Tutorial-Column103 0

Reinforced Concrete Column under Uniaxial Cyclic Loading
Outline
1 Description
2 Finite Element Model
2.1 Geometry
2.2 Properties
2.3 Boundary Conditions
2.4 Loads
2.5 Mesh
3 Structural Nonlinear Analysis
3.1 Commands
3.2 Results
3.2.1 Deformed Shape
3.2.2 Force vs Displacement Hysteresis Curve
3.2.3 Crack Pattern
3.3 Full Analysis Results
3.3.1 Hysteresis Curve
3.3.2 Failure Mode
Appendix A Additional Information
Reinforced Concrete Column under Uniaxial Cyclic Loading | https://dianafea.com 2/50

1 Description
The behavior of axially loaded Reinforced Concrete (RC) columns combined with cyclic horizontal loading is recognized as an important research topic as it is essential in determining the
earthquake response of a typical building structure. In this tutorial, an experiment perfomed on a reinforced concrete column loaded with a combination of axial and horizontal cyclic loading1 ,
is simulated by means of a 3D solid model. The geometry, reinforcement details, loading and boundary conditions of the experiment are seen in Figure 1 and Figure 2 respectively.
Figure 1: Geometry and reinforcement details of the

experimental specimen Figure 2: Load and boundary conditions of the experimental specimen
1
Hugo Rodrigues and Costa, Behavior of RC building columns under cyclic loading: experimental study, 2013

The symmetry of the specimen is exploited and only half the column and foundation block is modeled. The horizontal load is applied directly to the top surface of the column by means of
prescribed displacement. Hence, the height of the column above the plate of the horizontal jack is discarded. The fixing of the foundation block to the ground [Fig. 2] is modeled by means of
no tension interfaces at the base of the block and the location of the bolt plates at the top surface of the block.
A structural nonlinear analysis is carried out accounting for physical and geometrical nonlinear effects. The peak displacements of the loading cycles are taken from the experimental paper.
In order to restrict running time, the analysis is not set up until failure. Instead, the first six loading cycles in the experiment are considered. However, in the final section, some results from
a full analysis are presented.
A total strain based crack (TSCR) formulation is used to describe the behavior of concrete. In this approach, a one-to-one relationship is assumed between the total strain and stress at a
material point. The value for mean compressive strength (fc m) at testing time is provided in the paper2 . The unknown material properties for concrete are calculated from fc m, using the
expressions given in fib Model Code3 . The behavior in tension is described by the Japanese Society of Civil Engineers Code (JSCE) tension stiffening with a damaged based Poisson’s ratio
reduction model. Maekawa cracked concrete curves are used as compression curves which describe the behavior of concrete under hysteresis loading. Additionally a stress confinement model
by Selby and Vecchio is also applied.
For reinforcement steel, Menegotto-Pinto plasticity model is applied. Two different assumptions are made for the behavior of bond between concrete and steel depending on the location of
the reinforcement within the specimen. For reinforcements in the foundation block, an embedded formulation is utilized. This implies an assumption of perfect bond between concrete and
steel. For reinforcements in the column, bond slip properties are provided, which describe the normal and shear behavior of the interface between concrete and steel.
Nonlinear interface elements with no-tension and shear stiffness reduction are used to model the fixing of the foundation block to the ground.
2
Hugo Rodrigues and Costa, Behavior of RC building columns under cyclic loading: experimental study, 2013
3
CEB-FIP, fib Model Code for Concrete Structures, 2010

The material properties assumed in the analysis are listed in Table 1.
Table 1: Material properties

Concrete (TSCR)
Young’s modulus 38524.5 N/mm2
Poisson’s ratio 0.2
Mass density 2.4e-9 T/mm3
Tensile strength 4.04607 N/mm2
Power c 0.4
Compressive strength 57.53 N/mm2
Reinforcement (Menegotto-Pinto plasticity)
Young’s modulus 194660 N/mm2
Yield stress 432.63 N/mm2
Initial tangent slope ratio 0.00286359
Initial curvature parameter 20
Constant a1 18.5
Constant a2 0.15
Constant a3 0.01
Constant a4 7
Bond-slip reinforcement interface (Linear)
Normal stiffness modulus 1000 N/mm2
Shear stiffness modulus 100 N/mm2
Steel plates (Linear)
Young’s modulus 194660 N/mm2
Foundation block interface (No tension with shear stiffness reduction)
Normal stiffness modulus 1000 N/mm2
Shear stiffness modulus 1000 N/mm2

2 Finite Element Model
For the modeling session we start a new project for structural analysis as seen in Figure 3.
DianaIE
Main menu File New [Fig. 3]
Figure 3: New project dialog

The units set are millimeter for length, ton for mass and newton for force as seen in Figure 4
Figure 4: Units

2.1 Geometry
We do the geometry of the specimen by creating polygon sheets and then extruding them. We start with the foundation block with coordinates defined in Figure 5 and extrusion defined
in Figure 6.
DianaIE
Main menu Geometry Create Add polygon sheet [Fig. 5]

Main menu Geometry Modify Extrude [Fig. 6]
Figure 5: Add polygon sheet Figure 6: Extrude shape -

-Foundation block Foundation block Figure 7: View of model

Similarly, we create the column as seen in Figure 8 and Figure 9. With this the concrete geometry is created.
DianaIE

Main menu Geometry Modify Extrude [Fig. 9]
Figure 8: Add sheet - Column Figure 9: Extrude shape - Column Figure 10: View of the model

Now, we make the reinforcements. We start with the foundation block and create the top and bottom reinforcement lines as seen in Figure 11 and Figure 12.
DianaIE
Main menu Geometry Create Add line [Fig. 11] [Fig. 12]
Figure 11: Add line - Base bottom Figure 12: Add line - Base top
reinforcement reinforcement Figure 13: View of model

Then we make two copies of the bottom line as seen in Figure 14 to make the left side reinforcements. Further, we copy the newly created left side lines once to create the right side
reinforcements [Fig. 15].
DianaIE
Main menu Geometry Modify Array copy [Fig. 14] [Fig. 15]
Figure 14: Array copy - Base Figure 15: Array copy - Base side
bottom reinforcement reinforcement Figure 16: View of model

We copy the top and bottom lines eight times as seen in Figure 17.
DianaIE
Main menu Geometry Modify Array copy [Fig. 17]
Figure 17: Array copy - Base top

and bottom
reinforcement Figure 18: View of model

We create a stirrup in the foundation block using a closed polygon Figure 19 and then copy it four times along the Y direction Figure 20 to complete the foundation reinforcements.
DianaIE
Main menu Geometry Create Add polyline [Fig. 19]

Figure 19: Add polygon - Base Figure 20: Array copy - Base
stirrup stirrup Figure 21: View of model

Next we create reinforcements in the column. We make the longitudinal bars first [Fig. 22 to 24].
DianaIE
Main menu Geometry Create Add polyline [Fig. 22] [Fig. 23]
Main menu Geometry Create Add line [Fig. 24]
Figure 22: Add polygon Figure 23: Add polygon

line - line - Figure 24: Add line -
Longitudinal Longitudinal Longitudinal
reinforcement reinforcement reinforcement
1 2 3 Figure 25: View of model

Then we create a stirrup in the column [Fig. 26] and copy it seven times with a spacing of 150 mm [Fig. 27].
DianaIE
Main menu Geometry Create Add polyline [Fig. 26]

Figure 26: Add polygon line - Figure 27: Array copy - Base
Base stirrup stirrup Figure 28: View of model

Next, we copy the topmost stirrup three times with a spacing of 75 mm Figure 29. With this we finish the reinforcements according to the experimental details shown in Figure 1.
DianaIE
Figure 29: Array copy - topmost

column stirrup Figure 30: View of model - reinforcements

We now make the steel plates which we use to fix the foundation block to the floor as in the experiment [Fig. 2]. We create a sheet [Fig. 31] and copy it once [Fig. 32]. The geometry of the
model is complete.
DianaIE

Figure 31: Add sheet - Bolt plate Figure 32: Array copy - Bolt plate Figure 33: View of model

2.2 Properties
We start by assigning the properties to the concrete parts, i.e. Foundation block and Column [Fig. 34 to 39]. For the material properties we use a total strain based crack model with the
parameters listed in Table 1.
DianaIE
Main Menu Geometry Assign Shape property assignments [Fig. 34]

Shape property assignments Add new material [Fig. 35] - [Fig. 40]
Figure 34: Property assignments Figure 35: Add material - Concrete Figure 36: Edit material - linear properties

Figure 37: Edit material - total strain crack model Figure 38: Edit material - tensile behaviour Figure 39: Edit material - compressive behaviour Figure 40: Edit material - shear behaviour

We assign the properties to the reinforcement bars as per the experiment details seen in Figure 1. We start with the foundation block in which an assumption of embedded reinforcement is
made. For material properties we use the Menegotto-Pinto plasticity model with the parameters listed in Table 1.
The property assignment for these reinforcements is seen in Figure 41 to Figure 46. The assignment for the side reinforcements is done separately from the rest of the bars, since the side bars
differ in diameter [Fig. 46]. The same material is used for all bars in the foundation block.
DianaIE
Main Menu Geometry Assign Reinforcement property assignments [Fig. 41]

Reinforcement property assignments Add new geometry [Fig. 44]
Figure 41: Reinforcement property Figure 42: Add material - Embedded Figure 44: Add geometry - 16mm Embedded
assignment reinforcement Figure 43: Edit material - Menegotto-Pinto properties reinforcement

Figure 45: Reinforcement property
assignment - Side bars Figure 46: Add geometry - 10mm Embedded reinforcement

Similarly, we assign properties to the reinforcement bars in the column.For material properties we use the Menegotto-Pinto plasticity model combined with bond slip behavior with the
parameters listed in Table 1.The assignment for these reinforcements is seen in Figure 47 to Figure 54. The assignment for the longitudinal bars and stirrups is done separately due to different
diameters. The same material is assigned to all bars. Additionally, an element data is assigned to all bars which describes the descritization of the reinforcement bar. We use truss elements
for this purpose.
DianaIE
Main Menu Geometry Assign Reinforcement property assignments [Fig. 47]
Reinforcement property assignments Add new geometry [Fig. 50]
Figure 47: Reinforcement property Figure 48: Add material - Bondslip Figure 49: Edit material - bond slip Figure 50: Add geometry - 12mm
assignment - Longtitudinal reinforcement interface Bondslip reinforcement
bars

Figure 51: Reinforcement propetry
assignment - Bondslip Figure 54: Add geometry - 6mm Bondslip
data Figure 52: Bondslip data - TRUSS Figure 53: Reinforcement property assignment reinforcement

Next we assign the properties to the bolt plates as seen in Figure 55 to Figure 58. We set the element class to regular curved shell and use linear elastic material properties with the parameters
listed in Table 1. We define a geometry with thickness of 50 mm.
DianaIE
Main Menu Geometry Assign Shape property assignments [Fig. 55]

Shape property assignments Add new material [Fig. 56]
Shape property assignments Add new geometry [Fig. 57]
Shape property assignments Edit geometry [Fig. 58]
Figure 56: Add material - Linear

Figure 55: Property assignments elastic steel Figure 57: Add geometry - Bolt plate Figure 58: Edit geometry - Bolt plate

2.3 Boundary Conditions
We fix the foundation block to the ground. We restrain the base of the foundation block in the X, Y and Z directions [Fig. 59].
DianaIE
Main menu Geometry Assign Attach support [Fig. 59] [Fig. 60]
Figure 59: Attach support - Base

support Figure 60: View of model

Next, we provide a boundary interface between the base support and the base of the foundation block [Fig. 61 to 66]. We use the material properties listed in Table 1.
DianaIE
Main menu Geometry Assign Attach connection [Fig. 61]

Shape property assignments Add new geometry [Fig. 65] - [Fig. 66]
Figure 61: Connection property

assignment - Base Figure 62: Add material - No tension Figure 63: Edit material - linear Figure 64: Edit material - nonlinear
interface interface properties elasticity

Figure 65: Add geometry - Figure 66: Edit geometry -
Interface Interface Figure 67: View of model - Base interface

Further, we select the steel plates and reverse their orientation [Fig. 68] and imprint them on the top face of the foundation block [Fig. 69].
DianaIE
Main menu Geometry Modify Reverse sheet orientation [Fig. 68]

Main menu Geometry Modify Imprint two bodies [Fig. 69]
Figure 68: Select and reverse sheet orientation Figure 69: Imprint shape

Further, we restrain the the steel plates in X, Y and Z directions Figure 70 and provide an interface between the plates and the imprinted faces on the top of the foundation block Figure 71.
With this we fix the foundation block between the base support and the bolt plates.
DianaIE
Main menu Geometry Assign Attach support [Fig. 70]

Main menu Geometry Assign Attach connection [Fig. 71]
Figure 71: Connection property

assignment - Plate
Figure 70: Attach support - Plate support interface Figure 72: View of model

Further we provide symmetry supports by restraining the displacements in the Y direction along the symmetry face of foundation block and column [Fig. 73]. Since, bond slip properties are
defined for the column stirrup, we also restrain the displacements of the column along the Y direction on the symmetry face [Fig. 74]. We add a support in the X direction at the top left
point on the column symmetry face [Fig. 75] for prescribing deformation for the horizontal cyclic loading.
DianaIE
Main menu Geometry Assign Supports [Fig. 73] - [Fig. 75]
Figure 73: Add support - Face support Figure 74: Add support - Point support Figure 75: Add support - Deformation support Figure 76: View of model

2.4 Loads
For the loads, we first define the self weight [Fig. 77]. Next, in the same load set, we attach the axial load as a vertical distributed force on the top face of the column [Fig. 78]. The value of
the distributed force is obtained by dividing the experimental axial load by the area of the top face, i.e. 170000 / (400 × 200) = 2.125 N/mm2 .
We apply the horizontal load in a different load set. The deformation is prescribed at the column point supported in the X direction in the previous section [Fig. 79].
DianaIE
Main menu Geometry Assign Global load [Fig. 77]

Main menu Geometry Assign Attach load [Fig. 78] - [Fig. 79]
Figure 79: Attach load - Horizontal

Figure 77: Attach load - Self weigh Figure 78: Attach load - Normal force cyclic load Figure 80: View of model

To complete the horizontal loading, we tie the X displacements of the top face of the column to the horizontally loaded point [Fig. 81].
DianaIE
Main menu Geometry Assign Attach tying [Fig. 81]
Figure 81: Attach tying Figure 82: View of model

2.5 Mesh
We set an element size of 50 mm for the column [Fig. 83] and 100 mm for the foundation block [Fig. 84] and generate the mesh [Fig. 85].
DianaIE
Main menu Geometry Assign Set mesh properties [Fig. 83] [Fig. 84]
Main menu Geometry Generate mesh [Fig. 85]
Figure 83: Set mesh Figure 84: Set mesh

properties - properties -
Column Foundation block Figure 85: Mesh

3 Structural Nonlinear Analysis
3.1 Commands
To set up the analysis we start by adding a new analysis and rename it to Nonlinear. Next, we add a command for structural nonlinear analysis [Fig. 86]. We edit the nonlinear effects to
account for physical and geometrical nonlinearities [Fig. 87].
DianaIE
Main menu Analysis Add analysis
Analysis browser Rename ” Nonlinear”

Analysis browser Nonlinear Add command Structural nonlinear
Analysis browser Nonlinear Structural nonlinear Nonlinear effects Edit properties [Fig. 86] [Fig. 87]
Figure 86: Analysis browser Figure 87: Nonlinear effects

Further we rename the ’new execute block’ as Permanent loads [Fig. 88] [Fig. 89].
DianaIE
Analysis browser Nonlinear Structural nonlinear new execute block Rename Permanant loads [Fig. 88] [Fig. 89]
Figure 88: Analysis browser Figure 89: Analysis browser - rename execute load block

We edit the equilibrium iteration properties. We change the maximum number of iterations to 20 and switch on line search [Fig. 90]. For settings of each of the convergence criteria we change
’No convergence’ setting to ’Continue’ [Fig. 91] [Fig. 92]. This means that the analysis will continue even if convergence is not achieved at a particular load step.
DianaIE
Analysis browser Nonlinear Structural nonlinear new execute block Equilibrium iteration Edit properties [Fig. 90]
Properties Displacement Settings [Fig. 91]
Properties Force Settings [Fig. 92]
Figure 90: Equilibrium iterations Figure 91: Displacement norm settings Figure 92: Force norm settings
properties

Next we copy the Permanent loads command block and rename it to Horizontal cyclic load [Fig. 93] [Fig. 94].
DianaIE
Analysis browser Nonlinear Structural nonlinear Permanant loads Duplicate [Fig. 93]
Analysis browser Nonlinear Structural nonlinear Permanant loads - copy Rename Horizontal cyclic load [Fig. 94]
Figure 93: Analysis browser Figure 94: Analysis browser - rename execute load block

In the Horizontal cyclic load execute block, we set the load set to Horizontal cyclic load and load steps to: 1(3) -1(6) 1(3) 1(5) -1(10) 1(5) 1(10) -1(20) 1(10) 1(4) -1(8) 1(4) 1(12) -1(24) 1(12)
1(15) -1(30) 1(15) [Fig. 95] [Fig. 96]. Here we are imposing horizontal displacement cycles with peak values of 3, 5, 10, 4, 12 ,15 mm. These load steps are derived from the experimental paper.
DianaIE
Analysis browser Nonlinear Structural nonlinear Horizontal cyclic load Load steps Edit properties [Fig. 95]- [Fig. 96]
Figure 95: Analysis tree Figure 96: Load steps - Horizontal cyclic load

We now select the output items for the analysis. We use the ’User selection’ option in the properties of the ’Output’ section [Fig. 97]. By clicking on ’Modify’, we can select the desired output
results [Fig. 98]. We choose results for displacements, reaction forces, local, global and principal values for total strains and stresses and principal crack widths. For all stress and strain items
we select output at ’Integration points’ by clicking on ’Properties’ [Fig. 99]. Finally, we run the analysis.
DianaIE
Analysis browser Nonlinear Structural nonlinear new execute block Output Edit properties [Fig. 97]
Properties User selection Modify [Fig. 98]
Analysis browser Run analysis
Figure 97: Output Figure 98: Output selection Figure 99: Results at integration
Properties points for all stress and
strain result items

3.2 Results
3.2.1 Deformed Shape
We view the deformed shape of the column in the final load cycle. For positive (rightward) displacement, we set the required load step in the result browser, i.e load step 152, ( displace-
ment: 15 mm) and set the required result, i.e. Displacements TDtXYZ [Fig. 100] [Fig. 101]. We change the result case to load step 182 (displacement: -15 mm) for negative (leftward)
deflection [Fig. 102].
DianaIE
Result browser Nodal results Displacements TDtXYZ [Fig. 100]- [Fig. 102]
Figure 100: Re- Figure 101: Deformed shape - displacements 15 mm Figure 102: Deformed shape - displacements -15 mm
sults
browser

3.2.2 Force vs Displacement Hysteresis Curve
Now we make the force vs displacement hysteresis curve for the analysis and compare it with the experimental results. We select the node of interest [Fig. 103] and show table for the result
item FBX in the result browser [Fig. 104]. This enables us to view the reaction over multiple load cases [Fig. 105]. We select the required load cases in the chart view (load step 2 onwards)
and copy paste the corresponding results to excel in order to make a force vs. displacement hysteresis curve. A comparison with the experiment is seen Figure 106 where a good agreement is
found .
DianaIE
Result browser Nodal results Reaction Forces FBX Show table [Fig. 104]- [Fig. 105]
Figure 103: Select node of interest Figure 104: Results browser Figure 105: FBX - chart view

Figure 106: Force vs displacement hysteresis curve - comparison[1]

3.2.3 Crack Pattern
Now we compare the crack patterns obtained in the analysis with the experimental observations. We select two load cycles for this purpose. Load cycle of peak displacement of 5 mm and
3 mm displacement (load step 16 and load step 26) and final load cycle at 14 mm displacement (load step 151 and load step 181). We select output item Ecw1 in the result browser [Fig. 107]
and set scales in the property window [Fig. 108] for better visualization. We use a maximum value of 0.05 mm for load step 16 and load step 26 and a maximum value of 0.5 mm for load step
152 and load step 182. The development of cracks in the experiment is captured by the numerical analysis [Fig. 110 to 114].
DianaIE
Result browser Element results Crack-widths Ecw1 [Fig. 107]
Figure 107: Result browser Figure 108: Property window - contour plot settings

Figure 109: Experimental crack
pattern at 5 mm load
cycle (2.5 mm Figure 110: Experimental crack pattern at 5 mm load cycle (3 mm Figure 111: Experimental crack pattern at 5 mm load cycle (-3 mm
displacement)[1] displacement) displacement)

Figure 112: Experimental crack
pattern at 15 mm load
cycle (13.84 mm Figure 113: Experimental crack pattern at 5 mm load cycle (14 mm Figure 114: Experimental crack pattern at 5mm load cycle(-14mm
displacement)[1] displacement) displacement)

3.3 Full Analysis Results
In this section results from a full analysis with load steps 1(3) -1(6) 1(3) 1(5) -1(10) 1(5) 1(10) -1(20) 1(10) 1(4) -1(8) 1(4) 1(12) -1(24) 1(12) 1(15) -1(30) 1(15) 1(7) -1(14) 1(7) 1(20) -1(40)
1(20) 1(30) -1(60) 1(30) 1(40) -1(80) 1(40) 1(50) -1(100) 1(50) 1(50) -1(100) 1(50) 1(50) -1(100) 1(50) are presented.
3.3.1 Hysteresis Curve
An early failure is obtained in the numerical analysis when compared with the experiment as seen in Figure 115. Therefore there is a slight under prediction of the capacity of the column.
Figure 115: Hysteresis curve - comparison[1]

3.3.2 Failure Mode
The heavy cracking and spalling of concrete at the base on the column after the final load cycle in the experiment [Fig. 116] can be visualized in the analysis with a plot of principal strain E1
at the final load step [Fig. 117].
Figure 116: Crack pattern after 50 mm displacement -

experiment[1] Figure 117: Principal strain E1 after 15 mm displacement - analysis

A plot of reinforcement stresses and strains over the deformed mesh shows yielding and buckling of the longitudinal bars in the column [Fig. 118] [Fig. 119].
Figure 118: Reinforcement stress and deformation after 15 mm displacement - Figure 119: Reinforcement stress and deformation after -15 mm displacement -
analysis analysis

Appendix A Additional Information
Folder: Tutorials/ConcreteColumn
Number of elements ≈ 1290
Keywords:
analys: geomet nonlin physic.
constr: suppor tying.
elemen: bar bondsl cable chx60 chx69i circle cl9tr cq40s cq48i ct36i ctp45 curved interf reinfo shell solid struct truss.
load: deform elemen face force weight.
materi: crack elasti harden isotro jsce maekcc menegp plasti rotati soften strain totstr.
option: direct lagran linese newton regula total units.
post: binary ndiana.
pre: dianai.
result: cauchy crkwdt displa extern force green princi reacti strain stress total tracti.
References:
[1] Humberto Varum Hugo Rodrigues, Antonio Arede and Anibal Costa. Behavior of RC building columns under cyclic loading: experimental study. Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami, 6
(4):1–20, 2013.
[2] CEB-FIP. fib Model Code for Concrete Structures. Wilhelm Ernst and Sohn, 2010.

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The Netherlands The Netherlands
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WWW.DIANAFEA.COM
© DIANA FEA BV
Disclaimer: The aim of this technical tutorial is to illustrate various tools, modelling techniques and analysis workflows in DIANA.
DIANA FEA BV does not accept any responsibility regarding the presented cases, used parameters, and presented results.

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Reinforced Concrete Column under Uniaxial Cyclic Loading

Reinforced Concrete Column under Uniaxial Cyclic Loading | https://dianafea.com 2/50

Figure 1: Geometry and reinforcement details of the

Reinforced Concrete Column under Uniaxial Cyclic Loading | https://dianafea.com 3/50

Reinforced Concrete Column under Uniaxial Cyclic Loading | https://dianafea.com 4/50

Table 1: Material properties

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Main menu File New [Fig. 3]

Figure 3: New project dialog

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Reinforced Concrete Column under Uniaxial Cyclic Loading | https://dianafea.com 7/50

Main menu Geometry Create Add polygon sheet [Fig. 5]

Figure 5: Add polygon sheet Figure 6: Extrude shape -

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Main menu Geometry Create Add polygon sheet [Fig. 8]

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Main menu Geometry Modify Array copy [Fig. 17]

Figure 17: Array copy - Base top

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Main menu Geometry Create Add polyline [Fig. 19]

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Figure 22: Add polygon Figure 23: Add polygon

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Main menu Geometry Create Add polyline [Fig. 26]

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Main menu Geometry Modify Array copy [Fig. 29]

Figure 29: Array copy - topmost

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Main menu Geometry Create Add polygon sheet [Fig. 31]

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Main Menu Geometry Assign Shape property assignments [Fig. 34]

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Main Menu Geometry Assign Reinforcement property assignments [Fig. 41]

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Main Menu Geometry Assign Shape property assignments [Fig. 55]

Figure 56: Add material - Linear

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Figure 59: Attach support - Base

Reinforced Concrete Column under Uniaxial Cyclic Loading | https://dianafea.com 25/50

Main menu Geometry Assign Attach connection [Fig. 61]

Figure 61: Connection property

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Main menu Geometry Modify Reverse sheet orientation [Fig. 68]

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Main menu Geometry Assign Attach support [Fig. 70]

Figure 71: Connection property

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Main menu Geometry Assign Supports [Fig. 73] - [Fig. 75]

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Main menu Geometry Assign Global load [Fig. 77]

Figure 79: Attach load - Horizontal

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