Chapter - 1: 1. The Infinitive

( KamranMahar ) [ PaNoAkiLiaNs ] ( WhatsApp ) [ O 3 O 4 1 7 9 7 6 3 3 ]
Chapter -1 Introduction
Verb tenses describe the time when an action occurs, they are made
mostly from two components:
1. The Principal Parts of the verb and, in some cases

2. Helping verbs
There are four principal parts of any verb in English:
1. The infinitive
2. The present participle
3. The past
4. The past participle
1. The infinitive:
The basic form of the verb
Verb = to cook
Infinitive = cook
Basic form = cook
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2. The Present Participle:-
ends in –ing. It is always used with a helping verb which is a form of

the verb “to be”
Verb = cook
Present participle = cooking
Example:-
I was cooking breakfast when the telephone rang.
Helping verb = was
Notice
Notice that the present participle, which ends in –ing looks the same as
a gerund
Gerund of cook = cooking
The present participle is used as a verb with a helping verb “a form of

the verb “to be”.
A gerund is used in place of a noun.
Coking is my favorite hobby.

Cooking = gerund = subject of the verb “is”
3. The Past :-
usually ends in –ed
Verb = to cook
Past = cooked
Example:-
I cooked breakfast for my sister yesterday morning.
4. The Past Participle:-

looks like the past; it usually ends in –ed. It’s always used with a
helping verb which is a form of verb “to have”
Verb = to cook
Past participle = have cooked
Example:-
I have cooked breakfast for my family many times.
Chapter – 2 Twelve verb tenses
There are twelve tenses in English language.
1. present indefinite
2. Present continuous
3. Present prefect
4. Present prefect continuous
5. Past indefinite
6. Past continuous
7. Past perfect
8. Past perfect continuous
9. Future indefinite
10. Future continuous
11. Future perfect
12. Future perfect continuous
Chapter – 3 The Present Tenses
1. Present Indefinite Tense

Present indefinite tense describes action happening now. It’s formed using
the basic form of the verb. We usually use basic form of verb in the sentence
of present indefinite tens.
Verb = to cook
Basic or infinitive form = cook
Present tense = I cook.
• We use above verb without any change, when “I, you, we, they or
a plural noun” come in a sentence as a subject.
Example:-
I cook breakfast every morning.
• We always add “e or es” to a basic form of the verb, when “he, she, it
or any singular noun” come in a sentence as subject.
Example:-
He cooks breakfast for his wife every morning.
Rules of “s or es”
1- After s, sh, ch and x we add es.

Pass – passes wash- washes
Catch – catches mix - mixes
2- some verbs ending in o have es.
Go – goes do – does
3- when a verb ends in a consonant +
y, The y changes to ies.
Hurry – hurries copy – copies We
do not change y after a vowel.
-
Affirmative, Negative and Interrogative sentences
1. Affirmative sentence
Affirmative sentence consist of “subject, verb and objective”.
Examples:-
Subject verbs
I go
We go
You go
He goes
She goes
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It goes
They go
2. Negative sentence
“Do not or does not” is used between subject and verbs.

Example:-
Subject do not or does not verbs

I do not go
We do not go
You do not go
He does not go
She does not go
It does not go
They do not go
3. Interrogative
“Do or does” is used before subject and ends in question
mark. Example:-
10
Do or does subject verbs question mark

Do I go ?
Do we go ?
Do you go ?
Does he go ?
Does she go ?
Do they go ?
11
2. Present Continuous Tense:-

The present continuous means that we are in the middle of an
action. Present participle is used with helping in a sentence.
Verb = to cook
Present continuous tense = I am cooking.
Example:-
I am cooking lunch for my wife.
Rule of “-ing”
1. we normally leave out e when we add ing to a verb.

Take – taking drive – driving
But we keep a double e before ing.
See – seeing agree – agreeing
2. when a verb ends in ie, it changes to

ying. Die – dying lie – lying
But y does not change.
Hurry – hurrying
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3. Sometimes we double a final consonant. This happens when a one-

syllable verb ends with one vowel and one consonant, e.g. win, put.
Win – winning put – putting
1. Affirmative Sentence
Affirmative sentence of present continuous consist of “Subject, helping verb,
verb, object.
Examples:
Subject Helping verb Verb

I am going.
We are going.
You are going.
He is going.
She is going.
It is going.
They are going.
2. Negative Sentence
“Not” is used between helping verb and verb to form negative sentence.
13
Examples:
Subject helping verb “Not” Verb

I am not going.
We are not going.
You are not going.
He is not going.
She is not going.
It is not going.
They are not going.
3. Interrogative Sentences
“Helping verb” is used before subject and ends in question mark to form
an interrogative sentence.
Examples:
Helping Verb Subject Verb Question mark

Am I going ?
Are we going ?
Are you going ?
Is he going ?
Is she going ?
Is it going ?
Are they going ?
14
3 . Present Perfect Tense:-
Present perfect tense describes action happing in the past up to the present.
The present perfect tense is formed by taking the past participle and putting
in front of it the present tense of the verb “to have”
Past participle of “to cook” = cooked

Present tense of “to have” = he has
Present perfect tense = he has cooked
Example:-
He has cooked breakfast for his family every day for the last year.
1. Affirmative Sentence:-
The affirmative sentence of present perfect tense consist of “subject, helping
verb, verb and object.
15
Examples:-

I have gone.
We have gone.
You have gone.
He has gone.
She has gone.
It has gone.
They have gone.
“Not” is put between helping verb and subject to form a Negative sentence.
Example:-
Subject Helping Verb “Not” Verb

I have not gone.
We have not gone.
You have not gone.
He has not gone.
She has not gone.
It has not gone.
They has not gone.
3. Interrogative Sentence.
“Helping verb” is put before subject and ends in question mark.
Examples:-
Helping verb subject verb question mark
Have I gone ?
Have we gone ?
Have you gone ?
Has he gone ?
Has she gone ?
Has it gone ?
Have they gone ?
16
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

It is used to indicate an action that began in the past and is still going on; as,
It has been raining since 4o’clock.

We have been playing hockey for twenty minutes.
The present participle is use for present perfect continuous tense “go
= going”.
Note:- The prepositions since and for are used to denote point of time and a
period of time respectively.
An affirmative sentence consist of subject, helping “have been” , and object.
17
Examples:-
Subject helping verb verb

I have been going
We have been going
You have been going
He has been going
She has been going.
It has been going.
They have been going.
2.Negative Sentence:
“Not” is put between has/have and been to form a negative sentence.
Examples:-
Subject Has/Have Not Been verb

I have not been going.
We have not been going.
You have not been going.
He has not been going.
She has not been going.
It has not been going.
They have not been going.
“Helping verb” comes before subject and ends in question mark.
Examples:-
Helping verb Subject Been Verb Question mark
Have I been going ?

Have we been going ?
Have you been going ?
Has she been going ?
Has he been going ?
18
Has it been going ?
Have they been going ?
19
Chapter- 4 The Past Tense
1. The Past indefinite Tense

Past tense describes action happing in the past. The past tense is
formed from the past form of the verb.
Verb = to cook
Past tense = cooked
Example:-
He cooked dinner last night
Affirmative, Negative and Interrogative Sentence
1. Affirmative sentence.
An affirmative sentence contains subject, verb “past” and object.
Examples:-
Subject Verb
I went.
We went.
You went.
He went.
She went.
It went.
They went.
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2.Negative Sentence.
“Did not” comes between subject and the first form of verb.
Examples;-
Subject Did Not infinitive
I did not go.

We did not go.
You did not go.
He did not go.
She did not go.
It did not go.
They did not go.
3. Interrogative sentences.
“Did” comes before subject and first form of verb is used in sentence. It ends
in question mark.
Did Subject Verb Question mark
Did I go ?
Did we go ?
Did you go ?
Did he go ?
Did she go ?
Did it go ?
Did they go ?
21
2. Past Continuous Tense

The past continuous means that at a time in the past we were in the middle of
and action. Present participle is used with helping verb for this tense.
Verb= to cook
The past continuous = was/were cooking.
Example:-
He was cooking dinner for his wife.
Affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences
An affirmative sentence contains subject, helping verb, verb and object.
Examples;-
I was going.
We were going.
You were going.
He was going.
She was going.
It was going.
22
They were going.
2. Negative Sentences.
“Not” is put between subject and helping verb.
Examples:-
Subject Helping verb Not Verb

I was not going.
We were not going.
You were not going.
He was not going.
She was not going.
It was not going.
They were not going.
3. Interrogative Sentences
“Helping verb” comes before subject and ends in question mark.
Helping verb Subject Verb Question mark
Was I going ?
Were we going ?
Were you going ?
Was he going ?
Was she going ?
Was it going ?
Were they going ?
23
3. Past Perfect Tense

The past perfect tense describes action happening in the past before some
other past tense action. The past perfect tense is formed by taking the past
participle and putting in front of it a verb which is the past tense of the verb
“to have”.
Past participle of “to cook” = cooked
Past tense of “to have” = he had
Past perfect tense = he had cooked dinner when suddenly the doorbell rang.
1. Affirmative Sentences.
The affirmative sentence contains subject, helping verb, and verb.
Subject helping verb verb

I had gone.
We had gone.
You had gone.
He had gone.
She had gone.
It had gone.
They had gone.
24
2. Negative Sentences.
“Not” comes between helping verb and verb.
Examples:-
Subject Helping Not Verb

I had not gone.
We had not gone.
You had not gone.
He had not gone.
She had not gone.
It had not gone.
They had not gone.
3. Interrogative sentences.
Had I gone ?
Had we gone ?
Had you gone ?
Had he gone ?
Had she gone ?
Had it gone ?
Had they gone ?
25
4. Past perfect continuous tense

It is used to denote an action that was finished at some definite time in the
past, but which had been going on before it was finished: as,
1. It had been raining since 4 o’clock.

2. We had been playing hockey for twenty minutes.
The prepositions since and for are used to denote a point of time and
a period of time respectively.
1. Affirmative sentence.
The affirmative sentence contains subject, helping verb and verb.
Example:-

I had been going.
We had been going.
You had been going.
He had been going.
She had been going.
26
It had been going.
2. Negative sentences.
“Not” is put between “had” and “been”.
Subject Had Not Been Verb

I had not been going.
We had not been going.
You had not been going.
He had not been going.
She had not been going.
It had not been gong.
They had not been going.
3. Interrogative Sentences.
“Had” is put before subject and ends in question mark.
Examples:-
Had Subject Been Verb Question mark

Had I been going ?
Had we been going ?
Had you been going ?
Had he been going ?
Had she been going ?
Had it been going ?
Had they been going ?
27
Chapter- 5 The Future Tense
A verb that refers to the future time is said to be in the future tense.
1. Future Indefinite.
It is used to denote a single act that has still to take place; as,
1. I shall go to Karachi tomorrow.

2. He will take the examination in April, 2006
Affirmative, negative and interrogative Sentences
1. Affirmative sentences
The affirmative sentence contains subject, helping verb and object.
Examples;-

I shall go.
We shall go.
You will go.
He will go.
She will go.
It will go.
They will go.
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2. Negative sentences.
“Not” comes between shall/will and verb.
Examples;-
Subject Shall/Will Not Verb

I shall not go.,
We shall not go.
You will not go.
He will not go.
She will not go.
It will not go.
They will not go.
2. Interrogative Sentences.
Examples:-

Shall I go ?
Shall we go ?
Will you go ?
Will he go ?
Will she go ?
Will it go ?
Will they go ?
29
2. Future Continuous
It is used to represent an action that will keep going on, at some time in
the future ; as
He will be taking a bath in the morning.

1. Affirmative sentences.
“Not” is put between will/shall and be.
Examples;-
Subject Shill/will Not Be ` Verb

I shall not be going.
We shall not be going.
You will not be going.
He will not be going.
She will not be going.
It will not be going.
They will not be going.
30
The Future Perfect Tense

It is used to denote an action that will be completed at some point in the
Future; as
I shall have returned form school before the clock strikes four.
The affirmative sentence contains subject, helping verb, verb and object.
Examples:-
Subject Helping Verb

I shall have gone.
We shall have gone.
You will have gone.
He will have gone.
She will have gone.
It will have gone.
They will have gone.
31
“Not” is put between “shall/will” and “have”.
Examples:-
Subject Shall/will “Not” Have Verb

I shall not have gone.
We shall not have gone.
You will not have gone.
He will not have gone.
She will not have gone.
It will not have gone.
They will not have gone.
3. Interrogative sentence
“will/shall” comes before subject and ends in question mark.
Will/shall Subject Have Verb Question mark

Shall I have gone ?
Shall we have gone ?
Will you have gone ?
Will he have gone ?
Will it have gone ?
Will they have gone ?
32
4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense

It is used to denote an action as going on continuously, but not completed in
the Future; as,
1. I shall have been saving a rupee a day since July 1.

2. I shall have been saving a rupee a day for two years.
This tense is seldom used. But whenever it is used like every other perfect
continuous tense, the preposition since and for are used to denote a point
of time and a period of time respectively.
33
The affirmative sentence contains subject, helping verb, verb and objective.
Subject Helping verb verb

I shall have been going.
We shall have been going.
You will have been going.
He will have been going.
She will have been going.
It will have been going.
They will have been going.
2. Negative sentences
“Not” is put between “shall/will” and “have”.
Examples:-
Subject Shall/Will Not Have Been Verb

I shall not have been going.
We shall not have been gong.
You will not have been going.
He will not have been going.
She will not have been going.
It will not have been going.
They will not have been going.
3. Interrogative sentences
“Shill/will” comes before subject and ends in question mark.
Examples:-
Shill/will Subject Have Been Verb Question mark
Shall I have been going ?

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Shall we have been going ?
Will you have been going ?
Will he have been going ?
Will she have been going ?
Will it have been going ?
Will they have been going ?
The End

Chapter - 1: 1. The Infinitive

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( KamranMahar ) [ PaNoAkiLiaNs ] ( WhatsApp ) [ O 3 O 4 1 7 9 7 6 3 3 ]

1. The Principal Parts of the verb and, in some cases

2. The Present Participle:-

ends in –ing. It is always used with a helping verb which is a form of

Gerund of cook = cooking

The present participle is used as a verb with a helping verb “a form of

A gerund is used in place of a noun.

Coking is my favorite hobby.

I cooked breakfast for my sister yesterday morning.

4. The Past Participle:-

I have cooked breakfast for my family many times.

Chapter – 2 Twelve verb tenses

There are twelve tenses in English language.

Chapter – 3 The Present Tenses

1. Present Indefinite Tense

I cook breakfast every morning.

He cooks breakfast for his wife every morning.

1- After s, sh, ch and x we add es.

Affirmative, Negative and Interrogative sentences

“Do not or does not” is used between subject and verbs.

Subject do not or does not verbs

Do or does subject verbs question mark

2. Present Continuous Tense:-

I am cooking lunch for my wife.

1. we normally leave out e when we add ing to a verb.

2. when a verb ends in ie, it changes to

3. Sometimes we double a final consonant. This happens when a one-

Affirmative, Negative and Interrogative sentences

Subject Helping verb Verb

Subject helping verb “Not” Verb

Helping Verb Subject Verb Question mark

3 . Present Perfect Tense:-

Past participle of “to cook” = cooked

Affirmative, Negative and Interrogative sentences

Subject Helping verb Verb

Subject Helping Verb “Not” Verb

“Helping verb” is put before subject and ends in question mark.

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

It has been raining since 4o’clock.

Affirmative, Negative and Interrogative sentences

Subject helping verb verb

“Not” is put between has/have and been to form a negative sentence.

Subject Has/Have Not Been verb

“Helping verb” comes before subject and ends in question mark.

Helping verb Subject Been Verb Question mark

Have I been going ?

Chapter- 4 The Past Tense

1. The Past indefinite Tense

Affirmative, Negative and Interrogative Sentence

Subject Did Not infinitive

I did not go.

Did Subject Verb Question mark

2. Past Continuous Tense

He was cooking dinner for his wife.

Affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences

An affirmative sentence contains subject, helping verb, verb and object.

“Not” is put between subject and helping verb.

Subject Helping verb Not Verb

“Helping verb” comes before subject and ends in question mark.