Feasibility Study, Analayze and Assessment of Electrical Bike Usage Based On Locating of Parkings, Case Study Region No. 22 of Tehran

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Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS)

ISSN: 2458-925X
Vol. 2 Issue 7, July - 2016

Feasibility study, analayze and assessment of


Electrical bike usage based on locating of
parkings, case study region No. 22 of Tehran
Eng.Elham Alipourtarzanagh1, Eng.Kourosh Apornak2, Eng.Amir tajik Khavas
Islamic azad university, Sciense and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
[email protected]
[email protected]
3- [email protected]
Abstract—Bicycles could be considered as one
II. HEALTH BENEFITS
of the vehicles which are easy to use, affordable,
lightweight and compact. In today's world because By using e-bike, residents chose an active transport
of the large volumes of traffic, congestion, system which increases their physical activity.
environmental issues and high consumption of Consequently, they protect their health and prevent
fossil fuels, the use of bicycles has been disease. According to the scientifically references just
considered more. Because of the life style of 20 minutes of cycling per day has a noticeable, positive
people normal bike cannot effort all transportation effect on health[1].
purposes. Electrical bikes which works with the The power of e-bikes is provided from rechargeable
electrical power transmitted from a battery to the battery and their driving performance is influenced by
relevant drive. In this paper the feasibility, analyze battery capacity, motor power, road types, operation
and implement of the use of electric bikes, with an weight, control, and particularly the management of
emphasis on the locating of parking in the 22nd assisted power.
region of Tehran as a case study has been done There are some factors which make e-bikes favorite.
based on questionnaires and simulation methods The factors such as lower energy cost per distance
in order to find the optimum location for the travelled for a single rider; savings in other costs such
charging station of the electric bikes. In other as insurance, licenses, registration, parking;
words, this article will help to investigate optimal improvement of the traffic flow; environmental
rate of charging electric bikes in accordance with friendliness; and the health benefit for the rider.
investment costs and network lines capacity and
III. THE E-BIKE STRUCTURE
transformers.
An electric bile is consists of the electrical motor,
Keywords— Electrical bike, genetic algorithm, battery pack, the mechanical transmission. Figure 1
charging, parking, optimization, voltage shows different parts of an electrical .
I. INTRODUCTION
In the recent years problems related to the both air
pollution and to the use of petroleum have been
caused, by the increasingly vehicular traffic. Therefore,
a vehicle like the electrical bike can be considered a
promising alternative vehicle for both personal mobility
and goods delivery, especially for small and medium
distances [1].
Cycling as an innovative, environmentally friendly and
energy efficient form of transportation has been
developed well globally specially in Europe, North
America and Asia [2] and as a result the number of
electric bicycles has increased substantially. In
reference [3] some cities the e-bike sharing system is
used as a starting step for fundamental changes in
urban and transport planning and it is increasing
continuously. The number of cities with bike sharing
systems increased from 68 in 2007 to over 675 by the
end of 2013. As a result around 700.000 bikes,
distributed at 33.000 stations, currently float through
cities around the world. Fig. 1. E-bike structure

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Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS)
ISSN: 2458-925X
Vol. 2 Issue 7, July - 2016

IV. THE DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES (DER) The impact of the reducing the losses on the
objective function has been modeled in equation (2)
Environmental protection issues and the technology
development caused the application of some 𝑃1 = 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠−𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑡
distributed energy resources (DER), such as internal
combustion (IC) engines, gas turbines, micro turbines, 𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠−𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑡 (2)
photovoltaic, fuel cells and wind-power, which have
𝑁
emerged within the distribution system [4].
Venkataramanan and Illindala conducts that a lead– F2 = K ∑ Max (0 , P1 − P2)
acid battery is considered the most suitable for MG 𝑖=1

applications. They are capable of providing large C. Investment costs:


currents for a very short interval of time [5].
Investment costs include the cost of construction of
a parking with the capability of V2G. The cost depends
The usage of EVs (electric vehicles) and PHEVs (plug-
on the location and capacity of the parking[8] . The
in hybrid electric vehicles) has many benefits due to the establishment cost of parking for kth is modeled as
issues such as air pollution, energy saving, reduction in equation (3).
fossil fuels consumption, etc [6].
𝐶𝐿 = 𝐶𝑎𝑐 ∗
V. FORMULATION AND MODELING OF THE ELECTRIC 𝐶𝑃(𝑘)
BIKE CHARGING STATION
𝑃𝑘
In order to model the locating problem in the first (3)
step, the goals of the locating have to be defined. In this
Where CP(k) is the capacity of the kth parking
paper the objective function of the locating problem,
consists of various components. Less losses, improve 0≤𝑃𝑘 ≤1
voltage profile and the installation cost of the parking
are the components of the objective function in this D. Objective function and limitation of the problem
study. In the following the components of the objective for locating of electric bike charging station
function will be done. The objective function for locating consists of two
A. Voltage profile improvement main parts:

Development of usage of the digital and sensitive 1. Technical Section:


devices has dramatically raised the level of the Technical section includes technical aspects of
costumers’ expectations and as a result, the power objective function which covers reduce in losses and
quality improvement has been considered more. In this improvements of voltage profile which is indicated in
regard, improvement of the voltage profile of the grids equation (4)
in the most of the studies has been raised as the one of
main purposes for locating distributed generation. In this 𝐹𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 𝑤1 𝐹1 + 𝑤2 𝐹2
paper, improvement of the voltage profile is considered
as one of the main components of the objective function 2. Economical Section:
as per equation[7]: Economical section includes economic aspects of
objectives function which covers investment costs of
𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑖−𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑡
installation of electrical bike charging station, incomes
𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑖−𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑡 of power delivery of electrical bike during pick hours to
(1) the grid and costs of electrical bike charging including
𝑁
| | battery depreciation, etc[9] . as equation (5).
F1 = ∑ ( 𝑉1 − 1 ⁄𝑉2)
𝑖=1 𝐹𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 𝑘1 𝐶𝑝 − 𝑘2 𝑅𝑝 +
B. Reduce losses 𝑘3 𝐶𝐿 (5)
where CL is investment costs of charging station
The reduction of losses of electrical energy in installation, Rp is income of power deliver to the grid
general is the increase of the production capacity and during pick time and Cp is costs of charging electric
increasing the capacity of the transmission and bike.
distribution networks without investment in production. Considering the above explanations the objective
Energy losses is one of the most important issues which function of the optimizing of electrical bike charging
the power generation industry is facing with. Trying to station locating is defines as the following:
reduce such losses is an inevitable necessity. In this 𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐹𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 +
regard, t electric bike charging stations which are 𝐹𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 (6)
connected to the network have different effects on the
losses of the grids in accordance with the output power
and location of the parking. Location and capacity of parkings should be defined so
that the objective function of equation (6) is minimized

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Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS)
ISSN: 2458-925X
Vol. 2 Issue 7, July - 2016

and simultaneously the following conditions of the 𝐹1 : The variable which shows the status of profile
operation should be considered: voltage
𝑣𝑖 : Voltage of ith bus
1. Transfer of power from bus i to bus j
𝑁: Number of system buses
Apparent power crossing the lines according to 𝐹2 : Losses of the system (w)
equation (7) must be less than the maximum authorized
𝑅𝑏 : Resistance of bth branch
pow er transmission lines and distribution transformer of
the considered grid. 𝐼𝑏 : Current of bth branch
𝐵: Number of system branches
𝑆(𝑖 ′ ,𝑗 ′ ) ≤ Average of 𝐹3 : THD voltage of the system
𝑇𝐻𝐷𝑖 : THD Voltage of I th Bus
𝑆(𝑖 ′ ,𝑗 ′ )𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑍1 : W eighting of the voltage profile
𝑍2 : Weighting of the losses
(7) Z3: Weighting of THD Voltage at objective function
2. Range of voltage in each bus F: Objective function

According to equation (8) all bus voltage should be in VI. EFFECT OF ELECTRIC BIKE PARKINGS ON THD
the range of standard voltage VOLTAGE
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑠 ≤ 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 Parkings of electrical bike is counted as a harmonic
(8) source because of the existence of power electrics
devices such as inverters and they increase the THD
3. The voltage profile index voltage of the grid. Simulink MATLAB is used for the
One of the benefits of optimal locating of distributed modeling of the effect of Parking on THD voltage of the
generation is “improved voltage profile” [10]. Employing grid
these indexes causes the definition of optimized locate 5.1. Algorithm of calculation of THD
and capacity so that the bus voltages do not be different
from nominal value. Therefore, whatever the index is A 9 bus system in Simulink of MATLAB has been
closer to zero, the better network performance. This simulated. This system is modeled with 9 parkings
index is defined as shown in equation (9). which each parking is connected to a bus.
𝑉 −𝑉 While Genetic Algorithm is performed, the independent
𝑉𝑃𝐼 = max( 𝑛 𝑏𝑢𝑠 ) (9) variable has saved the buses which parkings are
𝑉𝑛
installed on with the capacity of each one. Independent
Also according to equation (10) locating of charging variable of X enters in CostFun in order to define the
stations is done in such a way that the index is less than cost. In CostFun the information function of THD-Fun is
a maximum considered value[3-5]. recalled and the THD voltage of buses are calculated as
𝑉𝑃𝐼 ≤ 𝑉𝑃𝐼 𝑚𝑎𝑥 per equation (4). The procedure of THD-Fun starts with
(10) preparing a backup of System9Buses.slx which is a
simulating file and then holds the parkings related to
available buses in vector x and deletes the other
4. Parking capacity parkings. The simulation is performed in the next stem
and the THD voltage of system buses are calculated
Considering the number of the existing electrical bikes and finally, it delivers the average in output.
in the studies region and the other conditions the The losses and value of the system voltage is calculated
maximum capacity of the parking cannot be more than by backward_forward_sweep.m.
a defined value[6] . This limitation is shown in equation
(11).
5.2 The specification od the studied region: Region
𝐶𝑃 (𝑘 ) ≤ 𝐶𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑘) (11) No. 22 of Tehran
5. Optimized locating of electrical bike
The purpose of optimized electrical bike locating is Region No. 22 of Tehran is located in North-West of
reduce of system losses, improvement of grid voltage Tehran and its area is 6000 hectares of urban area and
profile and minimizing the THD voltage[9-10] . 30,000 hectare of suburbs. Daily population growth and
𝑀𝑖𝑛: 𝐹 = 𝑍1 𝐹1 + 𝑍2 𝐹2 + 𝑍3 𝐹3 (12) economical extensive developments have great
Where: reflection in physical changes of Tehran, and one of its
𝐹1 = ∑𝑁 𝑖=1(𝑣𝑖 − 1)
2
(13) results is the formation of District 22, which whit any
doubt was the greatest and vastest urban development
𝐹2 = ∑𝐵𝑏=1 𝑅𝑏 ∗ 𝐼𝑏 2 (14)
linked to Tehran. With approximately 10000 Hectares
1
𝐹3 = 𝑁 ∑𝑁𝑖=1 𝑇𝐻𝐷𝑖 (15) area, this region has been created for resolve definition
of western areas of Tehran and also displacing the
people who live in central Tehran’s worn-out regions
and accommodation parts of Tehran city’s population.

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In the last 30 years, District 22 of Tehran covered acknowledge of the region. Table No.1 shows the travel
special construction activities of planning and of people sorted by gender.
implementation and since frothy decade, construction of
this area came to Tehran practitioners and
manufacturer’s attention. TABLE 1- TRAVEL OF PEOPLE SORTED BY GENDER

After approval of comprehensive plan of Tehran, this

10 km and
Age range
area has been define as a new city and named Kan New

comment
5-10 km
City, and it’s domain has been designed by

Gender

0-5 km

Total
Farmanfarmayan Consulting Engineers and Partners.

No
up
From 1340 to 1358 approximately 20% of these
territories has been breakdown and found partial 14- 68 1 15 3 %5 1 10 2 19
owners and the rest of the lands was divided into large 20 % 3 % %
pieces (1000 meters). After the victory of Islamic
Revolution, Farmanfarmayan and Firouzgar were 20- 31 9 10 3 17 5 19 1 29
nationalized and some of them were assigned to the 30 % % % % 2
Urban Land Organization and 500 hectares of them
35 1 19 6 35 1 %9 3 31

Female
announced as endowment by Ayatollah Mola Ali Kani 30
and % 1 % % 1
who was the owner of these lands since Qajar era. up
During the war between Iran and Iraq, because of
easy accessing, 25% of lands of this area was used by 14- 65 1 18 5 25 7 14 4 27
20 % 1 % % %
military organizations for construction, and in some part
of these area housing cooperatives began to make
20- 25 5 %5 1 %5 1 20 4 20
settlements. When Authorities confronted with
30 % 0 %
problems of the city and concluded that it is possible to
convert this part of city to an area consistent with the 30 15 4 %7 2 61 1 15 4 26
patterns of urbanization, and according to the possibility % % 6 %
Male

and
of Tehran city extension in District 22, which was has up
been foreseen in the Comprehensive plan of Tehran,
Municipality of Tehran decided to add the North-West Total 34 5 13 2 32 5 21 2 152
lands of Tehran into the services area of the city, so in % 3 % 0 % 0 % 3
1370 and according to the recommendation of High
Council of Urban, the Master plan of District 22 was put
on the Bavand Company agenda, with aiming of According the above table, considering the value of
restoring the lost concepts such as identity, legibility of travel less than 10 km for the society, electrical bike
orientation and positioning for perfect urban spaces. In
could be a proper vehicle for everyday trips of people.
1373, studies made by Bavand Company were
approved as the Master Plan of District 22. After the Figure 2 shows the interest of people habited in the
approval of master plan, its implementation was faced region in the sportive activities and the activities related
by various issues, which according to the actual to riding bicycle.
necessity was reviewed by Bavand and Arman Shahr
Company again, and the new master plan was Table 2 shows the riding bicycle skills in the region.
approved by Section 5 Commission, and finally after
years of effort and study, the Master Plan of District 22
was delivered by Section 5 Commission in 1379/06/08,
and Municipality of District22 was officially activated.
From 6200 hectares of this area, 1365 hectares
belong to green area and park, 62 hectares belong to
educational spaces, 168 hectares belong to higher
education, 238 hectares belong to services, 327
hectares belong to sport spaces, 355 hectares belong
to lake, and 162 hectares are residential. Residential
density divided in three categories which are Low
density (100 units per hectare), Medium density (135
units per hectare) and High density (200 units per
hectare).
6.1 Collected relevant statistics and information
through the questionnaire
In order to analyze the feasibility study and
implement of using electrical bike, some questionnaires Fig. 2. Interest of people in sportive activities
have been prepared and the information and statistics
have been collected which resulted in better

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TABLE II- THE RIDING BICYCLE SKILLS IN THE REGION


TABLE III- METHOD OF USING THE BICYCLE.
Age range

comment
Is skilled

Gender Age Public Private Total


Gender

range

Weak

Total
No
Female 14-20 %35 7 %65 13 19
14-20 %73 14 %27 5 -- - 19
- 20-30 %27 8 %72 21 29

20-30 %82 22 %18 6 %3 1 29 30 and %35 11 %64 20 31


up
%74 23 %26 8 -- - 31
Female

30
and - Male 14-20 %59 16 %41 11 27
up
20-30 %15 3 %85 16 20
14-20 %100 27 --- -- -- - 27
- 30 and %53 14 %67 12 26
up
20-30 %100 20 --- -- -- - 20
- Total %39 59 %61 93 152

30 %84 22 %3 1 %11 3 26
Male

and
up

Total %84 128 %13 20 %3 4 152

Figure 3 shows the habitants preference in using


bicycle in different places.

Fig. 4. Knowing bicycle as a public transportation vehicle

6. Simulation and results:


In the current simulation, the ability of parallel
processing of MATLAB software is used in order to
increase the running speed of the program. Available
Genetic Algorithm in function ga of MATLAB software is
designed in the way that it can recall and run
“CostFun.m” simultaneously. This ability used all cores
of the CPU. For instance, in 2 core CPUs (e.g. Core i5
of Intel) two CostFun.m files are run simultaneously and
in 4 core processors (e.g. Core i7 of Intel) four
Fig. 3. the habitants preference in using bicycle in CostFun.m files are run simultaneously.
different places
Therefore, the speed of the program in the different
computers will be different and more processors of CPU
Table 3 indicates the methods of using the bicycle will result in more speed of running program.
and figure 4 shows the level of knowledge of people
Figure 5 shows a schematic of a 9 bus standard
about the bicycle as a public transport vehicle.
system.

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Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS)
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Vol. 2 Issue 7, July - 2016

Voltage profile in peak load


1
With V2G
Without V2G

0.95

Voltage profile (pu)


0.9

Fig. 5. model of 9 bus system in Simulink of MATLAB 0.85


software 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Load Point

Fig. 7. Voltage profile in peak load


In order to run the simulating the programs which are
shown in figure 6 have to be run all together.
VII. CONCLUSION

In this paper the locating of electrical bikes charging


station has been studied and 3 main scenarios have
been considered. The results could be expressed as the
following:
- In order to optimize the locating of parkings
definition of the optimized charging rate in
accordance with the investment costs in each
charging rate, lines capacity and available
transformers is essential.
- By increasing the number of electrical bikes in
the network, grid losses decrease.
- By increasing the rate of charge/decharge
profile voltage improves.
The nobilities of this paper is as the followings:
Fig. 6. The files in simulation folder
- A novel model for electrical bike parkings
considering these units as a component of
programing distribution grids is presented.
After running the simulation the results will be
showed as figure 7 and table 4. Figure 7 shows the - The locating of the parkings in distribution
voltage profile of the grid and table 4 shows the place networks is modeled considering the limitations
and size of parkings. of the distribution grid operation.

TABLE IV: SIZE AND LOCATION OF PARKING INSTALLATION IN A 9 BUS


SYSTEM
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Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS)
ISSN: 2458-925X
Vol. 2 Issue 7, July - 2016

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