Week 1-5 - Calculus 1 Module
Week 1-5 - Calculus 1 Module
Week 1-5 - Calculus 1 Module
I. Introduction
To understand the slope of the tangent line to the curve, we must first recall functions, limits,
and secant lines. A secant line will intersect a curve at more than one point, where a tangent
line only intersects a curve at one point and show the direction of the curve. The first part of the
discussion will focus on the derivation of the formula for the slope of the tangent line using
functions and limits. The slope of a tangent line to a curve is the definition we use for a function
called the derivative.
II. Objectives
III. Lecture-Discussion
[1]“Relations and Functions" is one of the utmost significant topics in algebra. Relations and functions –
these are the two terms having dissimilar meanings mathematically. You might get tangled about their
dissimilarity.
An ordered pair represents (INPUT, OUTPUT): The relation shows the relationship between INPUT and
OUTPUT. Whereas a function is a relation that derives one OUTPUT for each given INPUT.
Note: All functions are relations, but not all relations are functions.
[1]What is a Function?
A function is a relation that defines that there should be only one output for each input. It can be a
distinct kind of relation which follows a rule i.e. every x-value should be related with only one y-value.
Let us also look at the definition of Domain and Range of a function.
Domain It’s a group of the first values in the ordered pairs (Set of all input values)
Range It is a group of the second values in the ordered pairs (Set of all output values)
Example 1.1
In the relation, {(-1, -7), {3, 5), (8, 9)},
The domain is {-1, 3, 8} and Range is {-7, 5, 9}.
Note: Don’t consider duplicates while writing Domain and Range and also write it in increasing order.
The vertical line test is a method that is used to find whether a given relation is a function or not. The
approach is simple. Draw a vertical line cutting through the graph of the relation, and then observe the
points of intersection. If the vertical line you drew intersects the graph more than once for any value of
x then the graph is not the graph of a function.
[3]Using basic algebraic functions, what limitations are there when working with real numbers?
Example 1.2
Find the domain of the function
3k 2 10k 8
h(k )
k 2 3k 28
Solution:
You can substitute any real number in the numerator, but you must avoid inputs that make the
denominator 0.
[4]Limit of a Function
The function
x2 4
f ( x)
x2
Figure 1.2 Graph of function
x2 4
f ( x)
Values x 2 may be computed near x = 2
Let f be a function and let a and L be real numbers. L is the limit of f(x) as x approaches a, written
lim f ( x ) L,
x a
if the following conditions are met:
1. As x assumes values closer and closer but not equal to on both sides of the corresponding values
of f(x) and the latter get closer and closer but not equal to L.
2. The value of f(x) can be made as close to L as desired by taking values of x arbitrarily close to a.
Straight line has a constant slope because of its linear characteristic while a curve is consists of group
points that change direction.
The slope of the tangent line to the curve at a point is called the Derivative of the curve at that point.
The secant line cuts the curve at points (a, f(a)) and (a+h, f(a+h)). Note that the difference between the
x-values is h.
As the second point gets closer to the given point (that is, as h approaches zero), then the slope of the
secant line approaches the slope of the tangent line. This gives rise to the following limit formula for the
slope of the tangent line at the point (a, f(a)):
This is called the Derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) at the point where𝑥 = 𝑎, or𝑓’(𝑎). We say “f - prime of a.”
Note: The derivative of a function at a point is the slope of the tangent line to the curve at the given
point.
To compute the derivative function, simply replace a with x in the limit definition of the derivative, then
solve for a function of x. That is, calculate:
Example 1.3
Solution
f ' ( z ) lim
zh 2 f z 2 Thus we need to simplify expression
to eliminate h in the denominator. To
h0 h remove h, rationalize the numerator.
z h z z h z
f ' ( z ) lim
z h z
In multiplying, apply product of
h0
h sum and difference rule
f ' ( z ) lim
zh z
2 2
Evaluate the difference of two
h0 h zh z squares
zhz
f ' ( z ) lim
h0 h
zh z Combine similar terms
h
f ' ( z ) lim
h0 h
zh z Divide common factor
1
f ' ( z ) lim
h0 zh z
1
f ' (z) Substitute the limit
z0 z
1
f ' (z)
z z
1
f ' (z) Answer
2 z
Example 1.4
1 3
Find the derivative of f ( r ) r
2 5
Solution
Example 1.5
f ' ( z ) 10 z 3 Answer
1. f ( x) 4 x 3
x 1
2. f ( x)
2 x
2
3. f ( x) x 3
4. f ( x) cos 3 x
x 1
5. f ( x)
x 3x
2
6. f ( x) x 3 x
V. Exercises 1.1
INSTRUCTION: Use the limit definition of the derivative to find the derivative of the following functions.
Use a test booklet for your solution.
1. f ( x) 6
2. f (t ) 3 14t
3. f ( x) x 2
4. f (z) 4x2 9z
5. g (t ) 10 5t t 2
6. Q( x ) 2 x 3 1
7. f ( x) x 3 2 x 2 x 1
5
8. w( x)
x
x 1
9. f ( x)
x4
10. f ( x ) 3 x 4
I. Introduction
[7]The derivative of a function of a real variable calculates the sensitivity to change of the function
value or output value with respect to a change in its argument or input value. Derivatives are essential
instrument of calculus.
II. Objectives
III. Lecture-Discussion
Rules of Differentiation
The tangent line is a straight line; since the derivative is the slope of the tangent line, then the derivative
of a straight line at any point is the slope of the line
In particular,
Based on this, since a constant is a horizontal straight line, then the derivative of a constant is zero:
[8]Rules of Differentiation
n is any real
Example 2.1
Example 2.2:
Example 2.3:
Example 2.4:
Product Rule:
Example 2.5:
Differentiate
Step 3: Substitute the f(x), g(x), f‘(x) and g’(x) into the Product Rule formula, and simplify:
Quotient Rule:
Example 2.6:
Differentiate
Step 3: Substitute the f(x), g(x), f‘(x) and g’(x) into the Quotient Rule
formula, and simplify:
[9]Examples 2.7
Solution:
5
B. Find the derivative of f ( k ) .
k3
Solution:
1
C. Find the derivative of f (v ) v v 2 8 .
v
There are two ways to find the derivative of the function, the product rule and power rule. For now,
we’ll use power rule by first must multiplying out the terms. Recall that v a v b v ( a b ) .
1
√𝑣(𝑣 – 8 + ) = 𝑣 𝑣 – 8𝑣 + 𝑣 𝑣
𝑥𝑣
= 𝑣 – 8𝑣 + 𝑣
We can now take the derivative:
𝑑 1 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
√𝑣 𝑣 – 8 + = 𝑣 –8 𝑣 + 𝑣 Use the rule of exponent in
𝑑𝑣 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
multiplying
5 – 1 – 1 Apply power formula
= 𝑣 –8 𝑣 + − 𝑣
2 2 2
5 1
= 𝑣 – 4𝑣 − 𝑣 ✓
2 2
1. f ( x) 2
2 9
2. f ( w) w
3
3. f (t ) t
1
4. f (g) 3 g
g
5.
f (k ) k 2 2k k 2
h2
6. f ( h)
h 1
V. Exercises 2.1
INSTRUCTION: Find the derivative of the given function. Use a test booklet for your solution.
1. y 2t 4 10t 2 13t
2. g ( z ) 4 z 7 3z 7 9 z
3. h( y ) x 83 x
4 1 8
4. f (t ) 3 5
t 6t t
5.
f ( x) x 4 2 x x 2
y5 5 y3 2 y
6. f ( y)
y3
3x 1
7. y
2x 3
8. y 3 - 2x 2 3x
9. y
x 1 2 x 1
x2 6
10. y
2x 7
I. Introduction
[10]In differential calculus, the chain rule is a formula for calculating the derivative of
the composition of two or more functions. That is, if f and g are functions, then the chain rule
expresses the derivative of their composition 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 (the function which maps x to 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) in terms
of the derivatives of f and g.
II. Objectives
III. Lecture-Discussion
Remember that a composition of functions is a function of a function. The output of one function (the
“inner” function) is the input of the other function (the “outer” function), as indicated below.
“The derivative of a composition of functions is equal to the derivative of the outer function with
respect to the inner function (that is, without changing the inner) multiplied by the derivative of the
inner function.”
Example 3.1:
Outer function
Example 3.2:
Replace u by x
Example 3.3:
Differentiate
Solution:
Example 3.4
Solution
f ' ( x) 4 6 x 2 7 x 12 x 7
3
dx 3
dy 8 2
1 8 z 3
dx 3
3
5h 4 3
c) Find the derivative of f ( h)
3h 1
3
Solution Note: Use quotient rule for the derivative of the base.
u 5h 4 3; du 20h3
Let:
v 3h3 1; dv 9h 2
Derivative of the base
d 5h 4 3 3h 3 1 20h 3 5h 4 3 9h 2
dx 3h 3 1 3h 3 1
2
Apply chain rule
f ' h 3
2
5h 4 3 3h 3 1 20h 3 5h 4 3 9h 2 Distribute terms to remove
3h 1
3
3h 3 1
2
the parenthesis and add
like terms
2
5h 4 3 60h 6 20h 3 45h 6 27 h 2
f ' h 3
3h 1
3
3h 3 1
2
f ' h 3
5h 3 15h 20h 27h
4 2 6 3 2
Factor out h2 and multiply like
3h 1
3
3h 1
2 3 2
terms
f ' h 3
5h 3 h 15h 20h 27
4 2 2 4
3h 1
3
3h 1
2 3 2
d) m 3n 1 3n 2 4
3
Solution
m 3n 1 3n 2 4
3
Apply product rule
dm
dn
3n 1 3 3n 2 4 6n 3n 2 4 3
4 3
Find the GCF and other factors
dm
dn
4
3 3n 2 4 18n 2 6n 3n 2 4 Simplify the other factor
dm 3 15n 2 6n 4
dn
3n 2 4
4
1.
f w 3w 2 5w 2
8
2. f h 5h 2 3h 1
3.
f k k 2 2 5
3
4. f z
z 3 2
2
5. f t 2t 1 t 3 t 1
5
4
V. Exercises 3.1
INSTRUCTION: Find the derivative of the given function. Use a test booklet for your solution.
1.
g (t ) 4t 2 3t 2
2
1
2. g (t ) 6 x 2 7 x 2 3
3. h(t ) t 6 5t 2 t
4. V ( z ) z 2 z 8
4 3
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1) (3𝑥– 7)
1
6. f x
a2 x2
3
x 1
7. f x
x 1
8. y x 1 x2
4
x
9. f x
1 x
10. y 3 9 x 2 1
I. Introduction
[11]The second derivative, or second-order derivative, is the derivative of a function. The derivative of
the function 𝑓(𝑥) may be denoted by𝑓′(𝑥), and its double (or "second") derivative is denoted by f''(x).
This is read as f double prime of x", or "The second derivative of 𝑓(𝑥)". Since the derivative of function f
is defined as a function signifying the slope of function f, the double derivative is the function signifying
the slope of the first derivative function.
Furthermore, the third derivative is the derivative of the derivative of the derivative of a function, which
can be represented by𝑓′′′(𝑥). This is read as f triple prime of𝑥", or "The third derivative of (x)". This can
continue as long as the resulting derivative is itself differentiable, with the fourth derivative, the fifth
derivative, and so on. Any derivative beyond the first derivative can be referred to as a higher-order
derivative.
II. Objectives
III. Lecture-Discussion
[11]Higher-Order Derivatives
Basically, when we speak of derivative, we are referring to the first derivative. Specifically, it is what we
obtained when we differentiate a function once. If we differentiate again, the result is called the second
derivative. Thus, the second derivative is the derivative of the first derivative.
Successive derivatives are named in the same way. For example, the seventh derivative of a function is
obtained by taking derivatives seven times (the derivative of the derivative of the derivative of the
derivative of the derivative of the derivative of the derivative of the function).
[11]Notation
Let f x be a function in terms of x. The following are notations for higher order derivatives.
d df d 2 f
dx dx dx 2
[8]Examples
Example 4.1
First derivative
Second derivative
Third derivative
Fourth derivative
Example 4.2
2w 1
Find the second derivative of g w .
3w 2
Solution
3w 22
[12]Implicit Differentiation
Differentiate the function as usual when you differentiate x, but when you differentiate y,
multiply the derivative with𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 .
Always differentiate BOTH SIDES of the equation with respect to the same variable.
The variable that we differentiate with respect to occurs in the denominator of the derivative
expression. For example, if we are seeking𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥, then differentiate y with respect to x. If we
are seeking𝑑𝑉/𝑑𝑡, then differentiate V with respect to t.
Example 4.3:
Steps:
Differentiate both sides with respect to
x. Apply the sum/difference rule on the
left side.
This term is a function
of x, so regular This term is a function of y, Identify whether the term you differentiate
differentiation. so Implicit differentiation. contains x or y. If it is a function of x, then
regular differentiation. If it is a function of a
variable other than x, like y in this case, then
it is implicit differentiation.
Steps:
Example 4.4:
Steps:
Steps:
Complete the Product Rule. Be careful in substitution.
Steps:
1. f ( w) 3w 7 6 w 4 8w3 12w 18
2. g (k ) k 3 k 2 k 1
1
3. f (t ) 45 t 3 t
8t 2
4. 2 x3 y 2 1 4 y
5. 6 y xy 2 1
V. Exercises 4.1
INSTRUCTION: Determine the derivative of the function. Use test booklet for your solution.
d2y
1. y x 2 , find
dx 2
2. f ( x) 4 x 3 , find f ' '
d3y
3. y 4 x, find
dx 3
4. f ( x) 5 x 4 , find f ' ' '
d4y
5. y 5 x , find 4
4
dx
d3y
6. y 3 x 5 2 x, find 3
dx
3 d3y
7. y 2 x 4 x , find 3
3
dx
d3y
8. y x 2 25 x 2 , find 3
dx
dy
2 x 3 43 xy 1 , find
2
9.
dx
10.
2
x 2 4 x 2 y 3 1 , find
dy
dx