Crookwood VU Meter User Guide
Crookwood VU Meter User Guide
Crookwood VU Meter User Guide
User guide
Everything you need to know about your VU meter
Contents
Overview.................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Warning! ............................................................................................................................................................................... 2
How to get the meters up and running .................................................................................................................................. 2
Front Panels ............................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Front Panels ............................................................................................................................................................................... 3
4U Meters ............................................................................................................................................................................. 3
2U Meters ............................................................................................................................................................................. 3
Using the VUs ............................................................................................................................................................................ 4
Front Panel Attenuator .......................................................................................................................................................... 4
Different Levels measurement systems.................................................................................................................................. 4
Digital Levels ........................................................................................................................................................................ 4
Analogue Levels .................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Peaks and Averages .............................................................................................................................................................. 5
Where should I connect my VU?............................................................................................................................................. 5
Using the VU to calibrate other kit......................................................................................................................................... 5
Installation................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
4U meter into woodwork....................................................................................................................................................... 6
Audio Connections................................................................................................................................................................ 7
Too tight? ............................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Calibration note .................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Calibration ................................................................................................................................................................................. 8
Basic Calibration ................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Mechanical Calibration .......................................................................................................................................................... 8
Problems? Questions? ................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Warning!
These meters are mechanically based. They have sensitive moving parts and will break if dropped
or knocked heavily. Just take care, and they will last a very long time.
4U Meters
These meters match our Crookwood front panel control panels for our consoles, controllers and
preamps. They can be rack mounted using our mounting kit into a 4U space, or free mounted into
studio furniture.
For Surround applications, you can fit 4 of these (8 channels of VU) into a 4U space using our
mounting kit.
2U Meters
This can be mounted into a regular 2RU 19” space. It is useful for applications where you have a
modular desktop, with 19” racking in front or beside you.
The meter size is slightly larger than the 4U model
Digital Levels
All digital levels are absolute. The maximum they can ever go is 0dBFs. However your converters
will map this into an analogue world, where the absolute maximum signal is typically +27dBu for
balanced gear, or +21dBu for unbalanced gear. The calibration above of 0dBFs = +18dBu, means
that you will never clip any of your analogue gear. However, once you’re in the analogue domain,
you’ve got an extra 9dB of possible headroom to play with, before you have to attenuate it back
into the digital domain for storage again. This is perhaps why analogue summing boxes got
popular.
You can use this headroom to EQ and compress signals without clipping, or you can selectively
clip signals for effect. At the end of the chain you’ll have to attenuate the level back to below 0dBFs
to avoid digital clipping however. Or not if you want to clip digitally for effect!
Some older pieces of equipment will sound different at higher levels, and some people then
change their operating level to be lower than this, say 0dBFs= 12dBu. Their rooms will sound
quieter however, unless they add gain into the monitor chain.
Analogue Levels
In the olden days, music was stored on analogue tape machines. These had a maximum storage
level of about +10dBu, so with average music a VU meter without an attenuator was about perfect
for indicating levels.
Audio Connections
At the rear of each panel by the attenuator are 2 XLR sockets for the audio inputs. Looking from
the rear, the left socket is for the left meter, and the right socket is for the right meter.
Allow 100mm (4”) for putting the matching XLRs into the rear of the meter panels. This means
allowing a clearance of 180mm (7”) from the front of each panel to the rear.
Too tight?
Where the meter depth doesn’t allow it, you can do the following to reduce the depth to 40mm
(1.75”)
Desolder the XLR sockets and mount flying lead XLR sockets to the solder pads. Connect
to these sockets for the inputs
Fold over the ¼” spade connectors on each of the meters until they are parallel with the
front panel.
Calibration note
The calibration trimmers are only accessible from the rear of the panel, so before you fully screw it
into position, calibrate it first!
Basic Calibration
Use the electric trim pots for this. They are located on the rear, under the XLR socket. As viewed
from the rear, the left hand pot trims the L meter, and the right hand pot trims the R meter.
Viewed from the front, they are obviously reversed ( left pot trims R meter, right pot trims L
meter).
The pots have about 0.5dB movement on them, so they don’t alter the meter dynamics, and will
trim the meter for all attenuations. If the required trim is greater than this, trim them for
maximum, then trim mechanically ( see below).
Follow this procedure:
Ideally trim for 0VU at the 0dB attenuation setting. This will give you the most confidence
going forwards. Refer to the table on page 4 for the appropriate level in dBu.
If you can’t easily do this, trim at any attenuator setting that make sense. It will still work.
Send out a 1KHz sine wave, making sure nothing is clipping.
Adjust the electric trim until the meter needle is exactly over the 0VU marking.
Mechanical Calibration
On the back of each meter is a black screw type trimmer. This adjusts the position of the meter
needle relative to the signal level. Normally you shouldn’t have to touch this, but occasionally
you won’t be able to calibrate the meter without it. Why? Well it could be because of one of these
reasons:
The mechanical mechanism has been shocked, and the needle displaced
Your analogue meter outputs have relatively high impedance, so the meter is reading low.
Note the passive design has a lower input impedance compared to a powered design.
There is loss elsewhere in the system, which you have to make up on the meters.
Whatever it is, you can adjust the mechanical stops as well. When you do this, you will notice that
the VU needle will sit at or slightly above the ‐20VU indicator even when there is no signal
present. It’s a trade off you’ll have to make, but again in practice means nothing because you’re
interested in the moving music levels, not static test levels.
To trim the meter:
First trim it as best you can with the electrical trimmers
Then adjust the mechanical trim until the meter is calibrated. Note that there is a bit of
hysteris with the mechanical trimmer, so after trimming, turn the signal off and on to
make sure it’s still calibrated.