VOL.

219, FEBRUARY 19, 1993 115

Gashem Shookat Baksh vs. Court of Appeals
G.R. No. 97336. February 19, 1993. *

GASHEM SHOOKAT BAKSH, petitioner, vs. HON. COURT OF APPEALS and MARILOU T.

GONZALES, respondents.
Civil Procedure; Appeals; Evidence; It is the rule in this jurisdiction that appellate courts will not
disturb the trial court's findings as to the credibility of witnesses.—As may be gleaned from the foregoing
summation of the petitioner's arguments in support of his thesis, it is clear that questions of fact, which
boil down to the issue of the credibility of witnesses, are also raised. It is the rule in this jurisdiction that
appellate courts will not disturb the trial court's findings as to the credibility of witnesses, the latter court
having heard the witnesses and having had the opportunity to observe closely their deportment and
manner of testifying, unless the trial court had plainly overlooked facts of substance or value which, if
considered, might affect the result of the case.
Same; Special Civil Actions; Certiorari; Only questions of law may be raised in a petition for
review on certiorari under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court.—Equally settled is the rule that only questions
of law may be raised in a petition for review on certiorari under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court. It is not
the function of this Court to analyze or weigh all over again the evidence introduced by the parties before
the lower court. There are, however, recognized exceptions to this rule.

________________

 THIRD DIVISION.
*

116
116 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
Gashem Shookat Baksh vs. Court of Appeals
Civil Law; Damages; The existing rule is that a breach of promise to marry per se is not an
actionable wrong.—The existing rule is that a breach of promise to marry per se is not an actionable
wrong. Congress deliberately eliminated from the draft of the New Civil Code the provisions that would
have made it so.
Same; Same; Same; Article. 21 of the Civil Code designed to expand the concept of torts or quasi-
delict in this jurisdiction grants adequate legal remedy for the untold number of moral wrongs which is
impossible for human foresight to specifically enumerate and punish in the statute books.—This
notwithstanding, the said Code contains a provision, Article 21, which is designed to expand the concept
of torts or quasi-delict in this jurisdiction by granting adequate legal remedy for the untold number of
moral wrongs which is impossible for human foresight to specifically enumerate and punish in the statute
books.
Same; Same; Same; Damages pursuant to Article 21 may be awarded not because of promise to
marry but because of fraud and deceit behind it—ln the light of the above laudable purpose of Article 21,
We are of the opinion, and so hold, that where a man's promise to marry is in fact the proximate cause of
the acceptance of his love by a woman and his representation to fulfill that promise thereafter becomes
the proximate cause of the giving of herself unto him in a sexual congress, proof that he had, in reality, no
intention of marrying her and that the promise was only a subtle scheme or deceptive device to entice or
inveigle her to accept him and to obtain her consent to the sexual act, could justify the award of damages
pursuant to Article 21 not because of such promise to marry but because of the fraud and deceit behind it
and the willful injury to her honor and reputation which followed thereafter. It is essential, however, that
such injury should have been committed in a manner contrary to morals, good customs or public policy.
APPEAL by certiorari to review and set aside the decision of the Court of Appeals.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the Court.
     Public Attorney's Office for petitioner.
     Corleto R. Castro for private respondent.
 117
VOL. 219, FEBRUARY 19, 1993 117
Gashem Shookat Baksh vs. Court of Appeals

DAVIDE, JR., J.:

This is an appeal by certiorari under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court seeking to review and set
aside the Decision  of the respondent Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CV No. 24256 which
1

affirmed in toto the 16 October 1989 Decision of Branch 38 (Lingayen) of the Regional Trial
Court (RTC) of Pangasinan in Civil Case No. 16503. Presented is the issue of whether or not
damages may be recovered for a breach of promise to marry on the basis of Article 21 of the
Civil Code of the Philippines.
The antecedents of this case are not complicated:
On 27 October 1987, private respondent, without the assistance of counsel, filed with the
aforesaid trial court a complaint  for damages against the petitioner for the alleged violation of
2

their agreement to get married. She alleges in said complaint that: she is twenty-two (22) years
old, single, Filipino and a pretty lass of good moral character and reputation duly respected in her
community; petitioner, on the other hand, is an Iranian citizen residing at the Lozano
Apartments, Guilig, Dagupan City, and is an exchange student taking a medical course at the
Lyceum Northwestern Colleges in Dagupan City; before 20 August 1987, the latter courted and
proposed to marry her; she accepted his love on the condition that they would get married; they
therefore agreed to get married after the end of the school semester, which was in October of that
year; petitioner then visited the private respondent's parents in Bañaga, Bugallon, Pangasinan to
secure their approval to the marriage; sometime in 20 August 1987, the petitioner forced her to
live with him in the Lozano Apartments; she was a virgin before she began living with him; a
week before the filing of the complaint, petitioner's attitude towards her started to change; he
maltreated and threatened to kill her; as a result of such maltreatment, she sustained injuries;
during a confrontation with a representative of the
_______________

 Annex "G" of Petition; Rollo, 53-62. Per Associate Justice Alicia V. Sempio-Diy, concurred in by Associate Justices
1

Jose C. Campos, Jr. and Jaime M. Lantin.

 Annex "A" of Petition; Rollo, 20-22.
2

118
118 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
Gashem Shookat Baksh vs. Court of Appeals
barangay captain of Guilig a day before the filing of the complaint, petitioner repudiated their
marriage agreement and asked her not to live with him anymore and; the petitioner is already
married to someone living in Bacolod City. Private respondent then prayed for judgment
ordering the petitioner to pay her damages in the amount of not less than P45,000.00,
reimbursement for actual expenses amounting to P600.00, attorney's fees and costs, and granting
her such other relief and remedies as may be just and equitable. The complaint was docketed
as Civil Case No. 16503.
In his Answer with Counterclaim,  petitioner admitted only the personal circumstances of the
3

parties as averred in the complaint and denied the rest of the allegations either for lack of
knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief as to the truth thereof or because the true
facts are those alleged as his Special and Affirmative Defenses. He thus claimed that he never
proposed marriage to or agreed to be married with the private respondent; he neither sought the
consent and approval of her parents nor forced her to live in his apartment; he did not maltreat
her, but only told her to stop coming to his place because he discovered that she had deceived
him by stealing his money and passport; and finally, no confrontation took place with a
representative of the barangay captain. Insisting, in his Counterclaim, that the complaint is
baseless and unfounded and that as a result thereof, he was unnecessarily dragged into court and
compelled to incur expenses, and has suffered mental anxiety and a besmirched reputation, he
prayed for an award of P5,000.00 for miscellaneous expenses and P25,000.00 as moral damages.
After conducting a pre-trial on 25 January 1988, the trial court issued a Pre-Trial
Order  embodying the stipulated facts which the parties had agreed upon, to wit:
4

1. "1.That the plaintiff is single and resident (sic) of Bañaga, Bugallon, Pangasinan, while
the defendant is single, Iranian, citizen and resident (sic) of Lozano Apartment, Guilig,
Dagupan City since September 1, 1987 up to the present;

______________

 Annex "B" of Petition; Rollo, 23-24.

3

 Annex "C", Id.; Id., 25.

4

119
VOL. 219, FEBRUARY 19, 1993 119
Gashem Shookat Baksh vs. Court of Appeals

1. 2.That the defendant is presently studying at Lyceum-Northwestern, Dagupan City,

College of Medicine, second year medicine proper.
2. 3.That the plaintiff is (sic) an employee at Mabuhay Luncheonette, Fernandez Avenue,
Dagupan City since July, 1986 up to the present and a (sic) high school graduate;
3. 4.That the parties happened to know each other when the Manager of the Mabuhay
Luncheonette, Johnny Rabino introduced the defendant to the plaintiff on August 3,
1986."

After trial on the merits, the lower court, applying Article 21 of the Civil Code, rendered on 16
October 1989 a decision  favoring the private respondent. The petitioner was thus ordered to pay
5

the latter damages and attorney's fees; the dispositive portion of the decision reads:
"IN THE LIGHT of the foregoing consideration, judgment is hereby rendered in favor of the plaintiff and
against the defendant.

1. 1.Condemning (sic) the defendant to pay the plaintiff the sum of twenty thousand (P20,000.00)
pesos as moral damages.
2. 2.Condemning further the defendant to pay the plaintiff the sum of three thousand (P3,000.00)
pesos as atty's fees and two thousand (P2.000.00) pesos at (sic) litigation expenses and to pay
the costs.
3. 3.All other claims are denied." 6

The decision is anchored on the trial court's findings and conclusions that (a) petitioner and
private respondent were lovers, (b) private respondent is not a woman of loose morals or
questionable virtue who readily submits to sexual advances, (c) petitioner, through machinations,
deceit and false pretenses, promised to marry private respondent, (d) because of his persuasive
promise to marry her, she allowed herself to be deflowered by him; (e) by reason of that deceitful
promise, private respondent and her parents—in accordance with Filipino customs and
traditions-made some preparations for the wedding
______________

 Annex "D" of Petition; Rollo, 26-33. Per Judge Antonio M. Belen.

5

 Id., 33.
6

120
120 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
Gashem Shookat Baksh vs. Court of Appeals
that was to be held at the end of October 1987 by looking for pigs and chickens, inviting friends
and relatives and contracting sponsors, (f) petitioner did not fulfill his promise to marry her and
(g) such acts of the petitioner, who is a foreigner and who has abused Philippine hospitality, have
offended our sense of morality, good customs, culture and traditions. The trial court gave full
credit to the private respondent's testimony because, inter alia, she would not have had the
temerity and courage to come to court and expose her honor and reputation to public scrutiny and
ridicule if her claim was false. 7

The above findings and conclusions were culled from the detailed summary of the evidence
for the private respondent in the foregoing decision, digested by the respondent Court as follows:
"According to plaintiff, who claimed that she was a virgin at the time and that she never had a boyfriend
before, defendant started courting her just a few days after they first met. He later proposed marriage to
her several times and she accepted his love as well as his proposal of marriage on August 20, 1987, on
which same day he went with her to her hometown of Bañaga, Bugallon, Pangasinan, as he wanted to
meet her parents and inform them of their relationship and their intention to get married. The photographs
Exhs. "A" to "E" (and their submarkings) of defendant with members of plaintiff's family or with
plaintiff, were taken that day. Also on that occasion, defendant told plaintiff s parents and brothers and
sisters that he intended to marry her during the semestral break in October, 1987, and because plaintiff's
parents thought he was good and trusted him, they agreed to his proposal for him to marry their daughter,
and they likewise allowed him to stay in their house and sleep with plaintiff during the few days that they
were in Bugallon. When plaintiff and defendant later returned to Dagupan City, they continued to live
together in defendant's apartment. However, in the early days of October, 1987, defendant would tie
plaintiffs hands and feet while he went to school, and he even gave her medicine at 4 o'clock in the
morning that made her sleep the whole day and night until the following day. As a result of this live-in
relationship, plaintiff became pregnant, but defendant gave her some medicine to abort the foetus Still
plaintiff continued to live with defendant and kept reminding him of his promise to marry her until he told
her that he could not do

_______________

 Rollo, 31-33,
7

121
VOL. 219, FEBRUARY 19, 1993 121
Gashem Shookat Baksh vs. Court of Appeals
so because he was already married to a girl in Bacolod City. That was the time plaintiff left defendant,
went home to her parents, and thereafter consulted a lawyer who accompanied her to the barangay captain
in Dagupan City. Plaintiff, her lawyer, her godmother, and a barangay tanod sent by the barangay captain
went to talk to defendant to still convince him to marry plaintiff, but defendant insisted that he could not
do so because he was already married to a girl in Bacolod City, although the truth, as stipulated by the
parties at the pre-trial, is that defendant is still single.
 Plaintiffs father, a tricycle driver, also claimed that after defendant had informed them of his desire to
marry Marilou, he already looked for sponsors for the wedding, started preparing for the reception by
looking for pigs and chickens, and even already invited many relatives and friends to the forthcoming
wedding." 8

Petitioner appealed the trial court's decision to the respondent Court of Appeals which docketed
the case as CA-G.R. CV No. 24256. In his Brief,  he contended that the trial court erred (a) in not
9

dismissing the case for lack of factual and legal basis and (b) in ordering him to pay moral
damages, attorney's fees, litigation expenses and costs.
On 18 February 1991, respondent Court promulgated the challenged decision  affirming in 10

toto the trial court's ruling of 16 October 1989. In sustaining the trial court's findings of fact,
respondent Court made the following analysis:
"First of all, plaintiff, then only 21 years old when she met defendant who was already 29 years old at the
time, does not appear to be a girl of loose morals. It is uncontradicted that she was a virgin prior to her
unfortunate experience with defendant and never had a boyfriend. She is, as described by the lower court,
a barrio lass 'not used and accustomed to the trend of modern urban life', and certainly would (sic) not
have allowed 'herself to be deflowered by the defendant if there was no persuasive promise made by the
defendant to marry her.' In fact, we agree with the lower court that plaintiff and defendant must have been
sweethearts or so the plaintiff must have thought because of the deception of defendant, for otherwise, she
would not have allowed herself to be photographed with defendant in

_______________

 Rollo, 54-55.
8

 Exhibit "E" of Petition; Rollo, 34-50.

9

 Annex "G", Id.; Id., 53-62.

10

122
122 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
Gashem Shookat Baksh vs. Court of Appeals
public in so (sic) loving and tender poses as those depicted in the pictures Exhs. "D" and "E". We cannot
believe, therefore, defendant's pretense that plaintiff was a nobody to him except a waitress at the
restaurant where he usually ate. Defendant in fact admitted that he went to plaintiffs hometown of
Bañaga, Bugallon, Pangasinan, at least thrice; at (sic) the town fiesta on February 27, 1987 (p. 54, tsn
May 18, 1988), at (sic) a beach party together with the manager and employees of the Mabuhay
Luncheonette on March 3, 1987 (p. 50, tsn id.), and on April 1, 1987 when he allegedly talked to
plaintiffs mother who told him to marry her daughter (pp. 55-56, tsn id.). Would defendant have left
Dagupan City where he was involved in the serious study of medicine to go to plaintiff s hometown in
Bañaga, Bugallon, unless there was (sic) some kind of special relationship between them? And this
special relationship must indeed have led to defendant's insincere proposal of marriage to plaintiff,
communicated not only to her but also to her parents, and (sic) Marites Rabino, the owner of the
restaurant where plaintiff was working and where defendant first proposed marriage to her, also knew of
this love affair and defendant's proposal of marriage to plaintiff, which she declared was the reason why
plaintiff resigned from her job at the restaurant after she had accepted defendant's proposal (pp. 6-7, tsn
March 7, 1988).
Upon the other hand, appellant does not appear to be a man of good moral character and must think so
low and have so little respect and regard for Filipino women that he openly admitted that when he studied
in Bacolod City for several years where he finished his B.S. Biology before he came to Dagupan City to
study medicine, he had a common-law wife in Bacolod City. In other words, he also lived with another
woman in Bacolod City but did not marry that woman, just like what he did to plaintiff. It is not
surprising, then, that he felt so little compunction or remorse in pretending to love and promising to marry
plaintiff, a young, innocent, trustful country girl, in order to satisfy his lust on her."
11
and then concluded:
"In sum, we are strongly convinced and so hold that it was defendant-appellant's fraudulent and deceptive
protestations of love for and promise to marry plaintiff that made her surrender her virtue and
womanhood to him and to live with him on the honest and sincere belief that he would keep said promise,
and it was likewise these (sic)

_______________

 Rollo, 58-59.
11

123
VOL. 219, FEBRUARY 19, 1993 123
Gashem Shookat Baksh vs. Court of Appeals
fraud and deception on appellant's part that made plaintiffs parents agree to their daughter's living-in with
him preparatory to their supposed marriage. And as these acts of appellant are palpably and undoubtedly
against morals, good customs, and public policy, and are even gravely and deeply derogatory and
insulting to our women, coming as they do from a foreigner who has been enjoying the hospitality of our
people and taking advantage of the opportunity to study in one of our institutions of learning, defendant-
appellant should indeed be made, under Art. 21 of the Civil Code of the Philippines, to compensate for
the moral damages and injury that he had cause plaintiff, as the lower court ordered him to do in its
decision in this case."
12

Unfazed by his second defeat, petitioner filed the instant petition on 26 March 1991; he raises
therein the single issue of whether or not Article 21 of the Civil Code applies to the case at bar. 13

It is petitioner's thesis that said Article 21 is not applicable because he had not committed any
moral wrong or injury or violated any good custom or public policy; he has not professed love or
proposed marriage to the private respondent; and he has never maltreated her. He criticizes the
trial court for liberally invoking Filipino customs, traditions and culture, and ignoring the fact
that since he is a foreigner, he is not conversant with such Filipino customs, traditions and
culture. As an Iranian Moslem, he is not familiar with Catholic and Christian ways. He stresses
that even if he had made a promise to marry, the subsequent failure to fulfill the same is
excusable or tolerable because of his Moslem upbringing; he then alludes to the Muslim Code
which purportedly allows a Muslim to take four (4) wives and concludes that on the basis
thereof, the trial court erred in ruling that he does not possess good moral character. Moreover,
his controversial "common law wife" is now his legal wife as their marriage had been
solemnized in civil ceremonies in the Iranian Embassy. As to his unlawful cohabitation with the
private respondent, petitioner claims that even if responsibility could be pinned on him for the
live-in
______________

 Rollo, 61.
12

 Id., 11.
13

124
124 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
Gashem Shookat Baksh vs. Court of Appeals
relationship, the private respondent should also be faulted for consenting to an illicit
arrangement. Finally, petitioner asseverates that even if it was to be assumed arguendo that he
had professed his love to the private respondent and had also promised to marry her, such acts
would not be actionable in view of the special circumstances of the case. The mere breach of
promise is not actionable. 14
 On 26 August 1991, after the private respondent had filed her Comment to the petition and
the petitioner had filed his Reply thereto, this Court gave due course to the petition and required
the parties to submit their respective Memoranda, which they subsequently complied with.
As may be gleaned from the foregoing summation of the petitioner's arguments in support of
his thesis, it is clear that questions of fact, which boil down to the issue of the credibility of
witnesses, are also raised. It is the rule in this jurisdiction that appellate courts will not disturb
the trial court's findings as to the credibility of witnesses, the latter court having heard the
witnesses and having had the opportunity to observe closely their deportment and manner of
testifying, unless the trial court had plainly overlooked facts of substance or value which, if
considered, might affect the result of the case. 15

Petitioner has miserably failed to convince Us that both the appellate and trial courts had
overlooked any fact of substance or value which could alter the result of the case.
Equally settled is the rule that only questions of law may be raised in a petition for review on
certiorari under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court. It is not the function of this Court to analyze or
weigh all over again the evidence introduced by the parties before the lower court. There are,
however, recognized excep-
________________

14
 In support thereof, he cites Despi vs. Aliososo, [CA] 64 O.G.; Wassmer vs. Velez, 12 SCRA
648 [1964]; Hermosisima vs. Court of Appeals, 109 Phil. 629 [1960]; and Estopa vs. Piansay, 109 Phil. 640 [1960].
15
 People vs. Garcia, 89 SCRA 440 [1979]; People vs. Bautista, 92 SCRA 465 [1979]; People vs. Abejuela, 92 SCRA
503 [1979]; People vs. Arciaga, 98 SCRA 1 [1980]; People vs. Marzan, 128 SCRA 203 [1984]; People vs. Alcid, 135
SCRA 280 [1985]; People vs. Sanchez, 199 SCRA 414 [1991]; and People vs. Atilano, 204 SCRA 278 [1991].
125
VOL. 219, FEBRUARY 19, 1993 125
Gashem Shookat Baksh vs. Court of Appeals
tions to this rule. Thus, in Medina vs. Asistio, Jr.,   this Court took the time, again, to enumerate
16

these exceptions:
xxx
"(1) When the conclusion is a finding grounded entirely on speculation, surmises or corjectures
(Joaquin v. Navarro, 93 Phil. 257 [1953]); (2) When the inference made is manifestly mistaken, absurd or
impossible (Luna v. Linatok, 74 Phil. 15 [1942]); (3) Where there is a grave abuse of discretion (Buyco v.
People, 95 Phil. 453 [1955]); (4) When the judgment is based on a misapprehension of facts (Cruz v.
Sosing, L-4875, Nov. 27, 1953); (5) When the findings of fact are conflicting (Casica v. Villaseca, L-
9590 Ap. 30, 1957; unrep.) (6) When the Court of Appeals, in making its findings, went beyond the issues
of the case and the same is contrary to the admissions of both appellant and appellee (Evangelista v. Alto
Surety and Insurance Co., 103 Phil. 401 [1958]); (7) The findings of the Court of Appeals are contrary to
those of the trial court (Garcia v. Court of Appeals, 33 SCRA 622 [1970]; Sacay v. Sandiganbayan, 142
SCRA 593 [1986]); (8) When the findings of fact are conclusions without citation of specific evidence on
which they are based (Ibid.,); (9) When the facts set forth in the petition as well as in the petitioners' main
and reply briefs are not disputed by the respondents (Ibid.,); and (10) The finding of fact of the Court of
Appeals is premised on the supposed absence of evidence and is contradicted by the evidence on record
(Salazar v. Gutierrez, 33 SCRA 242 [1970])."
Petitioner has not endeavored to point out to Us the existence of any of the above quoted
exceptions in this case. Consequently, the factual findings of the trial and appellate courts must
be respected.
And now to the legal issue.
 The existing rule is that a breach of promise to marry per se is not an actionable
wrong.  Congress deliberately eliminated from the draft of the New Civil Code the provisions
17

that would have made it so. The reason therefor is set forth in the report of the Senate
Committees on the Proposed Civil Code, from which
_____________

 191 SCRA 218 [1990], footnote omitted; see also, Remalante vs. Tibe, 158 SCRA 138 [1988].
16

 Hermosisima vs. Court of Appeals, 109 Phil. 629 [1960]; Estopa vs. Piansay, 109 Phil. 640 [1960],
17

126
126 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
Gashem Shookat Baksh vs. Court of Appeals
We quote:
"The elimination of this chapter is proposed. That breach of promise to marry is not actionable has been
definitely decided in the case of De Jesus vs. Syquia.  The history of breach of promise suits in the United
18

States and in England has shown that no other action lends itself more readily to abuse by designing
women and unscrupulous men. It is this experience which has led to the abolition of rights of action in the
so-called Heart Balm suits in many of the American states . . . ." 19

This notwithstanding, the said Code contains a provision, Article 21, which is designed to
expand the concept of torts or quasi-delict in this jurisdiction by granting adequate legal remedy
for the untold number of moral wrongs which is impossible for human foresight to specifically
enumerate and punish in the statute books. 20

As the Code Commission itself stated in its Report:

" 'But the Code Commission has gone farther than the sphere of wrongs defined or determined by positive
law. Fully sensible that there are countless gaps in the statutes, which leave so many victims of moral
wrongs helpless, even though they have actually suffered material and moral injury, the Commission has
deemed it necessary, in the interest of justice, to incorporate in the proposed Civil Code the following
rule:
'ART. 23. Any person who wilfully causes loss or injury to another in a manner that is contrary to morals, good
customs or public policy shall compensate the latter for the damage.'
'An example will illustrate the purview of the foregoing norm: 'A' seduces the nineteen-year old
daughter of 'X.' A promise of marriage either has not been made, or can not be proved. The girl becomes
pregnant. Under the present laws, there is no crime, as the girl is above eighteen years of age. Neither can
any civil action for breach of promise of marriage be filed. Therefore, though the grievous

_______________

 58 Phil. 866 [1933].

18

 Congressional Record, vol. IV, No. 79, Thursday 14 May 1949, 2352.
19

 Philippine National Bank vs. Court of Appeals, 83 SCRA 237 [1978].

20

127
VOL. 219, FEBRUARY 19, 1993 127
Gashem Shookat Baksh vs. Court of Appeals
moral wrong has been committed, and though the girl and her family have suffered incalculable moral
damage, she and her parents cannot bring any action for damages. But under the proposed article, she and
her parents would have such a light of action.
Thus at one stroke, the legislator, if the foregoing rule is approved, would vouchsafe adequate legal
remedy for that untold number of moral wrongs which it is impossible for human foresight to provide for
specifically in the statutes."21

Article 2176 of the Civil Code, which defines a quasi-delict thus:

"Whoever by act or omission causes damage to another, there being fault or negligence, is obliged to pay
for the damage done. Such fault or negligence, if there is no pre-existing contractual relation between the
parties, is called a quasi-delict and is governed by the provisions of this Chapter."
is limited to negligent acts or omissions and excludes the notion of willfulness or intent. Quasi-
delict, known in Spanish legal treatises as culpa aquiliana, is a civil law concept while torts is an
Anglo-American or common law concept. Torts is much broader than culpa aquiliana because it
includes not only negligence, but intentional criminal acts as well such as assault and battery,
false imprisonment and deceit. In the general scheme of the Philippine legal system envisioned
by the Commission responsible for drafting the New Civil Code, intentional and malicious acts,
with certain exceptions, are to be governed by the Revised Penal Code while negligent acts or
omissions are to be covered by Article 2176 of the Civil Code.  In between these opposite
22

spectrums are injurious acts which, in the absence of Article 21, would have been beyond
redress. Thus, Article 21 fills that vacuum. It is even postulated that together with Articles 19
and 20 of the Civil Code, Article 21
_________________

 Report of the Code Commission, 39-40. This passage is quoted, except for the last paragraph, in  Tanjanco vs. Court
21

of Appeals, 18 SCRA 994, 996-997 [1966]; the Article 23 referred to is now Article 21.
 Report of the Code Commission, 161-162.
22

128
128 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
Gashem Shookat Baksh vs. Court of Appeals
has greatly broadened the scope of the law on civil wrongs; it has become much more supple and
adaptable than the AngloAmerican law on torts. 23

In the light of the above laudable purpose of Article 21, We are of the opinion, and so hold,
that where a man's promise to marry is in fact the proximate cause of the acceptance of his love
by a woman and his representation to fulfill that promise thereafter becomes the proximate cause
of the giving of herself unto him in a sexual congress, proof that he had, in reality, no intention
of marrying her and that the promise was only a subtle scheme or deceptive device to entice or
inveigle her to accept him and to obtain her consent to the sexual act, could justify the award of
damages pursuant to Article 21 not because of such promise to marry but because of the fraud
and deceit behind it and the willful injury to her honor and reputation which followed thereafter.
It is essential, however, that such injury should have been committed in a manner contrary to
morals, good customs or public policy.
In the instant case, respondent Court found that it was the petitioner's "fraudulent and
deceptive protestations of love for and promise to marry plaintiff that made her surrender her
virtue and womanhood to him and to live with him on the honest and sincere belief that he would
keep said promise, and it was likewise these fraud and deception on appellant's part that made
plaintiff s parents agree to their daughter's living-in with him preparatory to their supposed
marriage."  In short, the private respondent surrendered her virginity, the cherished possession of
24

every single Filipina, not because of lust but because of moral seduction—the kind illustrated by
the Code Commission in its example earlier adverted to. The petitioner could not be held liable
for criminal seduction punished under either Article 337 or Article 338 of the Revised Penal
Code because the private respondent was above eighteen (18) years of age at the time of the
seduction.
Prior decisions of this Court clearly suggest that Article 21
_______________

 TOLENTINO, A.M., Commentaries and Jurisprudence on the Civil Code of the Philippines, vol. 1, 1985 ed., 72.
23

 Rollo, 61.
24

129
VOL. 219, FEBRUARY 19, 1993 129
Gashem Shookat Baksh vs. Court of Appeals
may be applied in a breach of promise to marry where the woman is a victim of moral seduction.
Thus, in Hermosisima vs. Court of Appeals,  this Court denied recovery of damages to the
25

woman because:
"x x x we find ourselves unable to say that petitioner is morally guilty of seduction, not only because he is
approximately ten (10) years younger than the complainant—who was around thirty-six (36) years of age,
and as highly enlightened as a former high school teacher and a life insurance agent are supposed to be—
when she became intimate with petitioner, then a mere apprentice pilot, but, also, because the court of
first instance found that, complainant 'surrendered herself to petitioner because, 'overwhelmed by her
love' for him, she 'wanted to bind' him "by having a fruit of their engagement even before they had the
benefit of clearly.'"
In Tanjanco vs. Court of Appeals,  while this Court likewise hinted at possible recovery if there
26

had been moral seduction, recovery was eventually denied because We were not convinced that
such seduction existed. The following enlightening disquisition and conclusion were made in the
said case:
"The Court of Appeals seems to have overlooked that the example set forth in the Code Commission's
memorandum refers to a tort upon a minor who had been seduced. The essential feature is seduction, that
in law is more than mere sexual intercourse, or a breach of a promise of marriage; it connotes essentially
the idea of deceit, enticement, superior power or abuse of confidence on the part of the seducer to which
the woman hasyielded (U.S. vs. Buenaventura, 27 Phil. 121; U.S. vs. Arlante, 9 Phil. 595).
It has been ruled in the Buenaventura case (supra) that—
To constitute seduction there must in all cases be some sufficient promise or inducement and the woman must yield
because of the promise or other inducement. If she consents merely from carnal lust and the intercourse is from
mutual desire, there is no seduction (43 Cent. Dig. tit. Seduction, par. 56). She must be induced to depart from the
path of virtue by the use of some species of arts, persuasions and wiles, which

_______________

 Supra.
25

 Supra.
26

130
130 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
Gashem Shookat Baksh vs. Court of Appeals
are calculated to have and do have that effect, and which result in her ultimately submitting her person to the sexual
embraces of her seducer' (27 Phil. 123)
And in American Jurisprudence we find:
'On the other hand, in an action by the woman, the enticement, persuasion or deception is the essence of the injury;
and a mere proof of intercourse is insufficient to warrant a recovery.
Accordingly it is not seduction where the willingness arises out of sexual desire or curiosity of the female, and
the defendant merely affords her the needed opportunity for the commission of the act. It has been emphasized that
to allow a recovery in all such cases would tend to the demoralization of the female sex, and would be a reward for
unchastity by which a class of adventuresses would be swift to profit.' (47 Am. Jur, 662)
xxx
Over and above the partisan allegations, the facts stand out that for one whole year, from 1958 to
1959, the plaintiff-appellee, a woman of adult age, maintained intimate sexual relations with appellant,
with repeated acts of intercourse. Such conduct is incompatible with the idea of seduction. Plainly there is
here voluntariness and mutual passion; for had the appellant been deceived, had she surrendered
exclusively because of the deceit, artful persuasions and wiles of the defendant, she would not have again
yielded to his embraces, much less for one year, without exacting early fulfillment of the alleged promises
of marriage, and would have cut short all sexual relations upon finding that defendant did not intend to
fulfill his promise. Hence, we conclude that no case is made under Article 21 of the Civil Code, and no
other cause of action being alleged, no error was committed by the Court of First Instance in dismissing
the complaint." 27

In his annotations on the Civil Code,  Associate Justice Edgardo L. Paras, who recently retired
28

from this Court, opined that in a breach of promise to marry where there had been carnal
knowledge, moral damages may be recovered:
______________

 At pages 997-999.

27

 Civil Code of the Philippines Annotated, vol. I, Eleventh ed., (1984), 91-92.

28

131
VOL. 219, FEBRUARY 19, 1993 131
Gashem Shookat Baksh vs. Court of Appeals
"x x x if there be criminal or moral seduction, but not if the intercourse was due to mutual
lust. (Hermosisima vs. Court of Appeals, L-14628, Sept. 30, 1960; Estopa vs. Piansay, Jr., L-14733,
Sept. 30, 1960; Batarra vs. Marcos, 7 Phil 56 (sic); Beatriz Galang vs. Court of Appeals, et al, L-17248,
Jan. 29, 1962). (In other words, if the CAUSE be the promise to marry, and the EFFECT be the carnal
knowledge, there is a chance that there was criminal or moral seduction, hence recovery of moral
damages will prosper. If it be the other way around, there can be no recovery of moral damages, because
here mutual lust has intervened). x x x."
together with "ACTUAL damages, should there be any, such as the expenses for the wedding
preparations (See Domalagon v. Bolifer, 33 Phil. 471)."
Senator Arturo M. Tolentino  is also of the same persuasion:
29

"It is submitted that the rule in Batarra vs. Marcos  still subsists, notwithstanding the incorporation of the
30

present article  in the Code. The example given by the Code Commission is correct, if there
31

was seduction, not necessarily in the legal sense, but in the vulgar sense of deception. But when the
sexual act is accomplished without any deceit or qualifying circumstance of abuse of authority or
influence, but the woman, already of age, has knowingly given herself to a man, it cannot be said that
there is an injury which can be the basis for indemnity.
But so long as there is fraud, which is characterized by wilfullness (sic), the action lies. The court,
however, must weigh the degree of fraud, if it is sufficient to deceive the woman under the circumstances,
because an act which would deceive a girl sixteen years of age may not constitute deceit as to an
experience woman thirty years of age. But so long as there is a wrongful act and a resulting injury, there
should be civil liability, even if the act is not punishable under the criminal law and there should have
been an acquittal or dismissal of the criminal case for that reason."
We are unable to agree with the petitioner's alternative
_______________

 Commentaries and Jurisprudence on the Civil Code of the Philippines, vol. 1, 1985 ed., 76-77, omitting footnotes.
29

 7 Phil. 156 [1906].
30

 Article 21.
31

132
132 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
 Gashem Shookat Baksh vs. Court of Appeals
proposition to the effect that granting, for argument's sake, that he did promise to marry the
private respondent, the latter is nevertheless also at fault. According to him, both parties are
in pari delicto; hence, pursuant to Article 1412(1) of the Civil Code and the doctrine laid down
in Batarra vs. Marcos,  the private respondent cannot recover damages from the petitioner. The
32

latter even goes as far as stating that if the private respondent had "sustained any injury or
damage in their relationship, it is primarily because of her own doing,"  for: 33

"x x x She is also interested in the petitioner as the latter will become a doctor sooner or later. Take notice
that she is a plain high school graduate and a mere employee .... (Annex "C") or a waitress (TSN, p. 51,
January 25, 1988) in a luncheonette and without doubt, is in need of a man who can give her economic
security. Her family is in dire need of financial assistance. (TSN, pp. 51-53, May 18, 1988). And this
predicament prompted her to accept a proposition that may have been offered by the petitioner." 34

These statements reveal the true character and motive of the petitioner. It is clear that he harbors
a condescending, if not sarcastic, regard for the private respondent on account of the latter's
ignoble birth, inferior educational background, poverty and, as perceived by him, dishonorable
employment. Obviously then, from the very beginning, he was not at all moved by good faith
and an honest motive. Marrying with a woman so circumstances could not have even remotely
occurred to him. Thus, his profession of love and promise to marry were empty words directly
intended to fool, dupe, entice, beguile and deceive the poor woman into believing that indeed, he
loved her and would want her to be his life's partner. His was nothing but pure lust which he
wanted satisfied by a Filipina who honestly believed that by accepting his proffer of love and
proposal of marriage, she would be able to enjoy a life of ease and security. Petitioner clearly
violated the Filipino's concept of morality and so brazenly defied the traditional
_________________

 Supra.
32

 Rollo, 16.
33

 Id., 16-17.
34

133
VOL. 219, FEBRUARY 19, 1993 133
Gashem Shookat Baksh vs. Court of Appeals
respect Filipinos have for their women. It can even be said that the petitioner committed such
deplorable acts in blatant disregard of Article 19 of the Civil Code which directs every person to
act with justice, give everyone his due and observe honesty and good faith in the exercise of his
rights and in the performance of his obligations.
No foreigner must be allowed to make a mockery of our laws, customs and traditions.
The pari delicto rule does not apply in this case for while indeed, the private respondent may
not have been impelled by the purest of intentions, she eventually submitted to the petitioner in
sexual congress not out of lust, but because of moral seduction. In fact, it is apparent that she had
qualms of conscience about the entire episode for as soon as she found out that the petitioner was
not going to marry her after all, she left him. She is not, therefor, in pari delicto with the
petitioner. Pari delicto means "in equal fault; in a similar offense or crime; equal in guilt or in
legal fault."  At most, it could be conceded that she is merely in delicto.
35

"Equity often interferes for the relief of the less guilty of the parties, where his transgression has been
brought about by the imposition of undue influence of the party on whom the burden of the original
wrong principally rests, or where his consent to the transaction was itself procured by fraud." 36

In Mangayao vs. Lasud,  We declared:

37
"Appellants likewise stress that both parties being at fault, there should be no action by one against the
other (Art. 1412, New Civil Code). This rule, however, has been interpreted as applicable only where the
fault on both sides is, more or less, equivalent. It does not apply where one party is literate or intelligent
and the other one is not (c.f. Bough vs. Cantiveros, 40 Phil. 209)."

_______________

 Black's Law Dictionary, Fifth ed., 1004.

35

 37 Am Jur 2d, 402, omitting citations.

36

 11 SCRA 158 [1964]; see also, Liguez vs. Court of Appeals, 102 Phil. 577 [1957].
37

134
134 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
People vs. Briones
We should stress, however, that while We find for the private respondent, let it not be said that
this Court condones the deplorable behavior of her parents in letting her and the petitioner stay
together in the same room in their house after giving approval to their marriage. It is the solemn
duty of parents to protect the honor of their daughters and infuse upon them the higher values of
morality and dignity.
WHEREFORE, finding no reversible error in the challenged decision, the instant petition is
hereby DENIED, with costs against the petitioner.
SO ORDERED.
     Feliciano  (Acting Chairman), Bidin,  Romero and Melo, JJ., concur.
     Gutierrez, Jr., J., (Chairman) is on terminal leave.
Petition denied.
Note.—Moral damages are not awarded to penalize the defendant but to compensate the
plaintiff for injuries he may have suffered (Simex International (Manila) Inc. vs. Court of
Appeals, 183 SCRA 360).

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