    The Lucknow Pact 1916 Updated

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    maria sabir
    The Lucknow Pact of 1916 was an agreement between the Indian National Congress and the All India Muslim League to formulate a constitutional framework for independent India. It outlined provisions for provincial and imperial legislatures, including reserved seats for minorities and veto powers. Some key points were establishing provincial autonomy, separating the judiciary from the executive, and working toward dominion status for India. The pact helped foster cooperation between Hindus and Muslims, though it also affirmed separate electorates for religious communities. It represented the high water mark of unity between the two largest Indian political groups.

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    The Lucknow Pact 1916 Updated

    Uploaded by

    maria sabir
    37 views6 pages
    The Lucknow Pact of 1916 was an agreement between the Indian National Congress and the All India Muslim League to formulate a constitutional framework for independent India. It outlined provisions for provincial and imperial legislatures, including reserved seats for minorities and veto powers. Some key points were establishing provincial autonomy, separating the judiciary from the executive, and working toward dominion status for India. The pact helped foster cooperation between Hindus and Muslims, though it also affirmed separate electorates for religious communities. It represented the high water mark of unity between the two largest Indian political groups.

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    The Lucknow Pact 1916 updated

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    The Lucknow Pact of 1916 was an agreement between the Indian National Congress and the All India Muslim League to formulate a constitutional framework for independent India. It outlined provisions for provincial and imperial legislatures, including reserved seats for minorities and veto powers. Some key points were establishing provincial autonomy, separating the judiciary from the executive, and working toward dominion status for India. The pact helped foster cooperation between Hindus and Muslims, though it also affirmed separate electorates for religious communities. It represented the high water mark of unity between the two largest Indian political groups.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    37 views6 pages

    The Lucknow Pact 1916 Updated

    Uploaded by

    maria sabir
    The Lucknow Pact of 1916 was an agreement between the Indian National Congress and the All India Muslim League to formulate a constitutional framework for independent India. It outlined provisions for provincial and imperial legislatures, including reserved seats for minorities and veto powers. Some key points were establishing provincial autonomy, separating the judiciary from the executive, and working toward dominion status for India. The pact helped foster cooperation between Hindus and Muslims, though it also affirmed separate electorates for religious communities. It represented the high water mark of unity between the two largest Indian political groups.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 6

    The Lucknow Pact 1916

    Introduction:

    Lucknow Pact is known as a milestone and important document in the history of subcontinent it

    was the occasion when Indian National Congress (INC) and All India Muslim League (AIML)

    unanimously decided to formulate a constitutional sketch work for the future implementation in

    India. Therefore, the Lucknow Pact had been considered as a feedback factor by British

    government during constitution making of 1919. It was the first and last political homogenous

    show off between Congress and Muslim League.

    Background:

    Lucknow Pact was an outcome of contemporary circumstances developed in India. Therefore,

    both political parties all India Muslim League and Congress had observed the present political

    scenario of India. Moreover, different incidents like annulment of partition of Bengal, turndown

    of the demand of Muslim University in India in 1912, the tragedy of Kanpur Mosque in April

    1913 and emergence of enlightened leadership in Congress and Muslim League brought Hindus

    and Muslims quite closer and on the eve of cooperation as well. Consequently, both Congress

    and Muslim League summoned their sessions at Bombay in 1915 simultaneously. Therefore,

    both parties decided to formulate a future constitutional formula and scheme during forthcoming

    years and decided to hold their joint session at Lucknow in 1916 as well.

    1
    Salient Features:

    Both Congress and All India Muslim League held their joint session at Lucknow in October

    1916. The major constitutional provisions of Lucknow scheme decided by Congress and All

    India Muslim are as following.

    1. The Provincial Legislature:

    Under the proposal of The Lucknow Pact the structure of provincial legislature was prepared in

    following lines.

     The 4/5 members of provincial legislature would be elected whereas 1/5 would be

    nominated.

     The maximum number of members of provincial legislature should we 125 and minimum

    might be 50 in smaller provinces.

     Minorities will be given satisfaction and protection of their representation and

    fundamental rights.

     Every minority in the provincial assembly could use its veto power by three fourth of its

    majority in regard of any sort of bill.

     The provincial legislature would elect their own had rather than the governor of the

    province.

     The provincial government would have check and jurisdiction over the administrative

    affairs of the province.

     The Governors of the provinces were given veto power as well.

    2
     Right of questions and supplementary questions was also given to the members of

    provincial assemblies.

     The adjournment motion was also adopted in Lucknow Pact scheme.

     The term and tenure of provincial assemblies was fixed for five years.

     Governor could summon the session of active or provincial Council by the request of 1/8

    members of the assembly.

    2. Provincial Government (Cabinet):

    Under the package of Lucknow Pact it was decided that Governor would be the head of

    province. Governor was supposed to be a non-civil servant. Governor could formulate his

    cabinet comprising no civil servant. Half members of the governor’s Executive Council would be

    elected from the elected members of the provincial legislature from India.

    3. Imperial Legislative Council (ILC):

    It was decided in Lucknow agreement that,

     The total strength of Imperial Legislative Council would stand 250 whereas 4/5 members

    would be elected.

     Muslims would be given representation in Imperial Legislative Council on the principle

    of separate electorate.

     Viceroy would be the president or head of Imperial Legislative Council.

    3
     The session of Imperial Legislative Council could be summoned with the consent of 1/8

    members out of the total members.

     All the criteria of adjournment motion and financial legislation was adopted and devised.

     The Central Legislative Council will have no jurisdiction on international agreements and

    war etc.

    4. The Central Executive:

    In Lucknow Pact different provisions related to central executive were decided as following.

     Governor General or Viceroy would be head of India.

     No Civil Servant would be given opportunity to be elected as a member of Imperial

    executive.

     The central government would supervise provincial governments but it will not interfere

    in the constitutional rights of the provinces.

    5. The Secretary of Indian Affairs:

    It was decided in Lucknow Pact that office of the Secretary for Indian Affairs should be

    abolished whereas two Under Secretaries might be appointed including one Indian. It was also

    decided that responsibilities and duties of Secretary for Indian Affairs would be similar as other

    secretaries perform their duties within their domains.

    4
    6. Dominion Status for India:

    The Lucknow agreement also decided that India should be given similar status as other

    Dominion territories were already given. Moreover inhabitants of India should also be treated

    and given rights as the people of other Dominion states were given.

    7. Military and Defense Affairs:

    The Lucknow Pact also decided certain military and defense related matters as following.

     The Muslims should be given representation in the commissioned and noncommissioned

    posts of military.

     There should be a determined process of recruiting the Muslims for different jobs in

    judiciary and other provincial and central departments.

     Judiciary should be completely separated from the influence and interference of

    executive.

    Conclusion:

    The Lucknow Pact got historical significance related to Hindu Muslim unity and the

    constitutional proposals given by the Indian political parties. It was the occasion that led Indian

    National Congress to confess the ‘principle of weightage’. On the other hand, Indian National

    Congress also accepted the rightful demand of ‘separate electorate’ by Indian Muslims. Thus

    Lucknow Pact gave constitutional protection to the rights of Muslim community and other

    minorities as well. Lucknow Pact also gave one-third representation to Muslims in provincial

    5
    assembly and Central Legislative Council. Moreover Muslim League proved itself to be the true

    representative party of Indian Muslims through Lucknow Pact. On the whole, by the successful

    emergence of Lucknow agreement between Congress and All India Muslim League an

    environment based on cooperation and trust was developed between both the communities for

    time being. Whereas this Lucknow Pact practice drove the Indian Muslims towards their

    separate identity, protection of political, social and economic interests for the future course of

    action. On the whole, the Lucknow Pact was concluded and remained successful due to the

    untiring efforts of moderated and enlightened leadership from both sides. Particularly

    Mohammed Ali Jinnah contributed a lion’s share in this context. This was the particular occasion

    and efforts of M. A. Jinnah due to which Sarojini Naidu (Nightingale of India) entitled him as

    the ‘ambassador of Hindu Muslim Unity’.

    Prepared by:
    Umer Javaid Ghumman,
    PhD, International Relations (PU).
    92 333 866 24 18
    [email protected]

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