KNS3233 Water & Wastewater Engg.

Today’s Objectives

KNS 3233
WATER & WASTEWATER Discuss the factors influencing wastewater flows
ENGINEERING

Students Define & calculate ADWF

Wastewater would be
Characteristics & Flow
able to :- Determine organic loading of a wastewater
based on the population equivalent

Design & check the correct sewer size using

Manning’s formula

http://morpheus.calm.unimas.my Jethro Henry Adam KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering

Today’s Topics Wastewater Flow

Wastewater flowrates
Wastewater Flow
– important factor in designing the treatment facilities
Average Dry-Weather Flow (ADWF) (including sewer)
– determine the size of sewer, settling tank, reactors
Organic Loading & Population Equivalent (PE) etc.

Sewer

KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering

Wastewater Flow Wastewater Flow

Components of Wastewater Flows

Wastewater Collection Systems

Domestic Industrial Infiltration/ Stormwater

inflow
VS. WASTEWATER
– wastewater – wastewater – infiltration :
ENGINEERING
– runoff resulting Sanitary Storm Combined
discharged from in which extraneous water from rainfall & collection collection collection
residences & industrial waste that enters the snowmelt
commercial, predominate collection system
systems systems systems
institutional, etc. through leaking
joints, cracks etc.
– inflow :
stormwaters that
enters from storm
drain connection,
drains etc.

KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering

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KNS3233 Water & Wastewater Engg.

Wastewater Flow Average Dry-Weather Flow (ADWF)

• Definition
Water supplied
– the average of the daily flows sustained during dry-
Factors Population Exfiltration weather periods with limited infiltration
influencing
VS. Infiltration Seasons – calculated based on total population and daily water
wastewater
flows Collection Combined
consumption per capita
systems treatment

KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering

Average Dry-Weather Flow (ADWF) Average Dry-Weather Flow (ADWF)

Per Capita Water Consumption

per capita water
Methods to determine ADWF :-
Country/Area consumption a) Quantity of water supplied x population
(liter/day)
Scotland 250
ADWF = (q, water usage) x (P, population)
England 180
=qxP

Malaysia 225
= 225 liter/capita.day x 1,000

High density 300

= 225,000 liter/day
= 225 m3/day
Primitive 50

KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering

Average Dry-Weather Flow (ADWF) Average Dry-Weather Flow (ADWF)

d) Wastewater short record

b) (Quantity of water supplied x population) – water lost
ADWF = (q x P) – (20 – 30% lost) • the real wastewater flow was recorded on site for
= 70 – 80% (q x P) a short period of time (few hours or few days)
• the data only true for that period of time only
c) (Quantity of water supplied x population) +
water from other sources – water lost e) Wastewater long record

ADWF = (q x P) + (eg. water from well) – • the flow was recorded for a longer period
(20 – 30% lost) • the data contains the minimum & maximum flow

KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering

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KNS3233 Water & Wastewater Engg.

Average Dry-Weather Flow (ADWF) Average Dry-Weather Flow (ADWF)

Example
Example
• method (b) is normally used as it is more cost
i) Calculate the ADWF for an area where the
effective
population is 10,000 people and the water usage is
• for this lesson, taking the worst condition for the
design, method (a) is used 250 liter/capita.day.
ii) Calculate the ADWF for an area of 20,000 people
with water usage of 200 liter/capita.day and the
wastewater to water supplied ratio is 0.67.

KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering

Organic Loading &

Average Dry-Weather Flow (ADWF) Population Equivalent (PE)
Typical Component of Wastewater
Solution Concentration (mg/l)
Parameter
High Medium Low
i) ADWF = q x P VSS 525 300 145

= 250 liter/capita.day x 10,000 SS 350 220 100

= 2,500,000 liter/day Dissolved Solids 850 500 250

BOD 400 220 110

= 2,500,000 x 10-3 m3/day
COD 1000 500 250
= 2,500 m3/day NH3-N 50 25 12

NO3-N 0 0 0
ii) ADWF = (0.67 x 200 x 10-3 m3/day) x 20,000
Total P 15 8 4
= 2,680 m3/day Oil & grease 150 100 50

KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering

Organic Loading & Organic Loading &

Population Equivalent (PE) Population Equivalent (PE)

Organic Loading
the waste loads (normally in terms of BOD, COD, typical Malaysian values (from MS 1228 (1991) &
and SS) produced per capita in a day Guidelines for Developers (1995) :-
unit : gram/capita.day − organic loading for BOD : 55 g/capita.day
− organic loading for SS : 68 g/capita.day
Organic Loading = Q x BOD
(gram/capita.day) (m3/capita.day) (gram/m3) − water usage : 225 m3/capita.day

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Organic Loading & Organic Loading &

Population Equivalent (PE) Population Equivalent (PE)

Example Solution

If the organic loading per capita for a wastewater is 59 i) Given, organic loading = 59 gram/capita.day
gram/day & the per capita flow is 182 liter/day, calculate : Q = 182 liter/capita.day
i) the BOD concentration of the wastewater organic loading = Q x BOD
ii) the BOD value if the per capita water flow is 136 59 × 103 ( mg/capita.day )
BOD =
liter/day 182 ( liter/capita.day )
iii) comment on your answer. = 324 mg/l

KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering

Organic Loading & Organic Loading &

Population Equivalent (PE) Population Equivalent (PE)

Population Equivalent (PE)

ii) Given, organic loading = 59 gram/capita.day the number expressing the ratio of the organic
Q = 182 liter/capita.day loading produced by industrial/commercial facilities
organic loading = Q x BOD & services to the individual organic loading in
household sewage produced by one person
59 × 103 ( mg/capita.day )
BOD =
136 ( liter/capita.day ) organic loading from 1 premise
PE =
= 434 mg/l organic loading from 1 person

KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering

Organic Loading & Organic Loading &

Population Equivalent (PE) Population Equivalent (PE)

Example

Table for Population Equivalent An industry has a flow of 1,500 liter/day and the BOD
(from MS 1228 (1991) &
Guidelines for Developers (1995))
is 2,000 mg/l. Calculate the P.E. Assume that the organic
loading per person is 60 gram/day.

KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering

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KNS3233 Water & Wastewater Engg.

Organic Loading &

Population Equivalent (PE) Sewer

Solution − collection system that transports wastewater through

Given, Q = 1,500 liter/day small-diameter pipes laid at contour
organic loading = 60 gram/capita.day
System
BOD = 2,000 mg/l
Q×BOD
PE =
organic loading
(1,500 l/d ) × ( 2, 000 ×10−3 g/l ) Combined Separated Semi-
= system system separated
60 g/capita.d system

= 50
KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering

Sewer Sewer

Design considerations
Asbestos − gravity flow
cement etc.
− important :- size, slope, & velocity
− correct size needed so that there will be no internal
Clay* Type VS.
of sewer erosion & settlement
− total detention time (time taken for wastewater to flow
PVC
from its source to the treatment plant) < 3 hours – to
Concrete*
avoid anaerobic reactions in the sewer

KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering

Sewer Sewer

Differences between sewer & water supply pipe

− sewer is designed ½ to ¾ full Sewer Pipe

• to avoid sewerage becomes anaerobic
• Gravity flow • Pressured flow
• to consider any sudden increase in wastewater flow • Slope is important • Slope is not important
• Self-cleansing velocity* • No self-cleansing velocity
• to take into account infiltration • Not designed to full
vs
• Designed to full
• Designed based on • Designed based on
Manning, Chezy formulas Darcy formula

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Sewer Sewer

Main Parameters for Design

* self-cleansing velocity
a) Peak flow (Qpeak)
• sewerage flow velocity that allows ‘self cleansing’
in the sewer − to allow the chosen sewer size to consider sudden
increase flow
• velocity that is high enough to initiate scrubbing
action (but can still avoid internal erosion) and slow Qpeak factor = 4.7p – 0.11 (from MS 1228(1991))
enough to avoid settlement
where p = P.E. in thousand

KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering

Sewer
Sewer

b) Self-cleansing velocity
Example
− the sewer need to be at a certain slope so that the
Given that P.E. = 10,000 people (p = 10); velocity is within the acceptable range
Qpeak factor = 4.7 x 10 – 0.11 − at Qmaximum , v = 0.8 – 4.0 m/s
= 3.648; − at Qminimum , v = 0.6 – 1.0 m/s (depends on sewer size)

So, the design flow is 3.648ADWF Diameter (mm) Velocity (m/s)

150 – 250 1.00
300 – 600 0.75
> 600 0.60

KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering

Sewer Sewer

c) Other factors Sewer Design

Factor Condition
− use open channel concept (as it is not a full flow)
Flow Qpeak = 4.7p – 0.11 ADWF − methods used : Manning, Chezy, Kuuter, Scobey, etc.
Velocity
at Qmaximum , v = 0.8 – 4.0 m/s Manning formula :
at Qminimum , v = 0.6 – 1.0 m/s where
V = sewerage velocity (m/s)
1
V = R 2/3 s1/ 2
Sewer size not less than 200 mm
Q = sewerage flow (m3/s) at full flow
Minimum depth not less than 1.2 m from the surface n R = hydraulic radius
Q = AV
= A/P
Distance from water
cannot be located above the water pipe and A = cross-sectional area of flow (m2)
supply pipe
1 P = wetted perimeter (m)
Economic as short as possible or Q = AR 2/3 s1/ 2 D = sewer diameter (m)
Slope not more than 1:50
n s = slope of sewer
n = coefficient of roughness
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KNS3233 Water & Wastewater Engg.

Sewer Sewer

Design approach
i) Determine d/D ratio (eg. if the flow is 50% full, d/D = 0.5)
Manning’s Roughness Coefficient
Material n ii) Determine the values for q/Qfull and v/Vfull at d/D in (i) from the
Smooth steel 0.012 design chart. (say q/Qfull = x and v/Vfull = y)
Cast iron 0.013 iii) From the peak flow, q (given real flow), determine values for
Concrete 0.014 Qfull and Vfull. (so, Qfull = q(x) and Vfull = v(y))
Asphalt 0.016
iv) Put Qfull = q(x) in Manning’s eqn. to get the sewer diameter, D
Earth & gravel 0.018 – 0.020
v) Determine the Vfull from the equation
Natural streams 0.025 – 0.035

v) Check the velocity of the sewerage at 2 conditions (at Qpeak and

Qminimum) and compare with the self-cleansing velocity values
KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering

Sewer
Sewer

Example

Design a separated system sewer that flows 70% full at

Design chart for Manning’s formula
peak flow of 0.42 m3/s and minimum flow of 0.047 m3/s.
Assume that the slope is 1:600, and the sewer is made of
cast iron (n = 0.013).

KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering

Sewer Sewer
From the design chart,
Solution

Given, Qmaximum = 0.42 m3/s d/D

Qminimum = 0.047 m3/s

s = 1:600
n = 0.013
the sewer flows at 70% full (d/D = 0.7)
0.85 1.14
at d/D = 0.7,
q/Qfull = 0.85 …..(a)
KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering
v/Vfull = 1.14 …..(b) KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering

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KNS3233 Water & Wastewater Engg.

Sewer Sewer

A
i) Determination of sewer size R= (at full flow)
P
Known that the maximum design velocity = 0.42 m3/s D (π D 4 )
2

= πD
from (a), q/Qfull = 0.85 4
0.42/Qfull = 0.85
1  π D2   D 
2/3 1/2
 1 
Qfull = 0.494 m3/s So, 0.494 =     
0.013  4   4   600 
use this value in Manning’s formula,
0.494
D 8/3 =
1 0.9788 However, sewer are not available in odd sizes. Let
Q= AR 2/3 s1/ 2
n D = 0.77 m say, in the market there are sewer of size 0.75 m
and 0.8 m; the size 0.8 m is chosen to avoid failure.

KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering

Sewer Sewer

ii) Determination of sewerage velocity (& checking)

from Manning’s formula, Check v at Qmaximum
1 2/3 1/ 2 Known that v/Vfull = 1.14 & Vfull (at Qfull) = 1.07 m/s
V= R s
n So, real velocity, v = 1.14 x 1.07
2/3 1/ 2
1  0.8   1  = 1.22 m/s (0.8 < v < 4.0, self-cleansing
=    
0.013  4   600  velocity at Qmaximum)

= 1.07 m/s ( full flow ) ∴ acceptable

Check the real velocity at Qmaximum and Qminimum to
make sure that self-cleansing velocity is obeyed.
KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering

Sewer Sewer

Check v at Qminimum
Known that real qminimum (70% full) = 0.047 m3/s &
Qfull = 0.494 m3/s
(ii) d/D
q/Qfull = 0.047/0.494 = 0.215
= 0.095
(i) q/Qfull (iii) v/Vfull
refer to the design chart… = 0.095 = 0.645
at q/Qfull = 0.095,
d/D = 0.215
v/Vfull = 0.645
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Sewer

KNS 3233
From the chart, vminimum/Vfull = 0.645
Known that real Vfull = 1.07 m/s
So, vminimum = 0.645 x 1.07
= 0.690 m/s (v > 0.6, self-cleansing velocity at Qminimum)
∴ acceptable

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KNS 3233 Water & Wastewater Engineering
Jethro Henry Adam

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