Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 33 views

    BIOCHEMISTRY Chapter I

    Uploaded by

    Ark Olfato Parojinog
    The document provides definitions and overview of biochemistry terms. It defines biochemistry as the study of chemical processes and compounds in living systems. It discusses two aspects of biochemistry: molecular anatomy, which examines biomolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, enzymes, hormones, vitamins and minerals; and molecular physiology, which examines the functions and metabolic activities of these biomolecules. The document also covers pH and buffers, discussing concepts like ionization, electrolytes, chemical equilibrium, the ionization of water, and how buffers resist changes in pH.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    BIOCHEMISTRY Chapter I

    Uploaded by

    Ark Olfato Parojinog
    33 views6 pages
    The document provides definitions and overview of biochemistry terms. It defines biochemistry as the study of chemical processes and compounds in living systems. It discusses two aspects of biochemistry: molecular anatomy, which examines biomolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, enzymes, hormones, vitamins and minerals; and molecular physiology, which examines the functions and metabolic activities of these biomolecules. The document also covers pH and buffers, discussing concepts like ionization, electrolytes, chemical equilibrium, the ionization of water, and how buffers resist changes in pH.

    Original Title

    BIOCHEMISTRY-chapter-I-(1)

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document provides definitions and overview of biochemistry terms. It defines biochemistry as the study of chemical processes and compounds in living systems. It discusses two aspects of biochemistry: molecular anatomy, which examines biomolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, enzymes, hormones, vitamins and minerals; and molecular physiology, which examines the functions and metabolic activities of these biomolecules. The document also covers pH and buffers, discussing concepts like ionization, electrolytes, chemical equilibrium, the ionization of water, and how buffers resist changes in pH.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    33 views6 pages

    BIOCHEMISTRY Chapter I

    Uploaded by

    Ark Olfato Parojinog
    The document provides definitions and overview of biochemistry terms. It defines biochemistry as the study of chemical processes and compounds in living systems. It discusses two aspects of biochemistry: molecular anatomy, which examines biomolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, enzymes, hormones, vitamins and minerals; and molecular physiology, which examines the functions and metabolic activities of these biomolecules. The document also covers pH and buffers, discussing concepts like ionization, electrolytes, chemical equilibrium, the ionization of water, and how buffers resist changes in pH.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 6

    BIOCHEMISTRY

    CHAPTER I- INTRODUCTION

    DEFINITION OF TERMS:

     CHEMISTRY – a branch of science which deals with the study of the composition and
    properties of matter and
    a. the changes it undergo
    b. the energy accompanying the changes
    c. the laws and principles governing such changes

     GENERAL AND INORGANIC CHEMISTRY – study of elements in the periodic table and an
    overview of chemistry in general

     ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – study of carbon containing compounds

     BIOCHEMISTRY – or BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY


    - from “ BIO” – which means life
    - “ CHEMISTRY “ – science which deals with the study of the composition and
    properties of matter
    - the study of compounds, chemical changes and reactions occurring in living systems

     MOLECULAR BIOCHEMISTRY – concerned with the study of macromolecules and their


    metabolic activities in the body. It includes the entrance in the human body, digestion, absorption,
    assimilation, utilization, integration into the tissues, metabolic degradation and eventually,
    excretion from the body.

    2 ASPECTS OF BIOCHEMISTRY:

    1. MOLECULAR ANATOMY – different biomolecules which comprise the cell


    Examples of biomolecules:
    a. Carbohydrates (CHO)
    b. Proteins (CHON)
    c. Lipids
    d. Nucleic acid
    e. Enzymes
    f. Hormones
    g. Vitamins
    h. Minerals

    2. MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY – dynamic part of biochemistry which includes the functions and
    metabolic activities of biomolecules in the cell.
    a. Digestion
     Physical – mechanical breakdown
     Chemical – further breakdown with the aid of enzymes
    b. Absorption – passage of end products of digestion from the small intestine into the blood
    c. Assimilation – selective absorption
    d. Utilization
    e. Integration
    f. 1. Metabolic degradation – conversion of a substance into an active metabolite
    f. 2. Biotransformation – conversion of a substance to another for biosynthesis
    g. Excretion

    pH and BUFFERS

    A. Dissociation or Ionization
     a process by which a polar compound (contains (+) and (-) ions) is broken apart into its
    individual ionic components when placed in an aqueous solution
     occurs in the presence of water.
    Example:
    a. POLAR
    NaCl → Na + Cl

    b. NON – POLAR

    C12H22O11

    B. 1. ELECTROLYTES – substances whose water solutions conduct electricity

    1. a. STRONG ELECTROLYTES – completely ionized in H2O solutions


    E.g. strong acids – HCl, HNO3, H2SO4
    strong bases – NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2
    salt solutions - any salt dissolved in water such as NaCl sol’ n & CaF sol’ n

    1. b. WEAK ELECTROLYTES – incompletely or partially ionized in H2O sol’ n


    - a large percent remains unionized
    e.g. weak acids – acetic cid
    weak bases – aniline, ammonia

    2. NON – ELECTROLYTES - substances whose water solution do not conduct electricity


    E.g. dry solids
    Organic compounds

     IONIZATION OF STRONG ELECTROLYTE

     IONIZATION OF WEAK ELECTROLYTE

    C. IRREVERSIBLE REACTION – a reaction which goes to completion


    - the products no longer react to form back the reactants

     EVIDENCES OF IRREVERSIBLE REACTION:


    1. Evolution of gas (formation of bubbles)
    2. A precipitate is formed
    3. Work is one of the products

    D. REVERSIBLE REACTION – a reaction which does not go to completion


    - products can react to form back the reactants
    A + B ↔ C + D
    - this reaction is governed by the law of chemical equilibrium

    E. CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM – state at which 2 opposing reactions proceed at the same rate

     Rf → forward reaction; rate at which products are formed


     Rb → backward reaction; rate at which reactants are formed
     At chemical equilibrium : Rf = Rb

    F. WATER EQUILIBRIUM / IONIZATION OF WATER

     Water – considered as a weak electrolyte


    G. IONIZATION CONSTANT OF WATER OR Kw

    Kw = [ H3O+] [OH-]

    WHERE:
    [ ] = Represents concentration either in F (Formality) or in M (Molarity)
    Note: Use F as a unit if the solute is an element, ion or compound
    Use M as unit if the solute is a compound only

     F = gram / Formula weight


     M = gram / Molecular weight

    H. p EXPRESSION – introduced by a Danish biochemist by the name of Sorensen

    FORMS:
    1. pH = -log [H3O+] OR log

    2. pOH = - log [OH-]

    3. pKw = -log Kw

    4. pKw = pKa + pKb

    5. pKw = pH + pOH

    6. 14 = pH + pOH

    7. pKa = - log Ka ; ionization constant of weak acid

    8. pKb = - log Kb ; ionization constant of weak base

    9. [H3O] = antilog – pH

    10. [OH-] = antilog – pOH

    BUFFER – a mixture of a weak electrolyte with its salt


    Function: - Resist drastic / great / marked change in pH of a system even upon the addition of either a
    Strong Acid (SA) or Strong Base (SB)

    2 TYPES:

    1. ACID BUFFER – mixture of weak acid + salt of weak acid


    E.g. HAc + NaAc, (KAc , MgAc -)

    2. BASE BUFFER – mixture of WB + salt of WB


    E.g. NH4OH + NH4Cl
    NH4OH + NH4NO3

     NEUTRALIZATION
    E.g. base + acid → salt + water
    NaOH HCl NaCl HOH

    HOW BUFFERS WORK:


    ACIDS & BASES:

    THEORIES ACID BASE


    1. ARRHENIUS / IONIC Yield H+ in water solution Yield OH- in water solution
    THEORY
    2. LEWIS THEORY Electron pair acceptor Electron pair donor
    3. BRONSTED-LOWRY
    THEORY OR CONJUGATE Proton donor Proton acceptor
    ACID-BASE PAIR THEORY

     Conjugate Base – anion produced from the dissociation of acid; removal of hydrogen
     Conjugate Acid - proton hydrogen donor; formed when it combines with hydrogen

    CONJUGATE ACID CONJUGATE BASE


    HCl Cl
    H3O+ H2O
    HAc Ac-
    HNO2 NO2-
    H2 O OH-
    HCO3- CO3=
    H2CO3 HCO3-

     NORMAL BLOOD pH : 7.35 - 7.45

    FACTORS AFFECTING BLOOD pH:

    1. Nature of diet
    a. Proteins, fats, ketogenic substances
     Tend to acidify blood pH
     Presence of SO4=, PO4, H+ (acids)
    b. Fruits and vegetables
     Tend to alkalinize blood pH
     Na , K , Mg , Ca , OH (bases)

    2. Vigorous Exercise
     Tend to acidify blood pH
     Conversion of ATP to lactic acid leading to muscular cramps.

    ACIDOSIS and ALKALOSIS – metabolic disturbances in the acid-base balance of the body.

    ACIDOSIS – condition in which the acidity of body fluids & tissues is abnormally high
    - due to a decrease in normal blood pH
    - major physiological effect in general: depression of the CNS through depression of
    synaptic transmission

     Gaseous acidosis – more than the normal amount of CO2 is retained in the body. E.g. drowning
     Renal acidosis – kidney failure results in excessive loss of bicarbonate or retention of phosphoric
    and sulfuric acids
     Patients with diabetes mellitus have a form of acidosis in which sodium, potassium and ketone
    bodies are lost in the urine

    TYPES OF ACIDOSIS:

    1. Metabolic Acidosis – occurs when there is excessive loss of bases, such as bicarbonate (HCO 3-) or
    sodium
    - due to a decrease in blood HCO3-
    CAUSES:
    a. severe ketosis & Diabetes Mellitus
    b. Eclampsia
    c. High lipid diet
    d. Urinuria
    e. Diarrhea
    f. Starvation or diabetic coma

    TREATMENT:
     Administration of sodium bicarbonate along with fluids and other electrolytes
     Metabolic acidosis can be compensated through intravenous

    2. Respiratory Acidosis (hypoventilation) – associated with an increased level of CO2 in the blood,
    occurring when there is interference with respiratory gas exchange
    - carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3)
    - carbonic acid can dissociate into hydrogen ions, which will lower the pH of
    the blood (acidosis)
    H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3

    CAUSES:
    a. depression to respiration
    b. obstruction to respiration

    TREATMENT:
     Respiratory Acidosis can be compensated through suction of H2CO3 or through oxygen
    tanks

     Acidosis can be compensated through:


    a. Increase production of ammonia in the kidney
    b. Increase excretion of acids by the kidneys
    c. Increase excretion of H2CO3 through the lungs

    ALKALOSIS – condition in which the alkalinity of body fluids and tissues is abnormally high. This
    arises because of a failure of the mechanisms that usually maintain a balance between alkalis and acids in
    the arterial blood.
    - associated with loss of acid through vomiting or excessive sodium bicarbonate intake
    - due to an increase in blood pH
    - major physiological effects: over excitability of the CNS through facilitation of synaptic
    transmission

    TYPES OF ALKALOSIS

    1. Metabolic Alkalosis – is usually associated with excessive loss of potassium and chloride
    - due to an increase in blood HCO3

    CAUSES:
    a. overdosage of alkaline drugs
    b. excessive loss of gastric HCl due to persistent vomiting or severe vomiting (Cl- loss)
    c. diarrhea (K+)

    2. Respiratory Alkalosis – produced by hyperventilation (salicylate poisoning or artificial respirator)


    which lowers the CO2 level of the blood.
    - due to a decrease in blood H2CO3 due to hyperventilation
    - breathing that is abnormally deep in relation to the amount of physical exercise may lead to
    respiratory alkalosis which may produce symptoms of muscular weakness or cramps

     Alkalosis can be compensated through:


    a. Decrease production of ammonia by the kidneys
    b. Decrease excretion of acids by the kidney
    c. Decrease excretion of H2CO3 through the lungs

    You might also like