Shanto Mariam University of Creative

Technology

Module Title : ISO & COMPLIANCE

Course Code : AMM 4219
Assignment: Industrialization and its impact on environment.

Submitted to:
Mr.Suhal Ahmed, Lecturer
Dept. AMMT

Submitted by:
Mohammad Raim Razzak
Semester- 11th
ID-191057011
Group-A
Batch-31th
Date -10-04-2021
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my

guide Mr.Suhal Ahmed for the opportunity to let me do this assignment
and his exemplary guidance and constant encouragement throughout the course
of this assignment. His blessing, help and guidance shall carry me a long way in
the journey which I will embark.
I also take this opportunity to express a deep gratitude to my family, friends and
of course my friends for their cordial support and valuable information which
helped me in completing this task in the stated timeline.

Sign
Raim
Introduction

The Dhaka division is located at center of Bangladesh, and the capital and largest city is
Dhaka. The division covers an area of 31,051 km2 and has a population of 46,729,000,
surrounded by nine rivers (Padma, Jamuna, Meghna, Old Brahmaputra, Dhaleshwari,
Shitalakshya, Brahmaputra, Buriganga and Arial Khan). The study area was located in Dhaka
division within the Tejgaon, Hazaribagh, Narsingdi and Narayangang areas. Most of the
people in these areas were engaged in industrial work and suffered various health problems
that have been linked to hazardous industrial waste. Textile, leather tanning, cement and
fertilizer (urea) industries form a big portion of the business in the area. These industries are
known for the discharge of huge amounts of solid and liquid wastes. The present
environmental condition of Bangladesh is not at all equilibrium. Severe air, water and noise
pollution levels are threatening human health, ecosystems and economic growth of
Bangladesh. Due to industrialization, there are numerous factors affecting the water quality
(Jahangir Alam 2009). A World Bank report claimed that Bangladesh receives 1.5 million
cubic meters of waste water every day from 7,000 industrial plants and 0.5 million m3 a day
from other sources (Gurumia 2010). According to the Bangladesh Bank data, industrial
growth rose to 7.5 % in FY 2011 (Bangladesh Bank 2011). In FY 2012, industry is expected
to grow strongly at 7.8 %, reflecting a rise in external demand and higher domestic capacity
(Bangladesh Bank 2011). Linked to the rise in industrialization is the rise in water, air and
land pollution. This increased industrialization encourages the thought that there will be a
continued and not discontinued rise in pollution levels. An online newspaper from April 20,
2011, mentioned that air pollution entails a massive cost amounting to 134 billion taka (US$
1.59 billion) a year in the capital alone in terms of lost human health and life (Mahmud
2011). This pollution chiefly stems from industrial economic activity in Bangladesh. Textile
and dyeing, tanneries, pulp and paper, cement, metal, fertilizer, and chemical factories in
particular emit particulate matter (PM), sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and
ammonia (Mahmood 2011). In Bangladesh, most industries are located along the banks of the
rivers, and as a consequence of their actions, industrial units drain effluents directly into the
rivers without any consideration of the environmental degradation. The most problematic
industries for the water sector are textiles, tanneries, pulp and paper mills, fertilizer, industrial
chemical production and refineries (Mahmood 2011). Complex mixtures of hazardous
chemicals, both organic and inorganic, are discharged into the water bodies from all these
industries usually without treatment (UNEP 2001a).
Industrialization in Bangladesh
Industrialization is an essential pre-requisite for rapid and sustained economic development
and social progress. Bangladesh as an underdeveloped country is industrially backward.
There are many reasons behind the backwardness. Among them, lack of positive and
favorable industrial policy, small savings, want of capital, lack of infrastructural facilities,
lack of technological know-how, unskilled manpower, political instability, and lack of proper
govt policy are the main causes of backwardness in the way of industrialization. Despite all
these hurdles, small scale and medium scale industries have flourished. But the speed of
flourishment is very slow. Characteristics of industrialization include the use of technological
innovation to solve problems as opposed to superstition or dependency upon conditions
outside human control such as the weather, as well as a more efficient division of labor and
economic growth. Bangladesh is mainly an agricultural country. The majority of the people
depend on agriculture and live in the village. So, setting up large scale industries is very
difficult here.

Impact of industrialization on environment

Analysis of pollutants measured The output waste was measured according to some of the
common criteria used for the various forms of monitoring industrial pollutants. Four plants
(textile, leather, cement and fertilizer) were measured within three categories of pollution
(land, air and water). Two levels of analysis were conducted. The first level asked the
question of whether or not each plant was indeed polluting at a dangerous level in each of the
categories of pollution. The second step asked the question of which of the factories were the
biggest contributors to pollution in each category. To establish the first step, we decided to
set certain determinants and then asked the respondents to indicate which of the determinants
were true. Firstly, in the effluent discharge into the water, we considered the water to be
polluted based upon whether the factory workers indicated that at least 4–8 of the parameter
thresholds were dangerously exceeded. Table 1 illustrates the parameters of the study.
Secondly, air pollution was considered air waste if the value of the emissions air quality
index (AQI) surpassed a score of 100. AQI is a formulation that converts five criteria air
pollutants (PM, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and ozone) into a number
scale from 0 to 500. Any pollution that exceeds 100 is considered unhealthy.
Thirdly, land pollution was measured in terms of the metric tons of waste. This was the only
category in which the first step was largely omitted and the measure of our work was to
analyze the aggregate differences in pollution that either directly or indirectly ended up on
land. No threshold was determined for land pollution. This was because we considered any
unwanted and dangerous waste as pollution—measured in metric tons/day.

Water pollution
Eighty percent of the participants in our study were able to independently list between 6 and
8 indicators that were above our thresholds. Although their lists were different, the common
five effluent parameters listed were BOD, sulfate, oil and grease, zinc cadmium and copper.
These were commonly stated as usually existing in high levels within the effluent discharge
across all the industries with the exception of the cement industry.
Air pollution
The AQIs were recorded by respondents in the cement plant (M = 145, SD = 6.5) and the
fertilizer plant (M = 135.45, SD = 10.43). The leather tanning and the textiles plant also
recorded high-level AQIs with means of 115 (SD = 9.2) and 100 (SD = 2.4), respectively.
Land pollution
Aggregate summations of the amount of waste affecting the land/day were recorded. It was
approximated that 10.87 mt/day (SD = 7.28) of solid waste was disposed of on land or
eventually polluted the land. After differentiating the output by each plant, we found that the
mean metric tonnage of land-affecting pollution to be as follows: textile plant (M = 17.02, SD
= 3.03), fertilizer plant (M = 15.58, SD = 4.70), leather tannery (M = 10.83, SD = 1.53) and
cement plant (M = 0.00, SD = 0.50).
Environmental pollution through the textile, leather tanning, cement and fertilizer A, E It was
found that there were significant main effects for each of the forms of pollution between the
amounts of pollution that each factory produced (Table 2). Toxic to land, toxic to air and
toxic to water each reported F (3, 92) = 168.4, p = .00***; F (3, 92) = 311.3, p = .00*** and
F (3, 92) = 492.4, p = .00***, respectively. This indicated a strong variation from the mean
between each of the four factories.

Industries and their waste management system

According to the respondents’ answers , only the textile v fertilizer plants had effluent
treatment plants installed. From the reports of workers in the textile plant and outsiders to the
plant, 100 % of the workers and outsiders reported that the textile factory indeed had an
effluent plant. The workers also reported that the effluent plant equipment was in working
order and was effective at its duty. In contrast, the outsiders felt that the factory was not
effectively dealing with the pollution (76 % disagreed with the measures being effective).
The leather tanning plant respondents were the least happy with the measures taken to reduce
pollution. They indicated that there were no treatment activities available around the leather
plant (0 %) and that there were not many activities trying to fill this gap. None of the outside
dwellers in our study felt that the tanning industry was effectively reducing their pollution. In
fact, common remarks by the outside dwellers were that the ‘‘factories did not care about
reducing the pollution—which is why they have not thinking of installing an effluent
treatment plant.’’ Workers similarly implied that there were no treatment plants available.
The leather tannery not only discharged contaminated waste water into rivers, but also
dumped a large amount of chromium-mixed solid wastes.
These solid wastes—typically consisting of items such as skins, hides, and fats—were
dumped onto the banks of rivers and on fields near residential areas causing different
diseases. Although the cement plant waste water discharge is usually limited, it produced
huge amount of dust in its processing period. Respondents indicated that amelioration was
needed in dust reduction. As there is no dust reduction plant in Bangladesh, the cement
industry is playing a vital role in causing air pollution and lung disease. According to the
respondents, fertilizer industries in the study region are facing technological barriers because
of a lack of funds needed for importing new machines to reduce pollution. Although all the
workers in the fertilizer plant testified the presence of an effluent treatment plant, none of the
respondents were in total agreement about the effectiveness an maintenance of the treatment
technologies. Maintenance and use of these technologies have been the critical weak point to
maintaining adequate standards of waste management.

Tannery waste
Usually the tannery wastes are characterized by strong colour, high BOD, high pH and
dissolved salt. Tanning waste may be classified as continuous flow waste and intermittent
flow waste. Continuous flow waste consists of wash waters after various processes and
contain large portion of the total waste and is reiatively less polluted than the other one. Spent
liquors belonging to soaking. liming. bating. pickling, tanning and finishing operation are
discharged intermittently. Although these are relatively small in volume they are highly
polluted and contain varieties of soluble organic and inorganic substances.
a) The spent soak liquor: Such liquor is olive green in colour and contains- soluble proteins
and huge amount of common salt. "The waste contains good amount of suspended matters
dirt, dung and blood adhering to the hides and skins, are discharged. These wastes have
favorable pH for the growth of bacteria.
b) The spent lime liquor: Lime liquor contains dissolved and suspended lime, colloidal
proteins and their degradation products. sulphides. emulsified fatty matters and also carry a
sludge composed of unreacted lime, calcium sulphide and calcium carbonate as such the lime
liquor has high alkalinity, moderate BOD and a high amonia-nitrogen~ontent.
c) The spent bate liquor 15 It contains high amount of organic and ammonia nitrogen and
ammonium salts.
d) Vegetable tanning effluent: The vegetable tan extract contains tannins and also non
tannins. Tannins are of high COD but relatively low BOD values while non tannins include
inorganic salts, organic acids and salt and sugar, are high both in COD and BOD. The spent
vegetable tanning liquor wastes have the highest BOD and very strong dirty brown colour. It
contains organic tanning compounds, carbohydrates, aluminous compounds, organic acids,
inorganic salts etc. and Is slightly acidic (pH 4.5 to 5.0), when mixed with spent lime liquor
the spent vegetable tanning waste yields a bulky precipitation.
e) Spent pickle tanning waste comprise liquor a small The spent pickling and chrome volume,
have a low BOD and contains trace of protonic impurities, acids and chromium salts. sodium
chloride, mineral Chrome tanning effluent : The spent chrome liquor~ is greenish in colour
and highly acidic. The waste contains a high- concentration of trivalent chromium. The BOD
of the waste is also high. Dyeing and fat liquoring effluent: The effluents from the dyeing and
fat liquoring process are generally small in volume and discharge intermittently. The
principal components are the residuals of the various dyes used in a tannery and oily mulsion.
Unhairing and fleshing effluent The effluent from the unhairing operation is more or less
continuous and contains mostly hairs and sulphides, Fleshing operation gives rise to an
effluent which is also more or less continuous and contains fatty and fleshy matters in
susper,siorl. Deliming effluent ,Spent Deliming liquors which are discharged as waste have
significant high BOD.
Refinery and Petroleum waste
The characterization of refinery and petrochemical wastewater in terms of organic
constituents and inorganic constituents is the real basis regulation. for control, treatment
process and effluent "Parameters used to characterize refinery and petr6chemical wastewater
can be categorized as organic or inorganic. The inorganic content of wastewater is estimated
in terms of BOD and COD. The inorganic characterization includes determination of pH,
alkalinity, acidity, suspended solids etc. The significance of BOD in refinery and
petrochemical wastewater is due t6 the presence of oxidizable nitrogen in the form of
ammonia, nitrites and nitrogen functional group. The presence of chlorinated hydrocarbons
and heavy petrochemical waste also influence the BOD value. metals in The important
pollutants in petroleum refineries which contribute to higher BOD and COD value are
phenol, sulphides and chlorides. hydrocarbons, Oil and grease and phellO1 ic compounds are
the more important organic parameters applied in characterizing refinery and petrochemical
wastewaters. Some mineral acids like sulphuric, nitric or phosphoric acid are found in
refinery and petrochemical waste. The presence of some caustic containing sodium, .calcium
and potassium salts crontribute to the higher value of alkalinity in refiriery and petrochemical
waste. Ammonia, nitrogen and sulphides are normally present in refinery effluents. It is not
possible to generalize the characteristics of wastewater from the petroleum refineries. These
characteristics vary widely with size of the refinery, type of crude oil used, complexity of
processing. water economy adopted etc.
Diseases cause polluting Industry and respondents answer
In an open question on predominant health problems in those communities, the respondents
answered to questions about the state of their health. These concerns were as follows:
occupational asthma; skin irritation; musculoskeletal stresses; headache; hearing loss;
dehydration; burning eyes, nose and throat; high blood pressure; chest tightness; lung disease;
and vomiting and hair loss. Over a time period of 6 months prior to September 2010, 58 % of
the people reported that they had suffered from skin diseases . A further 34 % of the sample
of people reported headaches, 20 % mentioned dehydration, and 18 % mentioned asthma.
High blood pressure sufferers accounted for 15 and 12 % of the people lost hair or had other
problems such as musculoskeletal stresses, burning eyes, nose, throat, chest tightness, lung
disease and vomiting at the time that the research was taking place. The results were specific
to what the respondents could place blame on the industrial activities in our sample area.
CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES BASED ON POLLUTION POTENTIAL
It has already been mentioned in the previous section that there are about 3801 manufacturing
industries in Bangladesh. All these manufacturing industries are more or less creating
environmental pollution, The nature and composition of the ~fflnents will differ from
industry to industry according to their nature of production and raw material used. The
volume of effluent will depend on the size and capacity of production~ of the industry. The
pollution effects on environment by the industrial effluent depend mainly upon these nature,
composit1on, 36 and volume of effluent discharged. Considering this pollutional effect by the
effluent discharged, the manufacturing industries are categorized in three divisions. These are
—
Major polluting industry
Moderate polluting industry
Minor polluting industry.

Major polluting industry

A list of major polluting industries in Bangladesh has been tabulated. These industries have
major pollutional effect on water, air and soil. these are generally big industries which
discharge huge amount of wastes. These wastes may contain toxic substances. The liquid
wastes generated by these industries are generally discharged directly or indirectly into the
nearby natural stream. As a result the water of receiving stream is heavily polluted in and
around the discharge point where aquatic life is greatly endangered. Also air is polluted by
these industries due to the emission of huge amount of smoke and ashes. The ashes ultimately
fall onto the ground in tI,e vicinity of industrial area. Some industries cause serious odour
problem in the surrounding e.g., tannery industries. Soil is also polluted due to the leaching of
chemicals from the wastes generally dumped on the open ground in the industrial area. The
leaching of chemicals from the wastes some times causes pollution of ground water.
Major polluting industries
Fish and sea food
Sugar mill
Cotton textile
Woollen textile
Jute textile~
Silk and synthetic textile
Dyeing and bleaching
Tanning and finishing
Pulp and paper
Paper and hard board
Allopath etic and medicine
Fertilizer manufacturing
Petroleum refining
Moderate polluting industry
These industries produce considerable amount of liquid. solid and gaseous wastes. These type
of industries are generally located at the suburban area for which an industrial zone is created.
The liquid wastes are generally discharged into the open drains which ultimately carry it to
the nearby natural stream. These wastes may or may not contain toxic substances. Some of
these industries emit smoke which have pollutional effect on air. These industries also
produce odour problem in and around the mill area. Noise problem may not be that much
acute. These industries produce considerable amount of solid wastes which are dumped in
and around the mill area and are removed periodically.
Moderate polluting Industry
Dairy products
Hydrogeneted vegetable oil
Edible oil
Inedible vegetable oil
Tea and coffee processing
Edible salt refining
Narrow fabrics
Carpet and rugs
Unani, Ayuro-vedic, Homeopathic
and bio-chemic medicine'
Chemical industries and chemical
products
Petroleum products
Rubber
Cement manufacturing
Machinery manufacturing
excepting electrical machine
Minor polluting Industry
The "industries listed under this category generally produce huge amount of solid wastes.
These wastes are mainly produced from the remnants of manufactured products. Such wastes
are relatively less harmful. These type of industries cause air pollution by emitting smoke and
gases and create odour problem. Minor polluting industries have a little effect on water
pollution because of their little discharge of liquid waste.
Minor polluting Industry
Fruits and vegetable
Grain milling
Rice milling
Bakery products
Confectioneries
Tea and coffee blending
Soft drink manufacturing
Tobacco manufacturing
Hand loom textile
Textile manufacturing
Wear apparel ex-footwear
Footwear except vulkanised
Leather products
Jute pressing and baling
Wood and wood products
Articles of pulp and paper
Printing and publishing
Plastic products
China and ceramic
Glass and glass products
Non metallic mineral products
Iron and steel basic industries
Fabricated metal products
Electrical machineries
Transport equipment manufacturing
Photographic and optical goods
Other manufacturing’s
of wastewater. In order to reduce the overall volume of effluent, the reconstitution of
processed effluent should be examined for every stage of processing like scouring, bleaching,
mercerization, dyeing and finishing baths. This will reduce the quantity and potency of the
ultimate effluent. Like many developed countries, the government can offer free water and
wastewater test facilities, and entrepreneurs can be encouraged to set up industries far away
from the crowded greater Dhaka. For sustainable production in the cement industry, the
following steps should be considered: firstly, a proper dust recovery systems need to be
introduced. Secondly, the industry as a whole needs to establish a proper water treatment
plant. Dusty areas such as roads should be kept moist in order to reduce dust generation.
Every leather tanning industry should build an effluent treatment plant for neutralizing the
toxicity and harmful effects of their pollutants. The government needs to establish better
checks and balances of regulating the legal limit for tannery effluent discharges into surface
water. Finally, government and leather tanning industry owners need to find an acceptable
strategy for the disposal of wastes to the agricultural system—alternative uses of the treated
wastes for agriculture and/or other purposes. For urea fertilizer industry, we recommend that
for minimizing air pollution, they need to use natural gas as the feedstock. Secondly, every
urea fertilizer industry needs to use NOX removal processes that do not release toxics to the
environment.
Conclusion
For sustainable development of the country like Bangladesh, a sound environmental strategy
is fundamentally important. An economic cum environmental strategy for industrial pollution
control is, therefore, very important for the control of environmental pollution. The
securitization against industrial pollution is largely dependent on the ability of all
stakeholders to convert as much of the pollution problems into human terms, in which people
are the referent objects for providing environmental security. Without placing people as the
referent, most talk and research into environment protection may fail to find appropriate
value-centers in order to truly assess and address all costs of environmental security.
Bangladesh is facing a crucial choice between industrialization and environmental protection.
The Dhaka division, in its fast expansion, is in need of future attention to its overall
sensitivity to the existential threats that surround its people. Therefore, Government policy
should ensure balanced development, and the approach to pollution control should be more
preventive than corrective. Thus, it is obvious to bring forward all sections of the society
under the leadership of government to protect the environment and have a better, greener
future for our next generation.

References
ADB. (2008). Overview of NGOs and civil society: Bangladesh. Retrieved November 2,
2011, from Asian
Development Bank: http://beta.adb.org/publications/overview-ngos-and-civil-society-
bangladesh.
Ahsan, D. A., DelValls, T. A., & Blasco, J. (2009). The relationship of national and
international environmental NGOs in Bangladesh and their role in wetland conservation.
International Journal Environment, 3(1), 23–34.
Alam, K. (2007). The environment and policy-making in Bangladesh. In M. F. Islam & S.
Syed (Eds.),
Development issues of Bangladesh-III: Human development and quality of life (pp. 313–
332). Dhaka:
University Press Limited.
Bangladesh Bank. (2011). Major economic indicators: Monthly update. Dhaka: Bangladesh
Bank.
Buzan, B., & Hansen, L. (2009). The evolution of international security studies. New York:
Cambridge
University Press.
Charrett, C. (2009). A critical application of securitization theory: Overcoming the normative
dilemma of
writing security. International Catalan Institute of Peace, 1(1), 1–48.
Chaudhuri, S. (2011). Defining non-traditional security threats. Retrieved July 26, 2011, from
Global India
Foundation: http://www.globalindiafoundation.org/nontraditionalsecutiry.htm.
Enamul, H. A. (1997). Human health and human welfare costs of environmental pollution
from the tanning
industry in Dhaka. Dhaka: North South University.
Gurumia. (2010). Laws to curb pollution in Bangladesh. Retrieved October 3, 2011, from
Gurumia:
http://gurumia.com/2010/07/22/laws-to-curb-pollution-in-bangladesh/.
Huebert, R. (2010). The newly emerging Arctic security environment. Calagary: Canadian
Defence and
Foreign Affairs Institute.
Islam, N. (2002). The broader significance of the environment movement in Bangladesh. In
N. Islam &
A. Feroz (Eds.), Bangladesh environment (Vol. 1, pp. 1–16). Bangladesh: BAPA.
Islam, N. (2010). Industrial environmental management practices in Bangladesh: An analysis.
Reocities.
Retrieved July 26, 2011, from Reocities.com:
http://www.reocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9574/
env.html.
Jahangir Alam, G. M. (2009). Environmental pollution of Bangladesh—Its effect and control.
In International conference on mechanical engineering (pp. 1–7). Dhaka: ICME 2009.
MacDonald, M. (2008). Securitization and the construction of security. European Journal of
International
Relations, 14(4), 563–587.
Mahmood, S. A. (2011). Air pollution kills 15,000 Bangladeshis each year: The role of public
administration
and government’s integrity. Journal of Public Administration and Policy Research, 3(5), 129–
140.
Mahmud, I. (2011). Air pollution cost TK 124 billon a year in Dhaka city. Retrieved October
1, 2011, from
Bangladesh Independent News Network: http://www.bdinn.com/news/air-pollution-costs-tk-
124-billiona-year-in-dhaka-city/.
Muhith, A. M. (2011). Budget speech 2011–2012. Dhaka: Ministry of Finance, Government
of the People’s
Republic of Bangladesh.
Poeter, D. (2011). India bills $50 tablet as ‘world’s cheapest computer’. Retrieved from
pcmag.com:
http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2394196,00.asp.
Sharafuddin, A. (1990). Towards sustainable development: Environment awareness and
education in
Bangladesh. Dhaka: Ministry of Environment and Forest
Alam, S. A. S. S., Address by the chairman of concluding
session of symposium on monitoring of environmental systems,
Dhaka, 1988.
Babbit, Harold E., "Sewerag~ and sewage treatment". John Wiley
and Sons Inc., 1953.
"Costal Environmental Management Plan for Bangladesh". Vol. 2,
Final report, United nations, ESCAP.
.Compandium of environmental guirlelines and standards for
industrial discharges", World Health Organisation, Geneva,
1983.
Eunus, n. M., "Monitoring the environmental ~ystems of
Chemical industries particularly in fertilizer industries".
Proceedings of the symposium on monitoring of environment~l
systems, Dhaka, 1908.
"Industrial pollution control guidelines". ESCAP environmental
development series, United Nations, ESCAP, Bankok, 1982.
Khair, A., "Monitoring and control of toxic chemicals in
chemical industries", Proceedings of the symposium on
monitoring of environmental systems, Dhaka, 1988.
Report on "Bangladesh caucus of manufacturing industries
1982-83", Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Dhaka, 1987.